台风与中纬度槽的相互作用对其转向之后的路径的影响

选取三个台风个例(2004年“桑达”、2005年“彩蝶”、2009年“彩云”),分别以多个相邻时次作为初始时刻进行一系列的数值模拟,结果表明热带气旋(TC)与上游槽相互作用的关键区域的预报误差与TC转向后的路径预报误差表现出显著的相关性。以2010年“马勒卡”台风为个例的敏感性试验证实了中纬度下游环流的发展及TC转向之后的移动路径对TC的强度和TC相对于上游槽的位置很敏感,这个结果给出了TC路径对TC-槽相互作用的敏感性的一个例子或一种方式。若TC增强或更接近上游槽,TC与上游槽的相互作用增强,TC向中纬度输出低PV空气的能力增强,由此导致下游区域的PV梯度增大,同时TC对中纬度梯度的扰动也会加强,因而会引起中纬度下游环流发展增强,且偏经向,TC在转向之后的路径偏北偏西;反之则下游环流偏纬向,路径偏南偏东。      

热带气旋“Malakas”与中纬度系统的相互作用及其结构变化

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF和LAGRANTO轨迹模式对2010年变性台风"Malakas"进行数值模拟和轨迹分析,分析了Malakas在变性过程中与中纬度系统的相互作用,以及在相互作用过程中Malakas的结构变化特征。结果表明:Malakas变性过程经历了三个阶段:(1)高层扰动加强期,高层的正位涡产生的气旋性环流使低层Malakas中心北部的斜压带西侧产生负的温度平流,表现为冷空气的入侵;(2)Malakas和中纬度系统相互作用时期,台风北上导致斜压带出现,深对流的爆发使低层暖湿气流沿着斜压带上升,快速上升气流中的潜热释放导致低PV空气向对流层上部净输送,在其北部高层重新构建出一个脊;(3)Malakas变性成温带气旋,残存的台风内核与斜压带逐渐合并,负的位涡平流带着非绝热外出流驱动了下游最初脊的构建,加速并且固定了中纬度急流,并整体放大了上层Rossby波模式。     

热带气旋的温带变性过程对中纬度下游环流的影响

用WRF模式对变性台风(TC)马勒卡进行模拟,研究了在台风的变性过程(ET)的作用下中纬度下游环流特别是中纬度急流的发展,对台风的强度及其相对上游槽位置的敏感性。结果表明:TC与中纬度系统的相互作用会使得中纬度急流处的斜压不稳定性增大,急流增强。下游环流的发展对TC强度及TC与西风带上游槽的相对位置非常敏感。若TC增强,TC溢出流作用于中纬度急流,使之不稳定性增强,强度也增强,从而导致中纬度下游急流的强度、范围都增强,下游槽脊更显著。若台风减弱则反之。类似的,若TC靠近上游槽,其对中纬度急流的作用得到进一步加强和提前,急流的不稳定性增加,强度增强,下游的急流和槽脊也得到增强。若TC远离上游槽,则反之。     

热带气旋的登陆及其与中纬度环流系统相互作用的研究

热带气旋的主要灾害往往在登陆前后造成，登陆问题是当今热带气旋 研究的重点。热带气旋与中纬度环流系统相互作用，不仅影响热带气旋的结构和强度变化， 也对中纬度地区天气产生重大影响。西风槽强度的变化可使热带气旋的降水突然 增幅３０％。环境场的急剧调整常引起热带气旋运动突变，在弱环境场中，热带气旋的异常运 动与非对称结构关系紧密。中纬度系统对热带气旋的非对称结构有重要影响。另一方面，热 带气旋向极移动过程中携带了大量可供中纬度地区降水的水汽，在气旋性切变的环境场中， 热带气旋还向环境场输送能量，并激发和增强中纬度气旋性环流系统的发展，触发严重的灾 害性天气。热带气旋有时也会截断低纬向中纬度的水汽输送及中纬度波动的能量频散，９５％ 左右的南海热带气旋对梅雨有显著影响，其中约８６％的热带气旋会导致梅雨减弱中断甚至结 束。     

高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究

9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2—3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋。用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关。TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展。数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明,Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关。     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性阶段强度变化的比较研究

选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。     

热带气旋与中纬度环流系统相互作用的研究进展

热带气旋在热带洋面生成后大多向极移动，其结构、强度、移动路径及风雨等均受中纬度环流系统及地形的影响，同时，热带气旋携带的大量水汽和热带扰动能量向中纬度的输送，有利于激发和增强中纬度环流系统的发展，产生严重的灾害性天气。近年来，热带气旋与中纬度环流系统的相互作用已成为国际台风界的研究焦点之一。简要概述了该领域的研究进展，旨在为进一步探讨其相互作用机制及寻找业务转化途径，最终提高热带气旋及中纬度转折性的灾害性天气预报精度奠定基础。     

0704号热带气旋远距离降水的数值模拟诊断分析

通过对0704号热带气旋远距离降水进行数值模拟诊断分析,发现热带气旋(TC)、副热带高压以及中纬度远距离降水系统三者间可通过副高脊线附近两侧(副高与TC之间、副高与远距离降水之间)的散度风次级环流产生相互作用。结合去除台风的敏感性试验的诊断分析,发现除来自TC的水汽通道外,副高脊以北的散度风次级环流对远距离降水也有重要的影响,该次级环流的强弱与远距离降水的强弱呈正比。此外,通过分析还发现TC作为洋面上的对流性热源可以激发向东北方向传播的准静止波动,这种波动会影响位势高度场的分布,进而也会影响散度风的次级环流,并且当副高脊线向波动的正位相区运动时有利于次级环流与远距离暴雨的加强。      

Chaba (0417) 台风变性前后热力结构特征

运用美国NOAA-15极轨气象卫星高分辨率的AMSU探测资料, 结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和GMS-5气象卫星红外云顶亮温(TBB)资料, 对2004年Chaba(0417)台风(TC)变性前后的热力结构特征进行分析。发现变性前TC暖核结构呈对称分布, 在高空存在一强暖心; 变性后原TC对称暖心结构消失, 存在于温带气旋上空的相对暖区呈现出倾斜的非对称分布, 在高、低层各形成一弱的暖区中心, 锋面的斜压特性显著。通过热力结构对比, 进一步揭示出TC在向高纬度方向移动时, 与中纬度系统相互作用发生变性, 实质上是两个相继过程, 即热带气旋的消亡和温带气旋的生成发展。TC西侧高空干冷空气的入侵下沉, 破坏了其发展所需的水汽条件, 造成TC对称暖核结构的削弱和损毁。与此同时, 在TC残留区域, 由于空气较暖且存在气旋式环流, 暖空气在东侧呈气旋式上升, 与西侧高空入侵下沉的干冷空气形成偶极, TC暖气团与冷空气相交发展形成斜压的结果, 则为温带气旋的生成和发展创造了有利条件。     

对南海热带气旋近海加强机理个例模拟研究

利用具有完备物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对发生于南海的0214号热带气旋(TC)“黄蜂”进行高分辨率的数值模拟,以此来研究热带气旋在近海发展为强热带风暴过程中结构变化对强度的作用,并对近海加强的内部动力机理做一些探讨。模拟结果发现在加强阶段,气旋环流中存在类似于涡旋Rossby波性质的波动在西北侧对流激发下绕中心逆时针传播,波动与眼墙区对流带相耦合,使得眼区趋于闭合;中尺度涡旋系统的轴对称化过程,通过与对称环流系统非线性相互作用,向气旋环流提供能量,其自身也得到维持与发展。这些结构的变化对TC近海加强和登陆后迅速减弱都产生了重要的影响。     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF TC EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER LAND AND OCEAN

The extratropical transitions(ETs)of tropical cyclones(TCs)over China and the ocean east to 150°E are investigated by the use of best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis spanning 1979-2008.The ET events occurring north of 25°N and in the warm season(from May to October)are extracted from the reanalysis to emphasize the interaction between TC and midlatitude circulation.Statistical analysis shows that 18.5%of the warm-season TCs go through land ETs north of 25°N in the western North Pacific.And 20.5%of the ET events occur over the ocean east of 150°E.Most(62.2%)ET TCs over China gradually die out after ET,but more(70.7%)ocean ET cases have post-ET reintensification.The evolutions in cyclone phase space and the composite fields for land and ocean ETs,as well as the ET cases with and without post-ET reintensification,are further analyzed.It is found that most TCs with ET over China and those without post-ET reintensification evolve along the typical ET phase path as follows:emergence of thermal asymmetry→losing upper-level warm core→losing lower-level cold core→evolving as extratropical cyclone.The TCs undergoing ETs over ocean and those with post-ET reintensification form a high-level cold core before the ET onset.The TCs with land ET have long distance between the landing TC and a high-level trough.That makes the TC maintain more tropical features and isolates the TC flow from the upstream and downstream jets of the midlatitude trough.The structure of circulation leads to weak development of baroclinicity in land ET.On the contrary,shorter distance between ocean TC and high-level trough makes the high-level trough absorb the TC absolutely.Under that baroclinicity-favorable environment,strong cold advection makes the TC lose its high-level warm core before ET onset.The composite fields confirm that the TC with ocean ET has stronger baroclinic features.Generally,the TC at land ET onset is located to the south of the ridge of the subtropical high,which tends to prevent the TCs from interacting with midlatitude circulation.But for the ocean ET,the situation is just the opposite.Similar analyses are also carried out for the TCs with and without post-ET reintensification over both land and ocean east of 150°E.The results further prove that the TC with stronger baroclinic characteristics,especially in the circumstance favorable to its interaction with high-level midlatitude systems,has more opportunity to reintensify as an extratropical cyclone after ET.     

THE IMPACTS OF INTERACTION OF A TYPHOON WITH THE MIDLATITUDE TROUGH ON ITS TRACK AFTER THE RECURVATURE

Three typhoon cases are selected to conduct a series of simulations that are initialized from sequential analyses. The results show that the forecast error in crucial area where a tropical cyclone (TC) interactes with the upstream trough is highly correlated to the track forecast error after the TC recurvature. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments confirm that the developments of the midlatitude downstream circulations and then the TC track after its recurvature are highly sensitive to the TC intensity and its location relative to the upstream trough, which can give an example or one way of sensitivity of the TC track to the TC-trough interaction. If the TC interacts with the upstream trough more strongly (e.g., the TC being intensified or getting closer to the upstream trough), the downstream circulations will be more meridional, thus the TC track will be more northerly and westerly; otherwise, the downstream circulations will be more zonal, and the TC track will be more southerly and easterly.     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET) process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes. Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak. Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper -level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

DIAGNOSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISM OF THE EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE USING POTENTIAL VORTICITY INVERSION OF FRONTOGENESIS

This paper diagnoses and analyses the developmental mechanism of a process of extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone which occurred over West Pacific Ocean based on a diagnosis method of potential vorticity inversion of frontogenesis.The study diagnoses quantitatively the role and effect of dynamic influence of westerly cold troughs,middle-latitude baroclinic frontal zones,cyclone cycles and unbalanced wind fields during the different stages of the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone,and also discusses the interaction between them and the developmental mechanism.The results show that there are different developmental mechanisms during each stage of the extratropical transition and the processes are also unbalanced.     

A numerical study on the effect of an extratropical cyclone on the evolution of a midlatitude front

The extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) Haima (2004) was simulated to understand the impact of TC on midlatitude frontal systems. Two experiments were conducted using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. In the control run (CTL), a vortex was extracted from the 24-hour pre-run output and then inserted into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global final (FNL) analysis as an initial condition, while TC circulation was removed from the initial conditions in the sensitivity run (NOTC). Comparisons of the experiments demonstrate that the midlatitude front has a wider meridional extent in the NOTC run than that in the CTL run. Furthermore, the CTL run produces convection suppression to the southern side of the front due to strong cold advection related to the TC circulation. The easterly flow north of the TC not only decelerates the eastward displacement of the front and contracts its zonal scale but also transports more moisture westward and lifts the air along equivalent potential temperature surfaces ahead of the front. As a result, the ascending motion and diabatic heating are enhanced in the northeastern edge of the front, and the anticyclonic outflow in the upper-level is intensified. The increased pressure gradient and divergent flow aloft strengthen the upper-level jet and distort the trough axis in a northwest-southeast orientation. The thermal contrast between the two systems and the dynamic contribution related to the TC circulation can facilitate scalar and rotational frontogenesis to modulate the frontal structure.     

登陆热带气旋维持的次天气尺度环流特征

971 1 (Winnie)和 94 0 6 (Tim)是 2个在中国登陆后长久维持 (2～ 3d)并产生严重降水的热带气旋。在深入内陆过程中 ,Winnie变性并再次加强为一个温带气旋 ,Tim则衰减消亡。采用移动坐标以及云顶亮温 (TBB)和常规资料 ,对它们在陆上维持期间的次天气尺度环流特征及其与次天气尺度系统之间的相互作用进行对比分析和诊断。结果表明 :(1 )Winnie和Tim登陆过程中具有螺旋波状的次天气尺度云系 ,这种螺旋波结构有利于热带气旋的维持。陆上维持后期 ,Winnie的螺旋云系继续维持并有所加强 ,Tim的螺旋云系趋于零散、消亡。Winnie的螺旋波特征比Tim明显 ,因而维持更长时间 ;(2 )热带气旋次天气尺度环流也具有环绕热带气旋中心的明显波动特征 ,此波动结构能否维持与热带气旋活动的天气尺度背景密切相关。在与西风槽相互作用过程中 ,Winnie的次天气尺度波动结构维持 ,而Tim的次天气尺度波动结构遭到破坏 ;(3)作为登陆后长久维持热带气旋 ,Winnie和Tim均从次天气环流中获得正涡度 ,有助于维持其气旋性环流 ,但Winnie获得的正涡度比Tim明显的大。此外 ,Winnie从次天气尺度环流中获得动能补充 ,Tim则只有次天气尺度环流对其动能的耗散。因此 ,陆上维持后期Winnie再度发展而Tim逐渐消亡     

热带气旋结构和强度变化研究进展

热带气旋结构和强度变化的物理过程和影响因子十分复杂,其登陆过程中海-陆-气三者之间的复杂作用常使其结构和强度发生突变,给热带气旋预报带来较大困难。近年来外场科学试验及数值模拟等科学方法都取得较大改进,在此基础上对热带气旋结构和强度研究取得了新的进展,如热带气旋强度突变及不同下垫面对热带气旋强度变化的影响等。但对热带气旋非对称结构对其强度的影响及热带气旋内部结构变化与其强度之间的联系等问题的研究仍不全面。本文通过查阅国内外相关研究文献,从环境气流、下垫面及内部结构3个主要方面,总结影响热带气旋结构和强度变化的主要因子,以期为改进热带气旋结构和强度的预报方法提供有意义的理论依据。