Determination of uranium, thorium and potassium contents in rock and soil samples using low-energy gamma ray spectrometry

A low-energy gamma ray spectrometric set-up for determination of uranium, thorium and potassium in rock and soil samples is described. The procedure described exploits the fact that a large proportion of gamma quanta produced in the Th and U decay series have energies of less than 1 MeV. The instrumental parameters such as sensitivity and detection limits for the low-energy region have been studied. The measuring conditions were optimized by suitably minimizing the background and by increasing the overall sensitivity with the help of proper geometry of measurement and sample parameters. High sensitivity and low detection limits for U and Th can be achieved using low-energy gamma ray spectrometry. The method provides a rapid analysis with a counting time of the order of a few minutes for each sample.     

Determination of Gallium at the ppb Level in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Results are presented for the determination of trace amounts of gallium in two South African primary rock standards (MIMROCS) and in four secondary rock standards (SAROCS). Gallium is separated from all other elements, except traces of thorium, using a selective ion exchange separation procedure (1) and determined by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.     

Uranium, Thorium and Potassium Contents In Eighteen Geochemical Reference Samples Issued from the Geological Survey of Japan

Uranium, thorium and potassium contents in eighteen geochemical reference samples issued from the Geological Survey of Japan have been measured by non-destructive gamma-ray spectrometry using germanium semiconductor detectors. Results are generally in good agreement with recent values measured by various methods.     

阳离子交换树脂填充纸吸附、X—射线荧光光谱法测定矿石及选冶样品中的钍

本文叙述了阳离子交换纸对钍的予富集、吸附条件及干扰情况。发现在保温条件下,静态吸附10分钟就可以获得分离富集目的。这样就大大简化了操作手续,缩短了实     

航空伽马能谱测量在浅覆盖区 地质填图单元划分中的应用

不同岩性的岩石,其放射性元素U、Th和K的含量不同,即使是同一岩性的岩石,由于成因不同,形成年代不同,地质演化过程不同,其放射性元素含量也不同.笔者根据放射性元素在岩石中分布的这个特点,利用航空伽马能谱测量数据,采用多元统计分析方法,对航空伽马能谱测量数据进行分析,并作出动态聚类图,然后再与已有的地质图对比,分析各种岩性放射性元素U、Th和K的含量,为该地区进行下一步地质工作提供依据.     

Radioactive occurrence in sediments of Cenozoic age near Bandha village,Jaisalmer district,Rajasthan

The radioactivity is dependent on the isotope and their concentration in the mineral such as potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th). In this paper the presence of a 3 to 5 m thick uranium and thorium bearing sediment of Cenozoic age is reported above Goru Formation of Jaisalmer basin. Gamma ray log response of Well-1 which falls under the study area has marked with very high GR (gamma ray) readings ranging from 350-1488 API coupled with high uranium and thorium content from spectral gamma ray log ranging from 92-178 ppm and 60-80 ppm respectively at the depth of 50 m from ground surface (-110m above MSL). Further studies are required to delineate the lateral thickness variation for mining purpose which may be a radioactive source.     

汽车γ能谱测量在某盆地的应用

文中介绍了在某盆地使用我们研制和组装的、新的汽车γ能谱测量系统取得了有效的地质成果。与区域地质、遥感地质工作相配合在工作区内圈出了五片较为有希望的铀成矿远景地带。文中阐述了在地形较为平担地区的野外测量方法。在区域踏勘性工作中以剖面测量为主,在偏高场和异常场地段采用蛇曲剖面测量,并将测点画在1:50000地形图上。文中还阐明了在没有可供汽车γ谱仪使用的饱和模型条件下,使用标定地面γ谱仪的饱和模型和校正场地标定汽车γ谱仪的方法。此外,还介绍了降雨对汽车γ测量的影响和野外定性测量铀镭平衡的简易方法。     

Application of the equations of radioactive growth and decay to geochronological models and explicit solution of the equations by Laplace transformation

A recently developed method of pore-fluid age determination assumes secular equilibrium in the ²³⁸U decay chain. The efficacy of this approximation is investigated using computer evaluations of the equations that give the time evolution of the ²³⁸U decay chain, i.e. the solution of the equations of radioactive growth and decay. This analysis is performed considering two alternative geochemical scenarios to that of secular equilibrium — only ²³⁸U present initially and ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U present initially. In addition, the effects of the ²³⁵U decay chain are also determined in a similar fashion. These particular examples were chosen to show that more sophisticated geochronological models for many dating applications can be developed using such computer calculations. To facilitate such analyses, a solution of the equations of radioactive growth and decay for an arbitrary initial condition is derived using the Laplace transformation method and matrix algebra. Other solutions — both general and special — that are found in some well-known textbooks are reviewed.     

Colorimetric determination of arsenic in geochemical samples

A colorimetric method and apparatus for the determination of arsenic in batches of geochemical survey samples is described. The powdered material can be digested with a perchloric/nitric acid mixture, or most conveniently by an HF/aqua regia attack utilizing aliquots from the same acid solution as used for routine multi-element atomic absorption analyses. Aliquots are treated with potassium iodide and stannous chloride to reduce arsenic to the trivalent state, and arsine is liberated by the action of zinc pellets. The arsine is absorbed in a solution of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform-quinoline, the reaction being carried out in batches using very simple, inexpensive apparatus which is easily constructed. Detection limits are variable according to aliquot quantities taken, but in routine use working ranges of 1–800 ppm As are readily achieved. Coefficient of variation is 6.6% at the 5 μg As level. The method is shown to be virtually free from matrix interferences commonly encountered in gossans, soils, rocks and many ores. At least 100 powdered samples can be analyzed per man-day.     

Evidence for the prolonged existence of >100 MeV solar protons in coronal structures

Solar proton events (SPEs) of 1989–1992 accompanied by ground-level enhancements of the cosmic-ray intensity are analyzed. A diffusive-propagation model can well approximate the solar proton intensity at energies of 84–200 MeV measured on board the GOES-7 satellite during the first 15–20 hours of the development of an SPE, assuming several episodes of proton injection into interplanetary space over some hours. The detection of π⁰-decay gamma-ray emission during the flares of June 11 and 15, 1991 on board the CGRO and GAMMA-1 space observatories is the sole experimental evidence for the existence of protons with energies >100 MeV near the Sun over such extended times. The number of protons in the source is estimated for various times based on the propagation model. Moreover, this value is in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the number of protons required to generate the observed gamma-ray emission for the June 15, 1991 event (and in qualitative agreement for the June 11, 1991 event). This provides evidence that processes of prolonged trapping and/or acceleration of protons in coronal structures may be possible in other such events.     

应用数字滤波消除潮位短周期波动对确定海平面变化趋势的影响

由一元线性回归分析的正则方程计算表明,在验潮记录较短的客观条件下,验潮序列中的周期波动对确定海平面变化趋势的影响是显着的.着重讨论采用数字滤波方法消除周期小于4年的短周期波动对确定海平面变化趋势的影响,并设计了最平滤波器,其通带截止频率对应的周期为4年,即应用最平滤波器对月均验潮序列进行低通滤波,基本上可消除周期小于4年的短周期波动对确定海平面变化趋势的影响.     

可地浸砂岩型铀矿储量计算中的物探参数研究

可地浸砂岩型铀矿储量计算中的物探参数有密度，湿度，铀平衡系数，镭氡平衡系数，有效原子序数和钍钾元素干扰，它们在铀矿区的变化规律和数值大小，直接影响铀矿的储量计算，本文就新疆十红滩可地浸砂岩型铀矿床储量计算中的物探参数在采样，测定，数据计算和整理，资料分析研究方面总结了一套适合可地浸砂岩型铀矿的室内外工作方法，为铀矿储量计算提供了准确的物探参数修正值，在该矿区的储量计算中达到了预期的效果。     

中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场特征及与铀矿化关系

一直以来,利用铀、钍、钾同位素的γ能谱寻找铀矿是铀矿地质重要的放射性物探手段。同样,水系沉积物化探中铀、钍、钾元素作为铀矿化探重要指示元素,在铀矿资源潜力预测评价中亦发挥了重要作用。笔者论述了水系沉积物铀、钍、钾元素在铀矿预测评价中的指示作用和异常特点,以及中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场分布特点和规律,将铀、钍、钾异常按累频占比划分为特高异常(异常内带)、高异常(异常中带)、异常(异常外带)和高背景,同时,论证了铀、钍、钾异常分布与铀成矿关系。可以看出,铀、钍、钾异常分布有明显的区域特征,现有的异常分布区与我国四大类型铀矿产区高度一致,其异常分布对我国铀、钍矿资源预测评价具有重要意义。     

一种有用的解释参数——航空伽玛能谱变异系数

本文讨论了航空伽玛能谱变异系数(包括总计数率及钾、铀、钍含量变异系数, 简称伽玛能谱变异系数)的计算、变异系数图的编制方法以及它们的地质应用。伽玛能谱变异系数是一种反映放射性元素空间分布特点及其地球化学活动程度的参数。变异系数图具有信息丰富、用途较广泛的特点。结合其它物化探资料, 可用来进行地质填图和找矿远景评价等。研究表明, 伽玛能谱变异系数可做为航空伽玛能谱资料解释一种很有用的参数。     

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry to quantify chemical erosion processes

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data (uranium, potassium and thorium contents) reveal geochemical heterogeneities within the monolithological Hyrôme watershed (ca. 150 km²) in the Armorican massif (western France). Our observations and computations provide important constraints on the spatial distribution and the associated magnitudes of chemical erosion processes at the scale of a small watershed. Two distinct, partially preserved, weathering profiles exhibit a strong correlation between regolith evolution and airborne-derived K/Th ratios, suggesting that the variability is linked to supergene processes. Using both airborne data and laboratory measurements on rock samples, the total net export of potassium has been estimated at 422 ± 50 kg/m² and the chemical weathering rate of potassium at 17 ± 2 kg/km²/a.     

Accurate Determination of Gallium in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Results are presented for gallium in six South African primary rock standards (NIMROCS) and in twelve secondary rock standards (SAROCS). A selective ion exchange procedure is used to separate gallium completely from all other elements, except remaining traces of thorium. It is followed by a determination of gallium with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, after the addition of 2000 ppm lanthanum as ionization suppressor.     

The Equilibrium Coefficient Kp and Petroleum Exploration:Design of the New Generation of Petroleum Exploration Instrument

The main reason why the application of nuclear technology in petroleum exploration has not yet been accepted by most exploration workers is that they are not clear about the homologous distribution features of oil and gas fields and radioactive radiation. The authors hold that the disequilibrium of uranium, radium and radon as a natural radioactive series is the basic feature in the use of this technology in petroleum exploration. The invention Gamma-ray Spectral Measurement of the Equilibium Coefficient Kp and Its Embodiment of the senior author now can readily solve that problem and replace the impedient measure of normalization of uranium and potassium to thorium that had to be proposed before. Application of this impedient measure has some limitations. In areas where the surface is covered by beach or river sands, thorium minerals such as monazite may be concentrated by placering. This could result in local thorium highs that would yield local uranium and potassium lows after normalization to thoriu     

743型大孔阳离子交换树脂分离偶氮胂Ⅲ分光光度法测定样品中钍的不确定度评定

对743型大孔阳离子交换树脂分离偶氮胂Ⅲ分光光度法测定样品中钍的不确定度进行了评定。根据其测定方法和测定程序,通过对各不确定度的来源分析,计算了相对不确定度分量、合成相对不确定度和扩展不确定度,详细介绍了不确定度的评定过程,分析结果显示出整个测定过程中易带来误差的步骤,为分析人员获得更为准确的结果提供很好的指导作用。     

微量矿物中稀土钍铀锆铌钽磷的纸色层分离与测定

稀土、钍、铀、锆、铌、钽、磷等元素的分离,以纸色层方法为简易快速^[1,2]。但现有方法均采用沉淀或其它方法将稀土与大部份伴生元素分离后再进行色层分离,或经多次色层达到分离,失去纸色层方法的优越性。本文为适应微量矿物分析,利用各元素氟化物溶解度不同,一些离子的盐酸络合物可被酮类、醇类等有机溶剂萃取,及它们的分配系数各有差异,选用丁醇-氢氟酸-盐酸体系进行纸上分离,使稀土与其它伴生元素达到一次分离,然后分别进行测定。