Using artificial neural networks in the temperature and humidity sounding of the atmosphere

The application of the radiative data inversion technique based on artificial neural networks (ANN) for the meteorological satellite sounding of the atmosphere is described. To increase the efficiency of solving inverse problems, the principal component method is used for the temperature and humidity profiles, as well as for IR radiation spectra, which allows the problem dimensionalities to be reduced substantially. Based on numerical experiments, errors of the temperature and humidity sounding are analyzed from the spectra of outgoing IR radiation (that were measured by the IKFS-2 instrument onboard the Meteor Russian satellite) using the iterative physical-mathematical (IPM) algorithm, multiple linear regression (MLR), and ANN-based methods. Appreciable advantages of the ANN-based method are revealed as compared to the MLR method. Therefore, in temperature sounding, the MLR method has a markedly large error at heights of 1–12 km (a difference of up to 1 K), while the IPM algorithm has almost the same error as the ANN method. The humidity determination error is about 10% when the ANN method is used at heights of 0–12 km. The IPM approach yields approximately the same error in the lower troposphere, but as the height increases the advantages of the ANN method grow.     

Atmospheric correction of Landsat data for the retrieval of sea surface temperature in coastal waters

1IntroductionRemote sensingis an effective approach for esti-mation of the sea surface temperature(SST),andadvanced very high resolution radiometer(AVHRR)and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)thermal infared(TIR)data are widelyused in th…     

Laser sounding of the sea surface with the aim of determining the near-surface wind speed

The possibility of determining the near-surface wind speed from aircraft measurements of the mean density of reflected pulses is considered. The method of sounding with a narrow continuous laser beam is discussed and its potential exhibited.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

基于多波束测深仪的西太平洋声散射层测量

为了研究西太平洋声散射层的垂向分布特征和日变化规律,分析了多波束测深系统的水体影像数据。观测结果表明,西太平洋存在着两个声散射层,一个声散射层位于0～200 m,另一个声散射层位于500～700 m,两个声散射层散射强度具有明显的日变化特征,上层散射层的散射强度呈现白天弱,夜晚强的特征,而下层散射层的散射强度日变化规律与上层相反,并且发现深散射层的厚度也存在日变化特征;分析了此种方法的优缺点,对以后声散射层的观测分析提供了新的思路。此外,利用同时下放的声速仪(SVP)的温度和深度数据对下放式声学多普勒流速剖面仪(LADCP)的观测结果进行了修正,得到了更为精确的声散射层垂向位置分布。     

Lidar sounding of the optical parameter of atmospheric turbulence

The operation of a lidar intended for clear air turbulence (CAT) positioning on the basis of the backscatter enhancement (BSE) effect is analyzed using a turbulence model with a power-law spectrum. Systematic distortions occurring due to a need to regularize the lidar positioning problem solution are estimated. It is shown that the effect of molecular viscosity of air on the positioning result can be neglected if the wave parameter, which characterizes the diffraction manifestation, is higher than 3. This corresponds to sounding ranges of more than 1 km for optical or UV lidars. The analysis results show that the BSE lidar positioning accuracy weakly depends on the exponent in the turbulence spectrum in regions of severe turbulence. The results can justify a physical experiment for the design of an aircraft system for the lidar detection of CAT regions ahead of the flight course.     

利用Landsat数据反演近岸海水表层温度的大气校正算法

介绍了一种将大气效应考虑在内、利用Landsat TM、ETM+热红外数据进行近海岸海表水温反演的单窗算法.在该算法中,将地表气温、相对湿度等常规气象资料作为初始参数,根据对流层中大气温度随高度呈线性降低、水汽随高度呈指数衰减的规律,建立了估算平均大气温度及水汽含量的通用模式.通过与实测数据及MODIS Terra海表水温产品比较发现,该算法能够提高运用TM/ETM+TIR单波段数据进行近岸海表水温(SST)反演的精度:一方面,反演所得结果更接近于海表实际水温;另一方面,它在一定程度上剔除大气中的水汽对SST反演的影响,进而提高海表水温的温度对比度.该提出的大气校正算法只需地表大气温度及相对湿度资料,该算法也无需进行大气模式的界定.     

一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取方法

论述了侧扫声呐的成像原理,针对目前常用侧扫声呐系统数据采集的相关特性,结合实际工程应用,提出了一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取新方法,以便在数据后处理时进行快速准确地斜距改正。利用实测数据验证了该方法的有效性,并与成熟商用软件的提取结果和阈值法提取结果进行对比分析,结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性和优势。     

Lidar sounding of turbulence based on the backscatter enhancement effect

A simple derivation of the equations describing the backscatter enhancement (BSE) effect of waves on small inhomogeneities in a randomly inhomogeneous medium is presented. The BSE effect is considered in a locally isotropic turbulent atmosphere. It is shown that a system of remote sounding of atmospheric turbulence can be constructed on the basis of BSE measurements. The scheme of a lidar for BSE measurement, along with routine lidar sounding, is proposed. With the use of models it is shown that regions of increased turbulence can be detected with such a lidar.     

Study on the detection of abnormal sounding data based on LS-SVM

A new method of detecting abnormal sounding data based on LS-SVM is presented. The theorem proves that the trend surface filter is the especial result of LS-SVM. In order to depict the relationship of trend surface filter and LS-SVM, a contrast is given. The example shows that abnormal sounding data could be detected effectively by LS-SVM when the training samples and kernel function are reasonable.     

Estimating helicity in the atmospheric boundary layer from acoustic sounding data

Distributions of the velocity-field helicity in the atmospheric boundary layer have been obtained from acoustic sounding data. The helicity of large-scale motions (0.3–0.6 m/s²) exceeds (by an order of magnitude) its independently measured turbulent values, which are close to helicity averaged over the layer (0.02–0.12 m/s²). In the absence of strong convection, there is good correlation between helicity and wind velocity squared at upper sounding levels of 400 to 600 m.     

大气能见度研究

回顾总结了国内外有关大气能见度的理论研究、仪器观测和数值模拟方面取得的成果;介绍大气能见度研究的基本理论、消光系数的概念及计算方法;总结了几种白天大气能见度探测仪的使用原理及优缺点;介绍测量夜间大气能见度和数字摄像法探测大气能见度的方法;并着重介绍4种计算与雾有关的大气能见度的经验公式,基于2004年4月11日黄海海雾个例的RAMS模式数值模拟结果,采用4种方法分别计算了大气能见度的分布并进行了比较。总结出大气能见度研究中存在的问题和今后研究的主要方向,并针对其中仍然存在的问题提出一些建议。     

数值模拟和卫星反演大气能见度对比分析

对2004年4月11日、2005年3月9日和2005年3月27日发生在黄渤海海域3个典型海雾个例数值模拟得到的大气能见度与可见光卫星云图的反照率进行对比分析,利用不同时刻大气能见度与反照率的对应关系进行线性数学拟合,得到新的适合白昼的大气能见度反演公式。利用该公式反演了几次显著海雾过程的大气能见度分布,发现海雾预报系统对大气能见度<200 m的海上浓雾的面积预报准确率约90%左右。对发生在2009年3月1日到2010年5月21日期间的46次较强海雾进行了初步统计,从判别海雾有无的角度来看该海雾预报系统对海雾的预报准确率为91.3%。     

Atmospheric correction scheme for GLI with absorptive aerosol correction

The present study proposes an atmospheric correction scheme for Advanced Earth Observation Satellite II (ADEOS-II)/Global Imager (GLI) ocean color retrieval that corrects for the atmospheric absorptive aerosol effect. Radiative transfer simulations were conducted assuming a non-absorptive model aerosol with a soot-type aerosol at various mixture ratios. The results indicate that while the spectral dependency of aerosol reflectance does not change in the longer (>550 nm) wavelength region, the reflectance at shorter wavelengths is highly variable and depends on the mixture ratio. The influence of aerosol absorption was also investigated using GLI data from ocean areas adjacent to Japan in the presence of absorptive Siberian fire smoke aerosol in the spring of 2003. The spectral curvature of the aerosol was estimated from the data obtained. An empirical, iterative scheme that detects and evaluates the influence of absorptive aerosols was developed by comparing 380 nm GLI-observed aerosol reflectance with predicted reflectances derived using an in-water optical model. To evaluate the performance of this scheme, satellite-derived normalized water-leaving radiances were compared with those measured from a ferry servicing Nagasaki and Fukue. The results of data acquired on March 20, 2003, indicate that this absorption correction scheme improved root mean square estimation error for normalized water-leaving radiance by approximately 40% in the 380, 400, and 412 nm bands. This atmospheric correction algorithm was used as a part of the second version of the GLI standard ocean color data process system at Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).     

应用傅立叶级数计算船尾磁场

船磁改正是海洋磁力测量的重要内容。将船磁分离为固有磁和感应磁两部分，从原子磁矩理论出发分析了固有磁与感应磁的影响规律，提出了采用傅立叶级数法处理船磁改正的新方法，并以实例试算证明该法的优越性。     

低层大气季节变化及与黄海雾季的关系

根据2005～2006年青岛气象台逐日L波段探空雷达资料和地面观测资料,计算、分析了低层大气湍流混合高度、湍流混合强度和温度层结的季节变化,并分析了其与黄海海雾季节变化的关系.结果表明:温度层结、湍流强度和高度均有明显的季节变化,这些变化与海雾的季节变化密切关联.春、夏季节湍流强度较强,湍流混合高度相对较低,有利于近海面的凝结水汽在低空聚集而形成雾.雾季典型的层结结构是"上稳下湍",即:近地(海)面至150 m左右为条件性不稳定,其上方为大约400 m厚的稳定层.盛雾期稳定层的稳定性减弱,湍流强度加强.另外,黄海雾季由7月最盛到8月突然结束,与东海雾季逐渐结束明显不同.8月黄海终雾期迅速的原因与风向的突然转变有关.偏东风为整个黄海带来较冷的空气,使条件性不稳定发展,雾季终止.风向的突然转变与区域性海陆热性质差异和大尺度背景环流的调整有关.     

Precision of high-resolution multibeam echo sounding coupled with high-accuracy positioning in a shallow water coastal environment

Over 4 years, repetitive bathymetric measurements of a shipwreck in the Grådyb tidal inlet channel in the Danish Wadden Sea were carried out using a state-of-the-art high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) coupled with a real-time long range kinematic (LRK?) global positioning system. Seven measurements during a single survey in 2003 (n=7) revealed a horizontal and vertical precision of the MBES system of ±20 and ±2 cm, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. By contrast, four annual surveys from 2002 to 2005 (n=4) yielded a horizontal and vertical precision (at 95% confidence level) of only ±30 and ±8 cm, respectively. This difference in precision can be explained by three main factors: (1) the dismounting of the system between the annual surveys, (2) rougher sea conditions during the survey in 2004 and (3) the limited number of annual surveys. In general, the precision achieved here did not correspond to the full potential of the MBES system, as this could certainly have been improved by an increase in coverage density (soundings/m²), achievable by reducing the survey speed of the vessel. Nevertheless, precision was higher than that reported to date for earlier offshore test surveys using comparable equipment.     

Effects of tropical cyclones in the ionosphere from data of sounding by GPS signals

The problems of recording the ionospheric response to tropical cyclones (TCs) and the possibilities for detecting such a response using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals are discussed. Investigations of ionospheric effects of tropical cyclones with the use of different geophysical methods and technologies of GPS application for remote diagnostics of the ionosphere are reviewed. The results of investigating the action of tropical cyclones on the Earth’s ionosphere on the basis of measurements of variations in the total electron content at the global network of ground-based double-frequency GPS receivers are presented. It is shown that (a) the recording of tropospheric effects in the ionosphere is associated with the difficulties of detecting weak disturbances and their identification against the general background of variations and with the problems of identification of sources of such disturbances; (b) geomagnetic storms mask the effects of tropospheric disturbances in the upper ionosphere; and (c) when identifying the ionospheric effects of tropical cyclones, one must pay the bulk of attention to the search for the enhancement of the intensity of disturbances in ionospheric parameter variations.     

Trajectory and drift velocity of a sounding instrument in the field of nonuniform currents

We present a method for the determination of the trajectory of a sounding instrument and its drift velocity in the field of currents nonuniform in depth and develop special software for IBM/PC compatible computers. The proposed method and software are checked by using the well-known analytic solution of a similar problem given by Academician A. N. Krylov. We also consider some special examples of application of the developed method to the processing of the data of an OLT profilometer. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev