地震电磁卫星监测输电线谐波辐射研究综述

输电线谐波辐射已成为近地空间环境的一种人为污染源.介绍了磁层中输电线谐波辐射现象的研究历史与现状,涉及到与其相关的地基观测和天基观测结果,以及对其形成机理所开展的定性和定量研究等.特别介绍了近年来利用DEMETER地震电磁卫星观测到的输电线谐波辐射现象.根据现有的研究结果,提出一些尚未解决的问题.随着我国电网的发展,以...     

On the nonlinear triggering of VLF emissions by power line harmonic radiation

VLF ground data from Porojarvi in N. Finland has been presented. Spectrograms reveal frequent occurrence of power line harmonic radiation (PLHR), originating from the Finnish power system and from heavy industrial plant. The radiation is seen to penetrate the magnetosphere since numerous occurrences of PLHR triggered emissions are seen. Risers predominate but fallers and hooks are also observed. A well-established 1D Vlasov simulation code has been used to simulate these emissions, using plausible magnetospheric data for a range of L values from L = 4 to L = 5.5. The code is able to reproduce risers fallers and hooks in close agreement with observations. The results shed considerable insight into the generation structure of both risers and fallers.     

The method of high harmonics for determining reheating palaeotemperatures

Summary When reheated to temperatures below the Curie temperature (T_c) and subsequently cooled in a constant magnetic field it has been shown that rocks which contain magnetic minerals will acquire an induced magnetic anisotropy (IMA). The IMA is capable of retaining information on the palaeointensity of the geomagnetic field and the palaeotemperature of this most recent heating. A novel technique for determining the palaeotemperature has been developed, employing the high-harmonics method.     

交流高压输电线工频电磁场精确计算与特性分析

交流输电线产生的工频电磁场及其谐波成分一方面会对传统电磁法的观测信号造成极大干扰, 另一方面也可将其利用进行大地电性结构探测.电力行业以及传统地球物理领域在计算输电线工频电磁场时都存在诸多近似和假设, 计算精度较低.本文同时考虑输电线实际排列形式和大地电导率, 给出了输电线工频电磁场的准确计算方式, 并对其特性进行分析.结果表明, 实际输电线产生的电磁场与传统上基于单条无限长导线获得的结果并不一致, 各相线空间位置会导致叠加后的电磁场在多处存在变号现象, 使得电磁场随距离增大并不是光滑衰减, 且实际输电线产生的电磁场随距离增大整体上衰减的速度更快, 但在几千米范围内其强度仍不可忽略.本文提出的特定输电线系统产生的工频电磁场计算方法对规避或利用该电磁场都具有重要意义.

     

Generation of auroral kilometric radiation in inhomogeneous magnetospheric plasma

The generation of auroral kilometric radiation in a narrow 3D plasma cavity, in which a weakly relativistic electron flow is propagated along the magnetic field against a low-density cold background plasma, is studied. The time dynamics of the propagation and intensification of waves are analyzed using geometric optics equations. The waves have different wave vector components and start from the cavity center at an altitude of about the Earth’s radius at plasma parameters typical for the auroral zone at this altitude. It is shown that the global inhomogeneity of the Earth’s magnetic field is of key importance in shaping the auroral kilometric radiation spectra.     

Generation of electrostatic emissions by lightning-induced whistler-mode radiation above thunderstorms

Data from two separate thunderstorm sounding rocket experiments – Thunderstorm-II (T-II), which involved two rockets, and Thunderstorm-III (T-III) – are compared. In both cases, the sounding rockets over-flew active storm cells, but the bottomside of the ionosphere had a lower density and was much more structured for the first experiment than for the second. Electric field measurements on the flight through a structured ionosphere (T-II) show a triggered emission that has a height variation with altitude that seems to track the lower hybrid resonance frequency (LHR). Theories and other experimental data are presented supporting the concept that LH waves can be stimulated by intense whistlers when density gradients are present, and we interpret these T-II data in just such a context. We believe these emissions may be responsible for the irregularities causing the remote-sensing phenomenon called explosive spread F. The T-III flight had no such height-dependent emissions, which we attribute to the smoothness of the medium during that flight. Curiously, long-lasting emissions also occurred during T-III, but at frequencies that were constants with height and harmonics of the cut-off frequency for the earth-ionosphere wave guide. To our knowledge, there is no existing theory against which to test the T-III emissions.     

Martian surface harmonics and continental drift

Recent radar and spectroscopic determinations of topographic heights on Mars reveal that the planet possesses a distribution of surface harmonics similar to that of the Earth. This similarity is manifested in the dominance of the first five harmonics with a rapid decline of higher order terms.     

The variances of tidal harmonics

Summary The variances, or squared standard errors, of estimates of tidal harmonic constants from analyses of a month or a year of tide-gauge data are analysed in terms of spectral properties of their noise continuum, modelled as exponential cuspsE ₁ superimposed on a smoothly monotonic non-tidal spectrumE ₀. Taking 5 representative stations, each with 19 years of data,E ₀ is evaluated from the inter-species noise levels, andE ₁ from the ratio of the variances from monthly and yearly analyses. It is shown that the cusps surrounding the diurnal tides are dominated byE ₀, whereas the more important semi-diurnal and higher species cusps are fitted by an exponential form forE ₁ with bandwidth of a few cycles per year. The variance ratios (monthly: yearly analyses) for diurnal harmonics are somewhat greater than the value expected for white noise, partly because of residual tidal lines in the monthly analyses which cannot be related to the major constituents. The corresponding ratios for semi-diurnal and higher species harmonics are less than the white noise value, on account of the cusps. The standard errors of yearly estimates of the larger tidal constituents may be predicted as proportional to their mean amplitude, as a very rough guide, in the approximate ratio of 11 mm/m.Zusammenfassung Die Varianzen — oder Quadrate der Standardabweichungen — der Abschätzungen von harmonischen Gezeitenkonstanten aus Analysen monatlicher bzw. jährlicher Pegelbeobachtungsreihen werden nach den spektralen Eigenschaften ihres Rauschens analysiert. Dieses wird durch exponentielle SpitzenE ₁, die einem glatten monotonen NichtgezeitenspektrumE ₀ überlagert sind, dargestellt. Anhand 19 jähriger Beobachtungsreihen von 5 repräsentativen Stationen wirdE ₀ aus dem Hintergrundrauschen ermittelt undE ₁ aus dem Verhältnis der Varianzen aus monatlichen und jährlichen Analysen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Spitzen im Bereich der eintägigen Tiden vonE ₀ beherrscht werden, die wichtigeren Spitzen der halbtägigen Tiden und der Tiden höherer Ordnung werden dagegen durch einen exponentiellen Ausdruck fürE ₁ mit einer Bandbreite von einigen Perioden pro Jahr angenähert. Die Verhältnisse der Varianzen (aus monatlichen zu jährlichen Analysen) für eintägige Harmonische sind etwas größer als der Wert, den man für weißes Rauschen erwarten würde, zum Teil deshalb, weil bei monatlichen Analysen nicht alle Tiden den Hauptkomponenten zugeordnet werden können. Die entsprechenden Verhältnisse für halbtägige und höhere Harmonische sind wegen der Spitzen kleiner als der Wert für weißes Rauschen. Die Standardabweichungen der jährlichen Abschätzungen größerer Gezeitenkomponenten können grob als proportional zu ihrer mittleren Amplitude geschätzt werden mit einem Verhältnis von etwa 11 mm/m.

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Varianzen harmonischer Gezeitenkonstanten

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Les variances des constantes harmoniques de marée

Résumé Les variances, ou carrés des écarts types, des estimations de constantes harmoniques de marée provenant d'analyses portant sur un mois ou une année de données marégraphiques sont analysées en terme de propriétés spectrales de leur continuum de bruit, modélisé comme des pics exponentielsE ₁ superposés à un spectre ne provenant pas de la marée sensiblement monotoneE ₀. Si l'on prend 5 stations représentatives, chacune comportant 19 années d'observations,E ₀ est évalué par les niveaux de bruit inter-espèces, etE ₁ par le rapport des variances provenant des analyses mensuelles et annuelles. On montre que les pics entourant les marées de type diurne sont dominés parE ₀, alors que les pics plus importants de type semidiurne et d'espèces supérieures sont bien approximés par une forme exponentielle pourE ₁ avec une largeur de bande de quelques cycles par an. Les rapports de variance (analyses mensuelles/annuelles) des harmoniques diurnes sont un peu plus grands que la valeur attendue pour le bruit blanc, partiellement à cause des composantes de marée résiduelles dans les analyses mensuelles qui ne peuvent pas être rattachées aux composantes majeures. En raison des pics, les rapports correspondants pour les harmoniques des espèces supérieures et semi-diurnes sont inférieures à la valeur du bruit blanc. Les écarts types des valeurs estimées annuelles des composantes principales de marée peuvent être définis grossièrement comme proportionnels à leur amplitude moyenne, en admettant un rapport de proportionnalité approximatif de 11 mm/m.

     

TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X获取高精度数字高程模型技术研究

以双星系统(TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X)下的bistatic数据模式为例研究了差分干涉获取高精度DEM产品的融合算法和技术流程.针对不同观测几何条件下(升降轨,不同入射角)观测数据的畸变和缺失,提出一种迭代的顾及垂直基线、阴影和叠影的数据融合新方法重建高分辨率高精度的数字高程模型,并对TanDEM-X融合的DEM在不同地物属性特征下(山区及高楼林立的城区)的精度进行定量分析.本文采用了两对覆盖珠海、澳门区域的升降轨TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X干涉对进行融合处理,并通过收集的高精度Lidar数据进行精度比较分析.此外,本文还定量分析了TanDEM-X的DEM对常规DInSAR技术的改进,并与SRTM、ASTER的结果进行对比.结果表明:提出的升降轨融合方法较单一轨道平台能够较好地改正或减弱由于几何畸变引起的高程信息缺失或错误,通过与Lidar数据的对比发现TanDEM-X的融合DEM在山区的精度较高,其残差的标准差为3.5 m,较单一轨道(升、降轨)分别降低8%和22%,能够通过迭代的方法获取高分辨率(可达2~5 m)、高精度的地形信息;而针对城区密集建筑物的复杂地形来说,融合的DEM的精度稍低,残差的标准差为11.8 m,但较单一轨道(升、降轨)来说有较大改进,其残差标准差分别降低了28%和22%;而在分布较为稀疏的居民区,融合的DEM能够较Lidar数据获取更好的建筑物高度及外形信息,此时的残差标准差可达5 m.同时,TanDEM-X的融合DEM作为外部DEM能够较SRTM和ASTER来说更好地去除地形信息,尤其在山区及高程建筑密集分布的城区,从而利于后续的相位解缠和形变信息的精确获取和解译,为更高精度的时序InSAR形变监测提供有利条件.     

Nutations due to higher geopotential and selenopotential harmonics

¶rt;m uu u a mauu u au u, aauau u mn n u n k a um —a—: :(n=2, k=2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,3), (4,0), (4,3); a:(2,0), (2,2), (3,1); :(2,0).

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Dedicated to RNDr Jan Pícha, CSc., on his 60th Birthday     

Artificial modification of ionosphericE-layer by high power radio transmitters

Some anomalous TV receptions in India on band I have been interpreted as being propagated viaF-layer artificially modified by high power broadcast transmitters. In this paper, the possibility of VHF communication by artificially modifiedE-layer is discussed. The presented theoretical analysis shows that high-power broadcast trasmitters can produce substantial changes in temperature and ionisation in theE-layer. The rate of energy transfer from the wave to the medium particles has also been computed. Model calculations are made for a transmitter located near Calcutta. The possibility of the extra-ionisation producing field-aligned structures to support VHF communication is discussed.     

高密度电阻率法勘探长测线多排列数据连接处理

本文通过对高密度电阻率法勘探中的长测线多排列数据进行连接处理,实现了同一测线采用同一套参数的规范化处理,克服了因不同排列采用不同参数处理而导致假异常和信息丢失等弊端,同时解决了在成像时,因各个电性剖面的色标值不一致,剖面坐标与实际桩号对应不直观,导致对整个区域的电性趋势认识产生误导的问题.从实例处理来看,能为整个勘探区提取更丰富的电性信息,不但突出了整条测线的地下电性趋势,更客观、更全面地把握和认识勘探地区的电性分布规律,而且从宏观上把握了一些比较隐蔽的地质现象.     

Transformations of spherical harmonics and applications to geodesy and satellite theory

am ¶rt; mauau uu u u aamuam u a. m num u m a¶rt;a muu nmuaa u ¶rt;uau nmu¶rt;uu.

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Invited Paper, 9^th Brazilian Congress in Cartography, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, February 4–9, 1979.     

Observations of intensity variations and harmonics of heater induced VLF waves

Very low-frequency (VLF) radio waves have been generated in the ionosphere by the heating facility near Tromsø. VLF signals have been received at Porojärvi (69.17 ° N, 21.47 ° E, L = 6.1), in Northern Finland, about 100 km from the heating transmitter. Three heating experiments were performed under different geophysical conditions and different results were obtained. Signal intensities have been compared with magnetic variations. Correlations and anti-correlations were observed. Several harmonics of the generated signal have generally been found. In some cases when the intensity of the detected VLF signal was low the first harmonic was as intensive as the fundamental frequency. VLF response from Artificial Periodic Inhomogeneities (API) experiment was also observed.     

海底地震监测的低功率高分辨率数据记录仪

介绍了用于海底地震监测的数字波形记录仪的设计、实施及其特征。该套系统能够同时采集4个高分辨率信号,并且能够登录闪存库。由于非常精细的体系结构的设计和利用强大的数字信号处理技术,两个相互冲突的主要问题已经得到解决:通过使用转换器获得高能量,同时获得优于120dB的高动态范围和低至250mW的功耗,因此可以很轻松地将海底地震仪在海底监测时间提高到3个月。     

高分辨率单道地震剖面上定标号的计算方法

定标号在野外采集时同步打印在模拟剖面上,它是海洋单道地震勘探剖面对比解释时重要的地理位置依据,但是数字单道地震记录仪记录的地震道中缺失此信息.文章介绍了三种计算和标识定标号(Mark)的方法,根据班报线性内插法、模拟剖面读取法以及坐标对比法,分析了各自的优缺点.其中最可靠和实用的是坐标对比法.通过软件开发实现了坐标对比法自动获取Mark-Shot关系,通过这个关系即可对地震数据和剖面进行定标号的标识.软件模块能够处理导航与地震不同步、航向航速不稳定、导航与地震坐标格式多样化等情况,具有较强的适应性.对实测数据计算发现,当导航、地震不同步时,线性内插法获得的mark值误差很大,而坐标对比法能够精确反映Mark-Shot实际的对应关系.当航向、航速稳定时Mark-Shot关系表现为线性关系,而航向、航速不稳定时Mark-Shot关系为弯曲的非线性关系,由于导航系统过零点时会出现重复定标情况,在Mark-Shot关系图中表现为拐点.为了对计算结果进行质量控制,软件同时提供了Mark-Shot计算误差值列表,在误差散点图中显示所有定标号位置误差都小于1个炮距,说明软件计算获得的Mark位置精度较高,结果可靠.     

Stick-slip unstable shear failure as a source of high frequency elastic radiation

Summary The results of laboratory measurements on square perspex models with a stress concentrator under uniaxial compression are presented. An attempt was made to interpret these results in order to determine the mutual relations between the mechanical parameters characterizing the treated models, including their focal zones, parameters of model loading, parameters of seismogenic displacement and parameters of radiated elastic pulses. Particular attention was given to the study of slip displacement, slip velocity, rupture velocity, nucleation points of rupture propagation, nucleation points of elastic radiation and to the frequency analysis of radiated pulses. Measurements of the displacement in the focal zone enabled us to determine the source function, to construct theoretical seismograms in a far field and to compare them with the real pulses from ultrasonic transducers located there. This allowed testing theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of how slip displacement, slip velocity and rupture velocity are related to the parameters of radiated pulses.     

大功率井-地电磁同步发射技术分析与系统实现

为了提高勘探深度和分辨率,对于地球物理传统可控源电磁法的人工激励场源而言,主要通过提高其发射功率和更换激发方位的途径来实现,但是单套的发射系统会因为功率的增加而变得笨重、复杂和可靠性降低,且不适用于金属矿复杂的探测环境.本文采用分布于勘探目标区周边多个方位的中功率同步发射系统来组合成一套大功率发射系统,该系统可以显著提高探测区接收信号的信噪比,有望克服传统可控源类方法的探测盲区和获取可靠性更高的异常体反演结果.每个单套发射系统由发电机、开关供电电源、发射电缆、发射电极、发射机及其外控同步激发控制器构成.利用此发射系统可以在地面或井下的多个位置布设多个人工激励场源,同时对异常体进行扫频激发,频率范围覆盖10 kHz~0.01 Hz,单套发射系统的最大发射功率为48 kW,发射电流大于60 A,同时,在地面、井道、巷道或已有的探测井中采集电磁场信号.通过对均匀半空间理论场值的叠加计算以及实际数据的对比研究发现,多方位场源同时激发能够提高目标区信噪比,并初步验证了其可行性.该方法对可控源电磁法系统提出了一种全新的研发方向,为金属矿勘探提供了一种新的探测手段.