二叠系-三叠系界线全球层型剖面——回顾和进展

综合评述了5年来对二叠系—三叠系界线(PTB)全球层型剖面——煤山D剖面的研究进展。简要介绍剖面的研究历史、地理和地质背景,叙述了世界上最完整的二叠纪长兴期至三叠纪格里斯巴赫期的牙形石和菊石带,并简短讨论了Otoceras的年代。叙述了煤山与其他剖面长兴期至格里斯巴赫期磁性地层学的对比。介绍了δ13C和δ34S的化学地层学最新研究进展,特别是在PTB附近多个δ13C负漂移的发现。两项重要的分子地层学研究显示了基础生态系统的深刻变化——微生物生态系的灾变和在二叠纪—三叠纪生态系之交严重缺氧事件期间透光带的静海相环境。文章报道了自2001年以来PTB年代测定的进展。PTB之下14cm处火山成因的粘土层25层的年代,现在定为(252·4±0·3)Ma(Mundil等,2004)。文章还讨论了事件地层学,认为尽管在25-26层有一个主事件,煤山PTB附近的事件是多幕式的,并且开始于事件层25-26层之前。因此,PTB大绝灭主因是外星撞击导致的可能性是不大的。     

A Review on the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary

1 Introduction The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) has been ratified by IUGS in 2001 (Yin et al., 2001). It is defined at the base of the Hindeodus parvus horizon, i.e. the base of Bed 27c of Meishan Section D, Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, South China. The PTB is important because it is not only an erathem boundary but also a great turning point of geological history symbolized by profound global changes and the strongest …     

Lower Triassic and Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China

Since the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu was proposed as the candidate of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Induan-Olenekian boundary in 2003, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been extensively studied. Based on the studies on the Lower Triassic of Chaohu, (1) a continuous conodont zonation is established, which has become an important reference for Lower Triassic stratigraphic correlation over the world; (2) the First Appearance Datum of conodont Neospathodus waageni was suggested and has been basically accepted as the primary marker to define the Induan-Olenekian boundary; (3) a characteristic Lower Triassic excursion of carbon isotopes was brought to light and has been proven to be not only an excellent index for the stratigraphic correlation but also a unique indication for the perturbation of ecological environments in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction; (4) a magnetostratigraphic sequence is constituted with a certain biostratigraphic control in the low-latitude region and it presents an important correlation to the Boreal sequence; (5) a cyclostratigraphic study provides an alternative method to constrain the age of the chronostratigraphic units; and (6) a scheme of the Olenekian subdivision is recently suggested to define the boundary between the Smithian and Spathian Substages. In addition, Chaohu is also the type locality of the Chaohuan Stage, the upper stage of the Lower Triassic in the China Chronostratigraphic System. Thus, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu is not only a classic sequence in South China, but also a key reference sequence to the investigation of the corresponding stratigraphy and geological events over the world. The recent achievements are viewed here for an overall understanding of the sequence. Then the current situation of the Induan-Olenekian and Smithian-Spathian boundaries is discussed to provide a reference for later works.     

Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core,and selected auxiliary records

The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in δ¹⁸O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi‐parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary have also been recognised. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石炭纪维宪阶全球界线层型剖面和点位补遗

经国际地质科学联合会批准,我国广西柳州北岸乡碰冲剖面为石炭纪维宪阶全球界线层型剖面和点位.层型剖面位于柳州市东北15 km之碰冲村南小溪(24°26'N,109°27'E).层型点位在剖面83层之底,与底栖有孔虫"E.ovalis种群"至Eoparastaffella simplex谱系中Eoparastaffella simplex的首次出现吻合.辅助标志是点位之上近5m处,牙形石Gnathodus homopunctatus首现,其下约30 m为Scaliognathus anchoralis europensis的最高出现.本文补充介绍了层型点位的岩石特征和区域上的对比.     

奥陶系上统赫南特阶全球层型剖面和点位的建立

赫南特阶(上奥陶统)的全球界线层型剖面和点位确立在中国宜昌王家湾北剖面观音桥层底界之下0.39m处。该剖面位于中国湖北省宜昌市以北42km处的王家湾村,经纬度为30°58′56″N、111°25′10″E。赫南特阶底界的GSSP点位以笔石Normalograptusextraordinarius的首次出现层位(FAD)为标志。碳同位素在此层位显示的正漂移以及N.ojsuensis的首现可作为第二标志。赫南特阶始于自Diceratograptusmirus亚带开始的全球生物大灭绝事件的主幕之后。王家湾北剖面出露完整,沉积和生物序列连续,笔石和壳相动物化石丰富并保存良好,王家湾北、王家湾南和王家湾小河边剖面都发育了合适的沉积相和生物相并具有广泛对比的潜力。该地区地质构造简单,岩石未经历较强的变质作用,且交通便利。王家湾小河边剖面尤其适合进行化学地层学研究和同位素年龄的测定。建立赫南特阶底界的全球界线层型剖面和点位的提案报告于2004年10月被国际地层委员会奥陶系分会通过,经补充完善后,于2006年2月被国际地层委员会通过,同年5月被国际地科联正式批准。     

奥陶纪年代地层学研究评述

回顾并评述了近十年来国内外奥陶纪年代地层学研究的进展和存在问题 ,特别论述了奥陶系的系、统、阶 3级全球界线层型剖面点 (GSSP)的研究和选定工作 ,探讨我国地层学家在奥陶系内部在我国再获“金钉子剖面”的可能性和可行性 ,并提出我国奥陶系的统和阶与国际接轨的原则和方法。     

对“浙江长兴二叠系-三叠系界线层型剖面面临的新问题”一文的商榷

承蒙<地层学杂志>编辑部寄来王成源先生"浙江长兴二叠系-三叠系界线层型剖面面临的新问题"一文(以下简称王文)征求意见,兹将我们对其2、3两段的意见表述如下,供大家讨论:     

全球始新统-渐新统界线层型简介

全球始新统 -渐新统界线层型剖面和层型点(GSSP)被确定在意大利安科纳 (Ancona)的马西格纳诺 (Massignano)剖面。这一工作始于 IGCP(国际地质对比计划 )第 1 74项 (1 980— 1 985 )对始新统 -渐新统界线所做的全球性协调研究 ,及项目组末次会议的出版物 (Pomerol & Premoli Silva,1 986 )。之后 ,古近纪地层分会继续努力物色合适的界线层型剖面 ,包括在世界范围内进行通讯调查 ,成立始新统-渐新统界线国际工作组 ,并与 IGCP第 1 96项项目组和地质年代学分会紧密合作。为考虑始新统 -渐新统界线 ,国际地层委员会古近纪地层分会于 1 98…     

On the global stratotype section and point of the Triassic base

A unique succession of volcanogenic deposits with representative paleontological remains characterizing the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in the North Siberian platform and Taimyr is described. The succession is suitable for selecting a standard for the Triassic base in nonmarine deposits. Abundant and diverse fossils occurring in the succession evidence that volcanism responsible for origin of the plateau basalt province in Siberia was not a brief epoch of paroxysmal eruptions, which eliminated everything alive. Throughout the formation history of relevant plateau basalts, the organic world of the plateau and around existed and gradually evolved.     

Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma

In June 2009, the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) formally ratified a proposal by the International Commission on Stratigraphy to lower the base of the Quaternary System/Period to the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Gelasian Stage/Age at Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy. The Gelasian until then had been the uppermost stage of the Pliocene Series/Epoch. The base of the Gelasian corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage 103, and has an astronomically tuned age of 2.58 Ma. A proposal that the base of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch be lowered to coincide with that of the Quaternary (the Gelasian GSSP) was also accepted by the IUGS Executive Committee. The GSSP at Vrica, Calabria, Italy, which had hitherto defined the basal boundary of both the Quaternary and the Pleistocene, remains available as the base of the Calabrian Stage/Age (now the second stage of the revised Pleistocene). In ratifying these proposals, the IUGS has acknowledged the distinctive qualities of the Quaternary by reaffirming it as a full system/period, correctly complied with the hierarchical requirements of the geological timescale by lowering the base of the Pleistocene to that of the Quaternary, and fully respected the historical and widespread current usage of both the terms ‘Quaternary’ and ‘Pleistocene’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新近系研究进展简介

新近系各阶全球层型剖面和点位( GSSP)的选定工作近年来取得了许多实质性的进展,至今上新统3个阶的GSSP已全部获得批准,中新统有3个阶获批准、2个阶有望在2 0 0 4年获得通过、1个阶的指示事件尚未确定,有待进一步的工作。除介绍新近系各个阶最新的GSSP内容外,还就中国陆相新近系建阶工作的进展和研究重点作了简要的回顾与展望,认为上新统麻则沟阶、高庄阶和中新统谢家阶有望在命名剖面定义底界的界线层型和点位,中新统保德阶、通古尔阶和山旺阶的底界有待在甘肃临夏盆地、兰州盆地和秦安地区寻找。中国陆相新近系建阶工作的开展与完成,会给中国地层学研究工作带来积极而又深远的影响。     

“国际地层表”与GSSP

近年来,“国际地层表”不断被国际地层委员会更新,用GSSP来定义年代地层单位而建立起来的“国际地层表”,使得大家在叙述地质历史时有一种共同的语言、有一个全球性的标准。在显生宇的96个阶(统)中已有4 6个阶(统)确立了GGSP,其余的有望在2 0 0 8年全部确立。我国已取得了4枚金钉子,即将取得3枚,还有可能再获得4—6枚。根据区域特点,我国已编制了“中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表”并正在开展区域性建阶工作     

扬子区奥陶纪末赫南特亚阶的生物地层学研究

重新研究了宜昌王家湾 ,宜昌分乡 ,桐梓红花园和松桃陆地坪 4条上奥陶统上部至志留系底部的连续采集剖面。1999年 6月在捷克召开的第 8届国际奥陶系大会上提名宜昌王家湾和桐梓红花园剖面分别为赫南特亚阶的全球层型候选剖面 (GSSP)和辅助剖面。对赫南特亚阶及其上、下地层的生物带重新厘定 ,自下而上为 Foliomena-N ankinolithus/D.complanatus,D.complexus带 ,P.pacificus带 (包括下部亚带 ,T.typicus亚带和 Diceratograp-tus mirus亚带 ) ,N.extraordinarius- N.ojsuensis带 ,N.persculptus带 ,A.ascensus带和 P.acuminatus带。     

A Potential Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point of the Moscovian Stage (Carboniferous)

Conodonts and fusulinids are the two most widely used biotic groups for subdividing and correlating Bashkirian and Moscovian strata. The definition of the base of the Global Moscovian Stage is undecided because there are many disagreements among existing boundary definition proposals, each of which has disadvantages. Declinognathodus donetzianus is easily recognized but somewhat limited in its paleogeographic distribution. Idiognathoides postsulcatus is slightly more widespread, but it is less easily identified and its occurrences may be diachronous from region to region. Diplognathodus ellesmerensis is easily recognized and even more widespread, but it is usually rare and its ancestry is not adequately known. The Naqing Section of South Guizhou, South China contains diverse conodont evolutionary lineages among different taxa, including Idiognathoides, Idiognathodus, Diplognathodus, Neognathodus, Gondolella and Mesogondolella. There are numerous transitional forms in almost every lineage of the Naqing section, which shows that the prospects for South China to play a critical role in determining the basal Moscovian Stage definition are good.     

奥陶系全球界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)的研究

简述了奥陶系三统七阶的划分原则和它们的全球界线层型剖面和点位( GSSP)确定或提名经过和问题,并提出了本届国际奥陶系分会移至中国后的主要任务     

全球寒武系芙蓉统和排碧阶及其底界层型在我国确立

国际地球科学联合会最近批准了寒武纪全球年代地层单位芙蓉统和排碧阶及其底界的全球层型,层型剖面为中国湖南花垣排碧剖面. 寒武系在1835年由英国学者A.Sedgwick建立,以往没有全球统一的正式划分.为了解决寒武系年代地层再划分问题,国际地层委员会寒武系分会从1995年起,先后在摩洛哥、西班牙、加拿大、瑞典、美国、阿根廷、我国华南和法国举行了8次现场会议,寻找适合的剖面和点位.     

“国际地层表”(2008)简介

简要介绍"国际地层表"(2008)对"国际地层表"(2004)作出的一些修改:恢复了第四系,完善了下古生界与前寒武系的年代地层单位系统,增加了14枚金钉子,更新了一些同位素年龄数据。为了使读者了解更多磁性地层学与全球海平面变化的情况,在刊出"国际地层表(International Stratigraphic Chart)"(2008)的同时还附上了"地质年代表(Geologic Time Scale)"(2008)。     

古近系研究新进展

介绍国际地层委员会古近系分会在全球界线层型剖面和点位( GSSP)工作上的新进展和我国陆相古近系分阶情况。中国陆相古近系分为8个阶:上湖阶(下古新统)、池江阶(上古新统)、岭茶阶(下始新统)、卢氏阶(中始新统下部)、垣曲阶(中始新统上部)、蔡家冲阶(上始新统)、乌兰布拉格阶(下渐新统)和塔本布鲁克阶(上渐新统)。其中,白垩系-古近系界线、古新统-始新统界线和始新统-渐新统界线与国际上相应界线接近或一致。近来,在湖南衡东地区获得碳同位素负向漂移的数据,使得该剖面可与新近国际地层委员会批准的伊普里斯阶层型剖面对比,其余各个阶的界线缺少磁性地层学和同位素地层学的证据,同时也有待于国际上“金钉子”的确立     

华北地台石炭系—二叠系界线的腕足动物标志

依据现代地层学理论,年代地层界线应具有全球一致性或近一致性。根据华北地台石炭纪、二叠纪地层特点,笔者主张在华北地台以Pseudoschwagerina(s.s)带(确切地说是最早出现该带特征化石层位)底作为二叠纪的开始。本文通过对华北地台若干典型地点界线附近的腕足动物化石进行系统研究,认为腕足动物面貌在界线附近有清晰的变化,与界线标志(竹蜓)属有一定的对应关系,以此作为界线的辅助标志具有区域性的普遍意义。