提高地震定位精度新方法的研究

根据现有台网的分布密度、仪器配置的状况和目前震相判读精度提出了一些新的措施来提高地震定位的效率和精度。主要思想有采用“全局搜索和单纯形综和求解法”求解方程的极值，计算中考虑地球曲率，并做椭球校正。采用“翻台法”来改善目标函数、实现“目标函数拉伸”的思想、控制解域和自行调整发震时刻提高求解的稳定性和精度。采用“模拟退火法”的物理性质来控制试错解的跨越长度，提高求解效率和解的分辨精度。采用区域走时表加台站校正值的思想来减小速度模型的复杂性。采用ＰＴＤ方法和ｓＰｎ－Ｐｎ方法来求震源深度。在地震定位过程中显示地图经纬度，同步演示定位过程及结果。同时还在屏幕上显示传统的交切结果以帮助分析人员判定定位结果的可靠性。区域走时表采用地壳曲面模型，允许模型带有低速层，各层具有梯度，且不限层数，自动使用台站校正值并给出定位误差。根据上述思想和不同的需要分别编制了地方、区域台网定位程序，全国、全球地震定位程序，极远震定位程序用于速报和专门用于研究的地震定位程序。这些程序还带有求震源深度和震级的功能。对于专门进行地震定位研究的工作，还提供了绘制地震定位误差二维等值线图和三维误差分布图的功能。     

上海地震台阵(网)近震定位的翻台方法

为了快速而精确地确定震源位置，尽可能减少定位所产生的误差，引入了求解准则函数极小值的“POWELL”方法、“模拟退火法”、求解震源深度的“PTD方法”和“翻台法”用于近震定位。本文利用上述方法编制了近震定位程序，经过理论和实际应用的严格考察，已在全国部分数字化地震台网中推广使用，效果较好。     

地震定位程序BLOC及其变体：华北地区遥测地震台网联网论文续二

简要描述了研制并几经修改扩充的地震定位程序ＢＬＯＣ，并以它的最新扩展版本ＮＣ９１为例说明其使用方法，最后讨论了ＢＬＯＣ定位程序进一步发展的构想。     

几种地震定位程序的定位效果分析

简要介绍了四川地震台网目前使用的4种近震定位程序(HYPO81,Gelor-P、GENETIC、LOC91)，并选取成都数字遥测地震台网记录的30次地震事件，对4种定位程序的定位效果作了初步对比分析。结果表明：对于网内及网缘地震，NYPO81程序的定位结果要稍优于其它3种定位程序；而对于网外地震，4种定位程序得到的结果都不理想。     

P^—波定位方法的研究及软件编制

Ｐ＾－波定位方法是针对网内及网缘发生较大震级地震时，地震波记录限幅Ｓ＾＝难以辨认的情况，而编；与的单震相定位程序。该程序可由数字化仪输入地震波到时数据，然后进行定位，定位计算分两步进行，即初定和修定，初定仅根据区域台风提供直达波到时，列出走时方程，将走时方程线性化，解出四个震源参数，为了防止输入的个别错误数据影响定位，采取了图形显示的方法。     

数字遥测地震台网地震速报中文平台

叙述了数字遥测地震台网地震速报中平台程序基本流程和使用特点，程序采用Vi编程方法实现以二维坐标点阵结构显示汉字，与台网的交互软件（EDSP-IAS）中的WaveView程序自动链接运行，该闰台界面操作方便直观，易于定位地震参数，自动速报上网和自动寻呼。     

主地震定位法分析以及1997年新疆伽师强震群高精度定位

对主地震定位法的基本原理进行了详细阐述,分析了主地震法具体应用中的困难及解决方法．编写了一套主地震法定位程序,对伽师强震群中MS3.0地震进行了重新定位．定位结果与传统定位方法设计的定位程序的定位结果比较,震中分布与所求震源机制解结果更吻合,震源深度集中在15～30 km,定位走时残差降到传统方法的30%,定位误差垂直向可控制在3 km内,水平向可控制在1.5 km内．文中对精确定位结果可能包含的构造信息进行了讨论．      

双差算法的剖析及参数对定位的影响

分析了双差定位程序hypoDD实现的流程,对程序参数进行了研究和剖析,并且以2007年6月云南普洱地震为例,指出了在使用双差定位算法过程中需要注意的问题。     

数字地震台网对不同区域地震事件的震中定位研究

应用广东数字遥测地震台网数据,通过对广东省周边50 km以外的62次地震重新定位,对比研究广东数字遥测地震台网数据处理软件提供的几种地震定位程序,初步认为:中国东南部、西北部地区及国外距广东地区较近的位于中国东南方向的印尼、日本等地区的地震,3种定位方法均可对其进行定位;而分布在国外较远地区的地震,用Hyposat及locSAT定位程序尚可,且locSAT优于Hyposat定位程序,而单纯型定位程序几乎不能用。     

多功能地震定位程序包MELP82

利用多功能地震定位程序包 MELP82,可以根据不同的使用目的,选用不同的地震定位方法,完成单个地震定位、成组单个地震定位、标准事件定位方法、利用标定地震的联合震源测定或联合震中测定、以及联合测定地震参数与速度模型等。程序包由主控程序,控制子程序及功能程序构成、采用统一的数据格式,从而便于选用不同方法处理同一组数据,也便于调整程序组合和扩充程序包功能。本文将扼要介绍程序包的功能和基本结构,并对使用的几种定位方法的共性与特点加以分析。文中还讨论了本程序包的可能应用范围。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.