提高地震定位精度新方法的研究

根据现有台网的分布密度、仪器配置的状况和目前震相判读精度提出了一些新的措施来提高地震定位的效率和精度。主要思想有采用“全局搜索和单纯形综和求解法”求解方程的极值，计算中考虑地球曲率，并做椭球校正。采用“翻台法”来改善目标函数、实现“目标函数拉伸”的思想、控制解域和自行调整发震时刻提高求解的稳定性和精度。采用“模拟退火法”的物理性质来控制试错解的跨越长度，提高求解效率和解的分辨精度。采用区域走时表加台站校正值的思想来减小速度模型的复杂性。采用ＰＴＤ方法和ｓＰｎ－Ｐｎ方法来求震源深度。在地震定位过程中显示地图经纬度，同步演示定位过程及结果。同时还在屏幕上显示传统的交切结果以帮助分析人员判定定位结果的可靠性。区域走时表采用地壳曲面模型，允许模型带有低速层，各层具有梯度，且不限层数，自动使用台站校正值并给出定位误差。根据上述思想和不同的需要分别编制了地方、区域台网定位程序，全国、全球地震定位程序，极远震定位程序用于速报和专门用于研究的地震定位程序。这些程序还带有求震源深度和震级的功能。对于专门进行地震定位研究的工作，还提供了绘制地震定位误差二维等值线图和三维误差分布图的功能。     

上海地震台阵(网)近震定位的翻台方法

为了快速而精确地确定震源位置，尽可能减少定位所产生的误差，引入了求解准则函数极小值的“POWELL”方法、“模拟退火法”、求解震源深度的“PTD方法”和“翻台法”用于近震定位。本文利用上述方法编制了近震定位程序，经过理论和实际应用的严格考察，已在全国部分数字化地震台网中推广使用，效果较好。     

地震定位程序BLOC及其变体：华北地区遥测地震台网联网论文续二

简要描述了研制并几经修改扩充的地震定位程序ＢＬＯＣ，并以它的最新扩展版本ＮＣ９１为例说明其使用方法，最后讨论了ＢＬＯＣ定位程序进一步发展的构想。     

几种地震定位程序的定位效果分析

简要介绍了四川地震台网目前使用的4种近震定位程序(HYPO81,Gelor-P、GENETIC、LOC91)，并选取成都数字遥测地震台网记录的30次地震事件，对4种定位程序的定位效果作了初步对比分析。结果表明：对于网内及网缘地震，NYPO81程序的定位结果要稍优于其它3种定位程序；而对于网外地震，4种定位程序得到的结果都不理想。     

P^—波定位方法的研究及软件编制

Ｐ＾－波定位方法是针对网内及网缘发生较大震级地震时，地震波记录限幅Ｓ＾＝难以辨认的情况，而编；与的单震相定位程序。该程序可由数字化仪输入地震波到时数据，然后进行定位，定位计算分两步进行，即初定和修定，初定仅根据区域台风提供直达波到时，列出走时方程，将走时方程线性化，解出四个震源参数，为了防止输入的个别错误数据影响定位，采取了图形显示的方法。     

数字遥测地震台网地震速报中文平台

叙述了数字遥测地震台网地震速报中平台程序基本流程和使用特点，程序采用Vi编程方法实现以二维坐标点阵结构显示汉字，与台网的交互软件（EDSP-IAS）中的WaveView程序自动链接运行，该闰台界面操作方便直观，易于定位地震参数，自动速报上网和自动寻呼。     

主地震定位法分析以及1997年新疆伽师强震群高精度定位

对主地震定位法的基本原理进行了详细阐述,分析了主地震法具体应用中的困难及解决方法．编写了一套主地震法定位程序,对伽师强震群中MS3.0地震进行了重新定位．定位结果与传统定位方法设计的定位程序的定位结果比较,震中分布与所求震源机制解结果更吻合,震源深度集中在15～30 km,定位走时残差降到传统方法的30%,定位误差垂直向可控制在3 km内,水平向可控制在1.5 km内．文中对精确定位结果可能包含的构造信息进行了讨论．      

双差算法的剖析及参数对定位的影响

分析了双差定位程序hypoDD实现的流程,对程序参数进行了研究和剖析,并且以2007年6月云南普洱地震为例,指出了在使用双差定位算法过程中需要注意的问题。     

数字地震台网对不同区域地震事件的震中定位研究

应用广东数字遥测地震台网数据,通过对广东省周边50 km以外的62次地震重新定位,对比研究广东数字遥测地震台网数据处理软件提供的几种地震定位程序,初步认为:中国东南部、西北部地区及国外距广东地区较近的位于中国东南方向的印尼、日本等地区的地震,3种定位方法均可对其进行定位;而分布在国外较远地区的地震,用Hyposat及locSAT定位程序尚可,且locSAT优于Hyposat定位程序,而单纯型定位程序几乎不能用。     

遥测地震台网实时处理系统

本文介绍了采用程序驻留内存技术，利用系统的硬件中断和时钟中断，在微机上研制成功了实时处理系统。该系统具有前后台处理功能，能够在主机ＣＰＵ中同时运行多道程序，使数据采集、事件检测、数据转存、地震定位等均能进行实时处理。该系统可用于区域遥测地震台网和地方遥测地震台网的实时处理。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.