汶川地震余震序列的地震各向异性

利用2008年5月12日汶川地震震源区及周边地震台站记录的余震序列资料,使用剪切波分裂系统分析法,分析了汶川地震发震构造龙门山断裂带及周边地区的地壳各向异性特征,推断了地壳最大主压应力方向及空间分布特征.研究结果表明：大致以安县为界,位于龙门山北东段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北东向,与断裂带走向一致;而位于龙门山西南段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北西向,与断裂带走向垂直;这个特征同样揭示出龙门山断裂带西南段逆冲、北东段带有明显走滑性质的特征.研究还显示,靠近龙门山与鲜水河、安宁河小江断裂交汇区附近的台站快剪切波的偏振方向表现比较离散,这可能是由震源区局部的复杂地质构造引起,与该地区复杂的主压应力方向特点一致.     

基于地壳介质各向异性分析江苏及 邻区构造应力特征

江苏及邻区(116°E~123°E,30°N~36°N)跨中国大陆3个地质构造单元(华北地台、扬子地台、华南褶皱系),本文采用江苏区域数字地震台网(1999~2008年)共10年的观测资料,使用地壳介质剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM),获取研究区域内共11个台站的剪切波分裂参数.研究结果表明,江苏及邻区背景应力环境并非来自单一的某个一级构造单元,而是受到3个地质构造单元的共同约束.研究区域西南部的应力环境主要受到板桥-南渡断裂、茅山东侧断裂、幕府山-焦山断裂共同作用,具有局部构造应力特征.研究区域东南部应力环境空间分布特征以长江为界,长江以北地区主压应力场方向为NW方向,而长江以南地区的主压应力场方向为近E-W方向.据此推断,长江以南可能存在近E-W方向的活动构造,长江可能是两个具有不同应力特征活动构造的边界.     

Simultaneous monitoring of stress and strain in massive rock

Continuous measurements of ultrasonic pulse transit times over 10 m baselines between fixed points in each of three mutually perpendicular directions are made routinely in solid rock. The most significant current experiment is in a large underground support pillar (30 m×30 m×200 m high) 700 m below ground level in an active mine. Velocity measurements to a precision of 2 parts in 10⁶ allow stress changes of order 1 kPa to be monitored, and compared with simultaneous strain measurements (for which a capacitance strain sensor is used) to examine the mechanisms of large scale stress relief processes. Characteristic stress relief cycles (of magnitude 200–3000 kPa) are found to migrate through the pillar as impressed loads are accommodated by the rock mass.     

华夏地块东南部地壳地震各向异性特征初步研究

本研究采用SAM剪切波分裂分析方法,使用福建区域数字地震台网记录到的（1999年01月～2003年12月）的波形资料,挑选符合剪切波窗口条件的记录,得到华夏地块东南部地区23°N～29°N,116°E～120°E）10个台站的剪切波分裂参数. 研究结果表明,该区域快剪切波平均偏振方向为NW109.4°±42.6°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为2.5±1.5(ms/km),快剪切波平均偏振方向对应该区的水平主压应力方向. 闽东台站NW方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向揭示了NW向的水平主压应力和NW走向断裂的构造意义. 两个闽西台站NE方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域水平主压应力方向不一致,与NE走向的断裂一致,体现了局部构造和局部应力场的复杂性. 本研究证实,位于活动断裂上的台站的快剪切波偏振方向的优势方向与断裂走向一致,位于海边或岛上的台站的快剪切波偏振方向较为离散,主要是受到不规则表面地形和断裂交汇的影响. 慢剪切波延迟时间的空间分布特征,显示沿海地区慢剪切波延迟时间变化较大,而内陆地区则较为平缓.     

利用背景噪声互相关研究汶川地震震源区地震波速度变化

利用2007年3月至2009年3月四川数字地震台网的宽频带连续波形资料,通过计算地震背景噪声互相关提取台站对间的经验格林函数,在0.1～0.5 Hz频带下测量每天经验格林函数与参考经验格林函数的走时偏移,进而得到各台站对在该时段内的相对地震波速度变化.结果表明,2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级地震造成了震源区地震波速度的急剧降低,最大降幅达0.4%;大致以安县为界,余震带西南部地区在汶川主震后波速降即达到最大值,而东北部地区的最大波速降一般出现在主震后的1~4个月,相对地震波速度变化的这种分段特性与地震序列的时空分布特征有较好的对应关系;在震源区外围的四川盆地也观测到了震后波速降低,而川西高原内部则没有出现显著的波速变化.进一步的分析和计算结果表明主震的静态应力变化和强地面运动引起的地表破坏都不能很好地解释震后波速的急剧降低,地震导致的断层区内部结构破坏和周边介质应力状态改变可能是波速变化的主要原因.     

TI介质各向异性速度多参数分析

本文采用横向各向同性（TI）介质弹性参数的Anderson表征方式,利用小偏移距同类反射波或转换波信息重建纵横波速,以中长排列同类反射波或转换反射波信息重建各向异性因子图像,分步进行深度域TI介质中P、SV波多参数各向异性速度分析,以理论模型验证了方法的可行性.最后给出宽角反射PP与SS波折合剖面的速度与各向异性因子解释结果.     

鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区地壳各向异性特征

本研究使用内蒙古自治区数字测震台网2010年1月至2017年10月区域小地震的波形记录资料,采用SAM方法,进行了地壳剪切波分裂的分析,得到鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区地壳介质地震各向异性的初步研究结果.根据15个台站161个有效地震记录的分析,鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区的快剪切波平均偏振方向为NE44.4°±38.4°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为1.7±1.6 ms·km^-1.研究区域的快剪切波偏振显示出两个优势方向,一个是NE方向,另一个是近NS方向.区内的逆冲凸起与走滑正倾断层构造对剪切波分裂产生了直接的影响,造成了剪切波分裂参数的复杂分布,反映了剪切波分裂参数受到区域应力和构造共同作用的影响.鄂尔多斯块体北缘的快波偏振特征有NE和近NS两个优势偏振方向,其东区与西区的快剪切波偏振表现出明显不同的特征.东区的第一快剪切波优势偏振方向为NE,第二快剪切波优势偏振方向为近NS;西区的第一快剪切波优势偏振方向为近EW,第二快剪切波优势偏振方向为近NS.鄂尔多斯块体北缘的区域背景主压应力方向可能总体上为近NS方向,但空间分布有差异,东区NE方向的优势偏振与西区近EW方向的优势偏振更可能反映了断裂与构造的影响.鄂尔多斯块体西缘的快剪切波偏振特征显示出非常清楚的NE向的优势偏振方向,近NS向的优势偏振方向则不太明显,反映出该地区复杂构造对各向异性分布的影响.慢波时间延迟呈现出西低东高的特点,时间延迟的高值出现在鄂尔多斯块体北缘的东部,时间延迟的这种西低东高的各向异性强度变化,可能反映了区域构造活动西强东弱的特性.

     

In situ stress state in Mainland China

In situ stress measurements are one of the important methods for studying the recent tectonic stress field and stress state. In this paper, the stress state and variation of stresses with depth in Mainland China are presented and analyzed on the basis ofin situ stress data measured by both hydrofracturing and overcoring techniques.     

Seismic characterization of reservoirs with multiple fracture sets using velocity and attenuation anisotropy data

Knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fracture density and the azimuthal fracture orientation can greatly help in optimizing production from fractured reservoirs. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data contain information about the fractures present in the reservoir. In this study, we use the measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuths to infer information about the multiple fracture sets present in the reservoir. We consider a reservoir model with two sets of vertical fractures characterized by unknown azimuthal fracture orientations and fracture densities. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data is computed using the effective viscoelastic stiffness tensor and solving the Christoffel equation. A Bayesian inversion method is then applied to measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuth to estimate the azimuthal fracture orientations and the fracture densities, as well as their uncertainties. Our numerical examples suggest that velocity anisotropy data alone cannot recover the unknown fracture parameters. However, an improved estimation of the unknown fracture parameters can be obtained by joint inversion of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data.     

中国大陆地壳与上地幔地震各向异性研究

地壳与上地幔各向异性研究在地球动力学领域有广泛的应用和重要的科学意义,其研究有助于许多地质和地球物理基本问题的解释.中国大陆的各向异性研究,在地壳与上地幔两个尺度上都有许多重要进展,并在基本理论和岩石实验研究中取得进步.文章认为,各向异性研究揭示的科学问题将会是广泛的和深远的.     

Seismic anisotropy and velocity structure beneath the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula

Travel times of 11,612 Pn arrivals collected from 7675 earthquakes are inverted to image the uppermost mantle velocity and anisotropy structure beneath the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding regions. Pn phases are routinely identified and picked for epicentral distances from 200 to 1200 km. The method used in this study allows simultaneous imaging of variations of Pn velocity and anisotropy. The results show an average uppermost mantle velocity beneath the study area of 8.0 km/s. The peninsular area covered by the Iberian massif is characterized by high Pn velocity, as expected in tectonically stable regions, indicating areas of the Hercynian belt that have not recently been reactivated. The margins of the Iberian Peninsula have undergone a great number of recent tectonic events and are characterized by a pronouncedly low Pn velocity, as is common in areas greatly affected by recent tectonic and magmatic activity. Our model indicates that the Betic crustal root might be underlined by a negative anomaly beneath the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. In the Atlantic Ocean, we find a sharp variation in the uppermost mantle velocities that coincides with the structural complexity of the European and African plate boundary in the Gulf of Cadiz. Our results show a very pronounced low-velocity anomaly offshore from Cape San Vicente whereas high velocities are distributed along the coast in the Gulf of Cadiz. In the Alboran Sea and northern Morocco, the direction of the fastest Pn velocity found is almost parallel to the Africa–Eurasia plate convergence vector (northwest–southeast) whereas to the north, this direction is almost parallel to the main trend of the Betic Cordillera, i.e. east–west in its central part and north–south in the curvature of the Arc of Gibraltar. This suggests that a significant portion of the uppermost mantle has been involved in the orogenic deformation that produced the arcuate structure of the Betic Cordillera. However, we assume that the Neogene extension had no major influence on a lithospheric scale in the Alboran Sea. Our results also show a quite complex pattern of anisotropy in the southwest Iberian lithospheric mantle since the relationship between the direction of fastest Pn velocity and major Hercynian tectonic trends cannot be directly established.     

A strategy for automated analysis of passive microseismic data to image seismic anisotropy and fracture characteristics

Monitoring of induced seismicity is gaining importance in a broad range of industrial operations from hydrocarbon reservoirs to mining to geothermal fields. Such passive seismic monitoring mainly aims at identifying fractures, which is of special interest for safety and productivity reasons. By analysing shear‐wave splitting it is possible to determine the anisotropy of the rock, which may be caused by sedimentary layering and/or aligned fractures, which in turn offers insight into the state of stress in the reservoir. We present a workflow strategy for automatic and effective processing of passive microseismic data sets, which are ever increasing in size. The automation provides an objective quality control of the shear‐wave splitting measurements and is based on characteristic differences between the two independent eigenvalue and cross‐correlation splitting techniques. These differences are summarized in a quality index for each measurement, allowing identification of an appropriate quality threshold. Measurements above this threshold are considered to be of good quality and are used in further interpretation. We suggest an automated inversion scheme using rock physics theory to test for best correlation of the data with various combinations of fracture density, its strike and the background anisotropy. This fully automatic workflow is then tested on a synthetic and a real microseismic data set.     

Advances in the deep tectonics and seismic anisotropy of the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone in the Sichuan-Yunnan Block,Southwestern China

The Sichuan-Yunnan Block (SYB) is located at the SE margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (TP). Under the influence of the southeastward movement of material originated from the TP, intense crustal deformation, frequent seismic activity, and complex geological structures are observed in the SYB. The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault (LXF) goes through the central part of the SYB, dividing it into two blocks from north to south, and forming an intersecting fault system with the surrounding faults. This paper firstly introduces the morphology and the nature of the LXF, the distribution of the regional surface displacements and the focal mechanisms, and then analyzes the medium deformation and the effects of faults. Moreover, according to the regional tectonics and geophysical patterns, the paper discusses the characteristics of the north-south blocks of the SYB and the abrupt change of deep structure along the LXF zone. Since seismic anisotropy is an essential property for detecting crustal stress, deep structures and dynamical mechanisms, this paper is dedicated to the advances in seismic anisotropy at different depths and different scales in the study area. There are noteworthy differences in the anisotropic features between the north part and the south part of the SYB, possibly associated with a clear boundary adjacent to the LXF. Such phenomenon suggests some close correlation between anisotropic zoning boundary and the LXF, although this boundary is not consistent with the LXF in strike. The results from the deformation of the crust and the upper mantle elucidate the distribution patterns of the crust-mantle coupling in the north part and the crust-mantle decoupling in the south part, even though this conclusion needs to be further verified by more studies. Presently, the scientific understanding of the deep tectonics and the media deformation around the “generalized” LXF i.e. the LXF with the Jinpingshan fault on its eastern side, is still insufficient, and related equivocal topics deserve more in-depth studies.     

利用背景噪声成像研究合肥-金华剖面地壳速度结构及径向各向异性的东西差异

背景噪声成像能够为地壳内部结构提供地震波速的观测证据,能够增进对地壳结构与物性的认识.本文利用背景噪声成像方法对合肥-金华流动地震台阵55个台站数据进行了分析反演,获得了华北克拉通与华南块体东部构造边界附近区域的地壳S波速度与径向各向异性结构.成像结果表明,以东经118°-118.5°附近为界,西北部表现为地壳低速异常和中下地壳正的径向各向异性,东南部表现为地壳高速异常,下部地壳存在负的径向各向异性.由此,本文推测地震波速结构差异反映了地壳内部物质与温度的差异,这种差异与两个地区自中生代晚期以来经历了截然不同的岩浆活动相关.

     

板块运动与地震各向异性及应力场的相关性统计分析

利用收集到的各种来源共计7 959组的地震各向异性观测数据和21 750组应力场数据,结合板块绝对运动模型计算给出的各板块的运动规律,分别统计分析了板块运动与地震各向异性及应力场的相关性,并对板块运动对地震各向异性及应力场特征产生的影响进行了分析． 统计结果表明,阿拉伯、 加勒比、 胡安德富卡、 北美、 纳兹卡、 太平洋和南美板块上地震各向异性与板块运动均具有较好的相关性,而非洲、 南极洲、 澳大利亚、 欧亚、 印度和菲律宾板块上二者的相关性则相对较差. 讨论分析发现,板块运动拖动软流圈流动、 橄榄岩晶格优选方位、 化石各向异性和地幔流动或岩石圈流动等因素均在一定程度上控制并影响着地震各向异性与板块运动的一致性． 而板块基底拖曳力、 洋脊推力、 浮力作用和碰撞及俯冲作用等多种因素共同制约了板块运动与应力场的相关性,使得非洲、 可可斯、 欧亚、 胡安德富卡、 北美、 纳兹卡、 菲律宾和南美板块上二者的相关性较好,其它板块上其相关性则较差． 对于俯冲带地区,由于俯冲机制的复杂性和软流圈、 岩石圈地幔流动方向的不确定性,其板块运动与地震各向异性及应力场的相关性图像表现复杂,需要结合具体的俯冲带构造进行近一步研究．     

Influence of frequency-dependent anisotropy on seismic amplitude-versus-offset signatures for fractured poroelastic rocks

Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset offers an effective method for hydrocarbon detections and analysis of fluid flow during production of oil and natural gas within a fractured reservoir. An appropriate representation for the frequency dependency of seismic amplitude variation with offset signatures should incorporate influences of dispersive and attenuating properties of a reservoir and the layered structure for either isotropic or anisotropic dispersion analysis. In this study, we use an equivalent medium permeated with aligned fractures that simulates frequency-dependent anisotropy, which is sensitive to the filled fluid of fractures. The model, where pores and fractures are filled with two different fluids, considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to mesoscopic wave-induced fluid flow. We have introduced an improved scheme seamlessly linking rock physics modelling and calculations for frequency-dependent reflection coefficients based on the propagator matrix technique. The modelling scheme is performed in the frequency-slowness domain and can properly incorporate effects of both bedded structure of the reservoir and velocity dispersion quantified with frequency-dependent stiffness. Therefore, for a dispersive and attenuated layered model, seismic signatures represent a combined contribution of impedance contrast, layer thickness, anisotropic dispersion of the fractured media and tuning and interference of thin layers, which has been avoided by current conventional methods. Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset responses was studied via considering the influences of fracture fills, layer thicknesses and fracture weaknesses for three classes amplitude variation with offset reservoirs. Modelling results show the applicability of the introduced procedure for interpretations of frequency-dependent seismic anomalies associated with both layered structure and velocity dispersion of an equivalent anisotropic medium. The implications indicate that anisotropic velocity dispersion should be incorporated accurately to obtain enhanced amplitude variation with offset interpretations. The presented frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset modelling procedure offers a useful tool for fracture fluid detections in an anisotropic dispersive reservoir with layered structures.     

Research progress on layered seismic anisotropy - A review

Seismic anisotropy is an effective feature to study the inner structure of the Earth. In complex tectonic area, the assumption of single-layer anisotropy is sometimes not well consistent with the observed data; thus, the assumption of multi-layered (i.e. stratified) anisotropy should be considered. At present, the main methods to study anisotropy include receiver functions, shear wave splitting from local and teleseismic events (SKS, SKKS, and PKS, hereafter collectively called XKS), P- and Pn wave travel time inversion, surface wave inversion from far-field earthquakes and ambient noise. Each of the above method has its own advantages and limitations. Thus, one or more of the above methods are often combined to characterize multi-layered anisotropy, of which the depth range of anisotropic layers are different. This paper reviews the research progress of multi-layered anisotropy for the purpose of providing a basis for future seismic anisotropy investigations.     

云南高黎贡山典型板岩地震波各向异性研究

板岩作为一种浅变质岩在我国有着广泛的分布,对其地震波速度的研究将有助于对这类过渡性岩石的有效区分,对于浅层地壳的各向异性研究也具有重要意义.本文对采自云南丙中洛地区的板岩样品进行了地震波速度的室内实验研究,其中部分实验是在加拿大Dalhousie High Pressure Laboratory完成.实验获得了板岩在围压10~600 MPa条件下、不同构造主方向（X,Y和Z）上的地震波速度,在围压600 MPa时,X、Y、Z三个方向的P波速度分别为6.58、6.46、5.91 km/s,平均速度为6.30 km/s,S波平均速度约为3.62 km/s,VP/VS=1.74;并初步分析了板岩地震波速度、横波分裂及其波速各向异性随着围压的变化规律,发现所测量的板岩在较低围压（150 MPa时）微裂隙基本闭合,黑云母、阳起石等片状矿物的定向排列成为其地震波各向异性的主导诱因,此时（围压为600 MPa）VP、VS的各向异性分别稳定在13%、16%左右.本研究所获取的基础实验数据及所探讨的板岩地震波性质将为确定地壳上部显微裂隙的优选定向、浅层地壳的各向异性分析、地球物理模型条件约束等提供基础.     

基于背景噪声研究云南地区面波速度非均匀性和方位各向异性

基于中国地震科学探测台阵项目一期在南北地震带南段架设的300多个地震台站,利用2011年10月至2012年9月的连续观测记录,采用基于背景噪声互相关函数的面波层析成像技术,研究了青藏高原东南缘的云南地区面波群速度和方位各向异性分布.结果显示,地壳的面波快波方向呈现近南北向,整体表现出围绕东喜马拉雅构造结顺时针旋转的趋势,和地表GPS速度场以及S波分裂的快波方位较为一致.小江断裂东西两侧的快波方位有一定差异.对反映深度大概在下地壳和上地幔顶部的长周期面波,快波方向从近南北向逐渐向北西向过渡,在菱形块体附近,26°N以南,快波方向和红河断裂的走向趋于一致;其他区域相比上地壳的快波方向也有较大变化,这种结果较为支持青藏高原东南缘的云南地区壳幔变形的解耦.在滇西南,澜沧江向东弧形展布区域,中下地壳快波方位呈现局部的圆周旋转趋势,结合该区地震分布规律和应力主轴方向,推测这种现象和块体挤压及旋转具有一定相关性.     

中国东北地区SKS分裂的上地幔各向异性结构与动力学

本研究收集了中国东北地区2008—2016年九年时间内207个固定地震台站和127个NECESSArray流动地震台站的波形资料,利用SKS波分裂的最小切向能量网格搜索方法获得了243个台站的有效分裂结果.研究结果显示,尽管研究区各向异性快波方向基本以NW-SE向为主,但无论是在快波方向上还是快慢波时间延迟上不同构造单元内部与不同构造单元之间均存在着较大差别.大兴安岭造山带北部的各向异性快波方向自北向南由NNE-SSW向转变为NNW-SSE向,在中部以NW-SE向为主,而南部自北而南由NE-SW向逐渐转变为近E-W向;松辽盆地的各向异性快波方向在北部自西向东主要表现为由NNW-SSE向逐渐转变为NW-SE向,在中部自西向东由NE-SW向转变为近E-W向,而在南部既有NE-SW向又有NW-SE向;佳木斯地块各向异性方向由西部的NW-SE转变为东部的NNW-SSE,同时快慢波时间延迟逐渐变大;长白山造山带北部自北向南由NW-SE向逐渐转变为近E-W向,中部各向异性快波方向为NNW-SSE向,且快慢波时间延迟较大,而南部以NW-SE向为主;燕山造山带的各向异性快波方向主要沿E-W向分布,基本平行于燕山造山带的走向.这些结果说明,尽管复杂的各向异性快波方向与局部岩石圈拆沉和热物质上涌有关,但更重要是与"大地幔楔"中物质水平流等动力过程密切相关,也有待将来结合更多地震资料如面波不同深度的特征各向异性进行分析.在阿巴嘎火山群、哈拉哈火山群、长白山火山、龙岗火山和镜泊湖火山区及五大连池火山区等特殊构造区的周边地区,各向异性快波方向围绕这些构造区随方位均发生明显变化,暗示了火山区下方热物质上涌可能影响了"大地幔楔"中的软流圈物质水平流方向.