Groundwater Level Changes in Taiwan Caused by The Wenchuan Earthquake on 12 May 2008

Widespread persistent coseismic groundwater level changes induced by the M _w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake were recorded in 80 wells in Taiwan, located approximately 2,000?km from the epicenter. The timing and magnitude of these changes, ranging from ?40 to +23?cm, have been examined by statistical evaluation. The coseismic fall dominated in the plain area, but in the mountainous area most changes are coseismic rises. Both the coseismic rise and the coseismic fall were observed in wells of different depths at two monitoring stations. The processes of the coseismic changes can be shown by the high-frequency well water level data. Analysis of the 1?Hz water level data and the broadband seismogram revealed that a temporary water level change, ranging from 0.2 to 2.3?cm, occurred at the arrival of high-energy Love waves and Rayleigh waves. However, a water level change of 0.3–6.4?cm occurred in 7–20?min after the passing of high-energy surface waves. It is doubtful that such a change could be induced directly by ground shaking. The cross-formational flow due to fracturing or unclogging of sediment pores was possibly too slow to cause the coseismic change. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of coseismic groundwater level changes induced by a distant earthquake.     

Case 21 water level and strain changes preceding and following the August 4, 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake

Two of the four wells monitored near Parkfield, California, during 1985 showed water level rises beginning three days before theM _w 6.1 Kettleman Hills earthquake. In one of these wells, the 3.0 cm rise was nearly unique in five years of water level data. However, in the other well, which showed a 3.8 cm rise, many other changes of comparable size have been observed. Both wells that did not display pre-earthquake rises tap partially confined aquifers that cannot sustain pressure changes due to tectonic strain having periods longer than several days. We evaluate the effect of partial aquifer confinement on the ability of these four wells to display water level changes in response to aquifer strain. Although the vertical hydraulic diffusivities cannot be determined uniquely, we can find a value of diffusivity for each site that is consistent with the site's tidal and barometric responses as well as with the rate of partial recovery of the coseismic water level drops. Furthermore, the diffusivity for one well is high enough to explain why the preseismic rise could not have been detected there. For the fourth well, the diffusivity is high enough to have reduced the size of the preseismic signal as much as 50%, although it should still have been detectable. Imperfect confinement cannot explain the persistent water level changes in the two partially confined aquifers, but it does show that they were not due to volume strain. The pre-earthquake water level rises may have been precursors to the Kettleman Hills earthquake. If so, they probably were not caused by accelerating slip over the part of the fault plane that ruptured in that earthquake because they are of opposite sign to the observed coseismic water level drops.     

天津两井水位同震效应分析

从不同的方位对天津地区两口地震观测专用井记录到的国外7级、国内6级以上的地震进行分析。两口井所处的地理位置、地质结构、井深及其含水层岩性不同,对同一地震的表现形式也不尽相同。通过对比分析,得到井水位对地震的响应特点及几点认识：观测井孔一般对远场大震记录比较灵敏,而对近震及地方震反映不灵敏;井孔水位仪记录的水位波幅与震级、震中距有关;井孔同震效应的能力和井孔对固体潮的反映能力不一致。     

夏垫断裂带地震地下流体的同震响应研究

地震地下流体已成为一种重要的地震监测手段。 本文分析夏垫断裂带上观测井的同震响应特征, 探讨观测井水位、 水温同震变化对夏垫断裂带的影响机理, 收集和整理布设在夏垫断裂带上的赵各庄井和西集井两口观测井水位和水温同震响应资料, 从响应的地震次数及发震位置、 异常幅度、 时间和形态类型等方面对其响应特征进行分析, 从震中距、 震级和井-含水层岩性等方面探讨了地下流体地震前兆异常的成因。 结果显示, 赵各庄井和西集井水位地震响应能力强于水温, 响应形态以振荡型为主, 对于M_S7.0以上地震具有显著的映震能力。 在水温资料中, 仅有赵各庄井对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震有响应, 响应幅度为0.0129℃。 综合分析认为, 井-含水层岩性影响了两井同震响应形态特征, 远场大地震产生的动态应变导致了较大的水位变幅。     

Sustained groundwater level changes and permeability variation in a fault zone following the 12 May 2008, Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

We analyse the groundwater level changes following the Wenchuan earthquake in three wells – NX, DZ and BBLY – located in the same fault zone, in the near field (distance of ~300 km from the epicentre). Co‐seismic falls in the water level and gradual recovery were recorded in these wells but with different recovery periods (from 200 days to more than 1600 days). The response of the groundwater level to Earth tides is used as a proxy to explore the permeability evolution. We found that the permeability increased in response to the Wenchuan earthquake in the three wells but with different post‐earthquake recovery processes. Only BBLY recovered to its pre‐earthquake value 260 days after the Wenchuan earthquake and remained stable. The permeability in NX returned to its pre‐earthquake value over a similar period but then continued to drop. The permeability in DZ returned to its pre‐earthquake value much quicker than that in the other two wells and remained stable below the pre‐earthquake value 200 days after the earthquake. This suggests that the groundwater level changes in the three wells were mainly caused by permeability changes. In the BBLY well, the unclogging/clogging of the fracture flow path mechanism may explain the permeability evolution, whereas mechanisms such as unclogging/clogging or the opening/closing of the fracture associated with blocking of the narrow fracture apertures appears to be responsible for the permeability evolution in the NX and DZ wells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frequency-dependent rupture process,stress change,and seismogenic mechanism of the 25 April 2015 Nepal Gorkha <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.8 earthquake

On 25 April 2015, an M _w 7.8 earthquake occurred on the Main Himalaya Thrust fault with a dip angle of ~ 7° about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu, Nepal. This Nepal Gorkha event is the largest one on the Himalayan thrust belt since 1950. Here we use the compressive sensing method in the frequency domain to track the seismic radiation and rupture process of this event using teleseismic P waves recorded by array stations in North America. We also compute the distribution of static shear stress changes on the fault plane from a coseismic slip model. Our results indicate a dominant east-southeastward unilateral rupture process from the epicenter with an average rupture speed of ~3 km s^?1. Coseismic radiation of this earthquake shows clear frequency-dependent features. The lower frequency (0.05–0.3 Hz) radiation mainly originates from large coseismic slip regions with negative coseismic shear stress changes. In comparison, higher frequency (0.3–0.6 Hz) radiation appears to be from the down-dip part around the margin of large slip areas, which has been loaded and presents positive coseismic shear stress changes. We propose an asperity model to interpret this Nepal earthquake sequence and compare the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation with that in subduction zones. Such frequency-dependent radiation indicates the depth-varying frictional properties on the plate interface of the Nepal section in the main Himalaya thrust system, similar to previous findings in oceanic subduction zones. Our findings provide further evidence of the spatial correlation between changes of static stress status on the fault plane and the observed frequency-dependent coseismic radiation during large earthquakes. Our results show that the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation is not only found for megathrust earthquakes in the oceanic subduction environment, but also holds true for thrust events in the continental collision zone.     

Coseismic responses of groundwater levels in the Three Gorges well-network to the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake

We systematically analyze coseismic responses and post-seismic characteristics of groundwater levels in the Three Gorges well-network to the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. The results indicate that these characteristics differ among wells. On the conditions of similar borehole configurations, the differences are associated with geological structural sites of wells, burial types of aquifers monitored, and transmissivities of aquifer systems. We explored coseismic and post-seismic step-rise and step-drop mechanical mechanisms and their implication to earthquake prediction. We validated the inference that the residual step-rise zone is a possible earthquake risk zone based on recent seismic activity on the Xiannüshan fault in the area.     

Coseismic vertical deformation of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from repeated levelings and its constraint on listric fault geometry

The devastating M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured two large parallel thrust faults along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt. Preseismic and postseismic leveling data indicated the hanging wall of the YingxiuBeichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly presented coseismic uplift with respect to the reference point at Pingwu county town, and the observed maximum uplift of 4.7 m is located at Beichuan county (Qushan town) which is about 100 m west of the fault scarp. The foot wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly showed subsidence with maximum subsidence of 0.6 m near the rupture. By employing a listric dislocation model, we found that the fault geometry model of exponential dip angle δ= 88°?×1-exp(-9/h) with depth of 18 km and uniform thrust-slip of 5.6 m could fit the observed coseismic vertical deformation very well, which verifies the listric thrust model of the Longmenshan orogenic zone.

     

基于形变观测分析2011年日本9.0级地震与断层运动间关系

2011年3月11日日本发生9.0级地震,本文以此次地震的震间、同震和震后形变观测为约束,依据不同时段断层运动空间分布特征分析日本海沟地区强震与断层运动间关系.震间日本海沟地区,断层运动闭锁线深度约为60km,闭锁线以上从深到浅依次为断层运动强闭锁段、无震滑移段和弱闭锁段.由同震位错反演结果,2011年日本9.0级地震同震存在深浅两个滑移极值区,同震较浅的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~50m,深度小于30km)震间为断层弱闭锁段;同震较深的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~20m,深度在40km左右)震间为断层强闭锁段;而在两者之间的过渡带同震位错相对较小,震间断层运动表现为无震滑移.震后初期断层运动主要分布在在闭锁线以上的同震较深滑移极值区,而同震较浅的滑移极值区能量释放比较彻底,断层震后余滑量相对较小.依据本文同震和震间断层运动反演结果,震间强闭锁段积累10m同震位错需要100多年时间,与该区域历史上7级地震活动复发周期相当;震间弱闭锁段积累30~50m同震位错约需要300~600年时间,与相关研究给出的日本海沟9级左右地震复发周期比较一致.在实际孕震能力判定的工作中,由于不同性质的断层段在同震过程中会表现更多的组合形式,断层发震能力判定结果存在更多的不确定性,但利用区域形变观测等资料给出震间断层运动特征的研究工作对于断层强震发震能力的判定具有非常重要的实际意义.     

2019年长宁M6.0和2018年兴文M5.7地震引起的井水位同震响应对比分析

2019年长宁M6.0地震和2018年兴文M5.7地震引起了华蓥山断裂及其附近区域8口观测井水位不同程度的响应变化。 本文对比分析各观测井水位的同震响应特征, 从地震波能量密度、 同震破裂体应变、 含水层渗透性参数变化以及断裂带控制作用几个方面探讨了其同震响应机理。 结果显示, 井水位同震响应的幅度与地震波能量密度有一定关系; 2019年长宁M6.0地震引起的井水位同震响应形态符合同震破裂体应变四象限空间分布特征, 但2018年兴文M5.7地震则不符合; 两次地震引起的含水层渗透性参数变化存在空间上的不一致性和单点各向异性, 并且断裂带自身的水文条件对井水位同震响应形态和幅度有一定的控制作用。 综合分析认为, 目前已有的几种机理无法完全解释两次地震引起的井水位同震响应现象。     

基于汶川地震同震地下水位变化反演含水层体应变

许多地下流体监测井在地震发生时都能记录到同震水位变化,而利用地下水位的同震响应特征以及水位固体潮效应可以反演地震对含水层产生的体应变量．本文尝试从大尺度上对大地震引起的体应变变化进行研究,为此收集了位于我国大陆不同构造活动区5口地下流体监测井两年半的水位数据资料进行分析,去除干扰项,提取出水位固体潮成分,进行调和分析求取潮汐因子,并反演出汶川MS8.0地震对这5口井所在含水层产生的体应变量．结果显示,汶川大地震对这5口井 含水层造成的体应变量基本在10-7量级. 地震引起的体应变随距离的衰减规律比较复杂,其不仅与震中距有关,而且与活动断裂带的展布和地壳岩体结构等密切相关．      

重庆井网水位水温同震响应特征分析

本文以2008年以来全球范围内发生的5次大地震为例,对重庆井网水位和水温同震响应特征进行了分析,结合井孔水文地质条件和自身观测条件,探讨了不同同震响应现象的可能成因并对其机理进行了探讨。结果表明,水位的记震能力优于水温,水位同震响应形态主要包括上升、下降和振荡三种类型,且同一口井水位对不同地震的响应形态不同;水温的同震响应形态主要包括上升和下降两种类型,其中只有荣昌华江和北碚柳荫井水温对5次地震均有同震响应,且同一口井水温对不同地震的响应形态相同。进一步分析表明,北碚柳荫井水位的同震响应能力优于荣昌华江井水位,北碚柳荫井水位的同震振幅与地震能密度成正比,并给出了其同震变化幅度与地震能量密度的对应关系。最后分别对水位和水温同震响应机理进行了探讨。     

基于ASAR影像亚像元匹配技术研究汶川地震同震形变特征

利用汶川地震前后的ENVISAT ASAR影像,采用交叉相关性方法对影像进行了亚像元级别的配准,获取了沿卫星斜距向和方位向上的同震形变图,对地震地表破裂带的分布及断层运动特性进行了分析.提取了沿北川-映秀断裂分布的长230 km的地震地表破裂带,以及沿灌县-江油断裂分布的长约65 km的地震地表破裂带.通过对两个方向地...     

联合GNSS和InSAR观测位移反演2008年汶川大地震断层位错模型参数

利用现代空间大地测量技术,尤其是卫星合成孔径雷达干涉测量,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的同震和孕震形变,为地震断层形变和破裂机制研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文介绍了利用大地测量观测数据反演地震断层位错模型参数的贝叶斯反演方法。联合运用2008汶川大地震前后GNSS和InSAR技术观测获得的同震位移,反演了地震断层的几何参数和滑动位错分布。研究结果表明,汶川地震的断层滑动主要集中在倾角较陡的浅部,同时包含逆冲和右旋走滑,其中最大逆冲6.1m,最大右旋6.5m。根据断层滑动分布正演计算得到的上盘同震位移明显小于下盘,预示该断层两侧孕震形变可能存在较大的不对称性。     

云南丽江井水位与水温对印尼8．5级地震和汶川8．0级地震的同震响应特征分析

本文分析了云南丽江井在印尼8．5级、汶川8．0级地震时观测到的水位、水温同震变化特征,结果表明丽江井水位在2次地震中水震波都表现为振荡型。而温度则是印尼地震时上升,汶JIf地震时下降。研究表明：丽江井水温的不同表现形式与该井所处的地质构造及地震发生的季节相关。     

Earthquake-related Changes in Groundwater Levels at the Dogo Hot Spring,Japan

The Dogo hot spring, situated in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, is one of the oldest and most famous hot springs in Japan. The groundwater level or discharge at the spring decreased four times during the past eight or nine Nankai earthquakes. These are large interplate earthquakes that have occurred repeatedly in the western part of the Nankai Trough at intervals of 100–200 years since A.D. 684. To clarify the mechanism of these earthquake-related changes in the water level at the spring, we analyzed groundwater-level data recorded at the spring immediately after the 1946 Nankai earthquake and over the period from 1985 to 2006. We detected the other nine postseismic increases in groundwater level and no decreases, except for a large decrease of 11.4 m related to the 1946 Nankai earthquake. The increases were probably caused by ground-shaking, while the decrease was caused by a change in coseismic volumetric strain. These results lead to the following explanation of the recorded earthquake-related changes in the groundwater level at the Dogo hot spring. Both coseismic changes in volumetric strain and ground-shaking can lead to postseismic changes in groundwater pressure. The increase in groundwater pressure arising from ground-shaking is generally greater than the change in pressure associated with changes in coseismic volumetric strain; however, at the time of the Nankai earthquakes, the spring experiences a large increase in coseismic volumetric strain, leading to a considerably larger decrease in the groundwater level than the increase associated with ground-shaking. Therefore, the groundwater level at the Dogo hot spring usually increases at times of relatively large earthquakes, although the groundwater level or discharge decreases in the case of the Nankai earthquakes.     

中国大陆井水位与水温动态对汶川MS 8.0地震的同震响应特征分析

分析了汶川MS8.0地震在中国大陆引起的水位、水温同震变化特征,对比研究了2007年9月12日印尼苏门答腊MS8.5远震和汶川MS8.0近震在四川及其附近地区引起的水位、水温同震变化差异,结果表明:汶川地震在中国大陆引起的水位同震变化以上升为主,同时水位上升与下降的井点空间分布表现出一定的分区性;水位、水温同方向阶变的井点数比例高于两者反方向阶变井点数比例,当水位同震变化为振荡型时,水温以下降型为主;相对于远震,近震引起的水位、水温同震变化井点数量增加,无变化井点数量减少;所有井水位和大多数井水温同震阶变的方向都不因地震的远近、大小、震源机制或地震方位的变化而改变,个别发生水温同震升降方向变化的井点是由于水的自流状态和水位同震阶变由振荡转为阶变的改变所引起;水位同震升降性质受控于当地的地质构造环境和水文地质条件,而水温同震变化还与地震波引起的井孔中水的运动方式、水温探头放置的位置等因素有关,其机理更为复杂     

Internal structures and high-velocity frictional properties of a bedding-parallel carbonate fault at Xiaojiaqiao outcrop activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

This paper reports internal structures of a bedding-parallel fault in Permian limestone at Xiaojiaqiao outcrop that was moved by about 0.5 m during the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The fault is located about 3 km to the south from the middle part of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, a major fault in the Longmenshan fault system that was moved during the earthquake. The outcrop is also located at Anxian transfer zone between the northern and central segments of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault where fault system is complex. Thus the fault is an example of subsidiary faults activated by Wenchuan earthquake. The fault has a strike of 243° or N63°E and a dip of 38°NW and is nearly optimally oriented for thrust motion, in contrast to high-angle coseismic faults at most places. Surface outcrop and two shallow drilling studies reveal that the fault zone is several centimeters wide at most and that the coseismic slip zone during Wenchuan earthquake is about 1 mm thick. Fault zone contains foliated cataclasite, fault breccia, black gouge and yellowish gouge. Many clasts of foliated cataclasite and black gouge contained in fault breccia indicate multiple slip events along this fault. But fossils on both sides of fault do not indicate clear age difference and overall displacement along this fault should not be large. We also report results from high-velocity friction experiments conducted on yellowish gouge from the fault zone using a rotary shear low to high-velocity frictional testing apparatus. Dry experiments at normal stresses of 0.4 to 1.8 MPa and at slip rates of 0.08 to 1.35 m/s reveal dramatic slip weakening from the peak friction coefficient of around 0.6 to very low steady-state friction coefficient of 0.1-0.2. Slip weakening parameters of this carbonate fault zone are similar to those of clayey fault gouge from Yingxiu-Beichuan fault at Hongkou outcrop and from Pingxi fault zone. Our experimental result will provide a condition for triggering movement of subsidiary faults or off-fault damage during a large earthquake.     

山东省井水位对几次大地震同震响应的比较分析

采用多井对多震的方式,选取山东省地下流体观测井网中同震响应较好的6口观测井作为研究对象,分别从水位变化形态和幅度对比分析2011年日本M_W9.0地震、2012年苏门答腊M_W8.6地震和2015年尼泊尔M_W7.8地震引起的井水位变化特征,探讨引起该变化的可能机理。研究结果显示:水位同震变化形态以振荡为主;通过定量分析认为聊古一井井水位的阶升是由含水层渗透系数增大所致;位于同一断裂带上的聊古一井和鲁27井井水位在同一地震中所表现的变化形态不同,可能与两个观测井所处的地质构造条件和地震活动背景不同有关;区域应力场的变化会影响栖霞鲁07井的水位同震变化形态;水位同震变化幅度与震级、井震距存在一定关系,同时也取决于含水层水文地质条件的变化量。      

2013年芦山MS7.0地震和2008年汶川MS8.0地震井水位同震变化的比较分析

以芦山、汶川地震震中为中心,选择了8个井点,对2个地震引起的井水位同震变化进行了比较,重点分析了3口同震变化反向的井点,即重庆的荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和四川的泸沽湖井。为使对比研究结果可靠,进一步收集了2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震、2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部海域8.6级地震引起的井水位同震变化资料。对汶川、芦山地震引起的同震体应变的计算结果显示：汶川地震时,荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和泸沽湖井水位同震变化与井点位置处的同震体应变一致,即位于同震体应变压缩区的井水位上升,位于体应变膨胀区的井水位下降;芦山地震时,3口井的水位同震变化与同震体应变不一致,表现出与日本、苏门答腊地震时相似的同震变化特征。