一个用于人工冰核研究的2m3等温云室

本文介绍了一个以研究人工冰核为主要目的的2m~3等温云宝及其结构、测量仪器、实验程序及性能特点。井用对三种不同配方发生的碘化银气溶胶成核率检测结果与国外同类云室的结果进行了比较。已进行的各种试验表明,云室性能稳定,重复性好,是进行人工冰核研究的有效的专用设备。     

一个用于催化剂成冰性能检测的新型等温云室

云雾物理实验是我国大气科学研究需要加强的一个方面, 文中介绍了中国气象科学研究院新建用于人工冰核催化剂成冰性能研究的1 m3等温云室。阐述了该云室主要结构组成、 性能特点、 附属设备和实验程序, 以及所开展的催化剂成冰效率的初步检测研究。实验结果表明, 该云室在原建系列云室基础上, 对制冷及保温性能有很大的改进和优化, 更适合催化剂成冰性能检测和研究, 为今后我国开展云雾、 降水微物理实验研究和提高人工影响天气催化技术水平提供了一个有用的综合研究平台。     

三种含AgI的气溶胶在水面欠饱和条件下成冰性能的实验研究

在水面欠饱和、冰面过饱和条件下，对三种含碘化银的冰核气溶胶的成冰性能进行了研究。实验是在2 m3等温云室中进行的。在无云条件下排除了接触核化的可能性，同时把冰晶中心有无冻滴作为辨认凝结冻结核化与凝华核化的标志。从实验得到的一些定性结果表明，这三种碘化银气溶胶在成冰性能方面存在着明显的差异。     

人工影响天气碘化银催化剂研究进展

碘化银(AgI)类催化剂是人工影响天气外场试验和业务作业中使用最广泛的催化剂,其核化效率和核化机制在很大程度上影响催化效果.在总结美国、中国和欧洲多个国家利用云室和风洞研究AgI类催化剂的核化机制、核化阈温及成核率的室内实验成果的基础上,梳理利用室内实验成果发展的AgI数值催化模式,旨在为下一步优选新型高效AgI类催化...     

碘化银核化过程的数值模拟研究

根据DeMott等给出的不同成核机制下AgI成核效率的实验结果 ,通过数值模拟的方法 ,研究了AgI粒子在云室、层状云和对流云中的核化过程。通过对云室的模拟 ,发现云滴浓度和云雾持续时间是造成不同云室检测的AgI成核率相差悬殊的主要原因。数值试验结果表明AgI的成核方式在层状云和对流云中有很大不同 :层状云中AgI主要以接触冻结、浸没冻结等慢核化过程为主 ,而对流云中则以凝结冻结过程为主。     

含碘化银人工冰核检测问题

对中国人工影响天气中常用的几种碘化银催化剂的成核率做了比对，讨论了不同云室可能响应的主要冰核活化机制和混合云室检测误差来源，此外还给出了动态检测的尝试性结果。结果表明：碘化银类播云剂的检测除了应模拟冰核活化条件外，还应模拟冰核发生时的环境条件，当务之急是建造动态检测设备以取得更为接近实际的检测结果。     

三七炮弹的碘化银成核率检测

三七炮弹是进行人工增雨和防雹作业所需碘化银催化剂的主要载体之一,炮弹中碘化银催化剂的成核率数据是人工影响天气作业设计和指挥中进行催化剂作业剂量测算的重要参考,因此,对人工影响天气业务中使用的三七炮弹的碘化银成核率进行检测非常重要。2013年11—12月中国气象局人工影响天气中心利用新建的1200 L等温云室和钢板式20 m3专用爆炸室等设备,对目前人工影响天气业务中使用的两个厂家三七炮弹 (样品1、样品2) 的碘化银成核率进行国内首次统一检测。检测结果表明:两厂家炮弹成核率检测结果的拟合值量级均为109~1012/(g·AgI)(检测温度-6℃至-20℃),样品2成核率明显高于样品1。将本次检测结果与国内历次三七炮弹检测结果相比发现,两样品在负温高温段的成核率值均高于以往检测结果,其中,在具有指示意义的-10℃下的成核率,两样品均比以往检测结果要高2~3个量级。不同检测实验中成核率检测结果存在较大差异的现状说明,采用同一平台开展成核率统一检测十分必要。     

Sensitivity Study of Anthropogenic Aerosol Indirect Forcing through Cirrus Clouds with CAM5 Using Three Ice Nucleation Parameterizations

Quantifying the radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions especially through cirrus clouds remains challenging because of our limited understanding of aerosol and cloud processes. In this study, we investigate the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) through cirrus clouds using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a state-of-the-art treatment of ice nucleation. We adopt a new approach to isolate anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds in which ice nucleation parameterization is driven by prescribed pre-industrial (PI) and presentday (PD) aerosols, respectively. Sensitivities of anthropogenic ice AIF (i.e., anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds) to different ice nucleation parameterizations, homogeneous freezing occurrence, and uncertainties in the cloud microphysics scheme are investigated. Results of sensitivity experiments show that the change (PD minus PI) in global annual mean longwave cloud forcing (i.e., longwave anthropogenic ice AIF) ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 W m^–2, the change in global annual mean shortwave cloud forcing (i.e., shortwave anthropogenic ice AIF) from–0.47 to–0.20 W m^–2, and the change in net cloud forcing from–0.12 to 0.05 W m^–2. Our results suggest that different ice nucleation parameterizations are an important factor for the large uncertainty of anthropogenic ice AIF. Furthermore, improved understanding of the spatial and temporal occurrence characteristics of homogeneous freezing events and the mean states of cirrus cloud properties are also important for constraining anthropogenic ice AIF.     

THE STUDY OF HIGH EFFICIENT AgI PYROTECHNICS AND THEIR NUCLEATING PROPERTIES*

Two kinds of high efficient Agl pyrotechnics BR-88-5 and BR-91-Y have been developed.The tests in the cloud chamber show that the AgI ice nucleating effectiveness can reach up to 10¹⁵/g,and the BR-91-Y has even higher ice nucleating rate.Two kinds of foreign AgI pyrotechnics have been made according to the given formulations and also tested in the cloud chamber for comparison.X-ray diffraction analysis for the aerosols produced by burning BR-91-Y shows that AgI in acrosols still retains the hexagonal crystal form and the lattice parameters are smaller than those of pure AgI and other AgI composite nuclei,and closer to ice.Combining with the other tests,the reasons for the high efficiency of BR-91-Y have been discussed.     

一个观测冰核的15 L混合云室

小型混合云室常用于自然冰核浓度的观测和人工冰核成核率的检测。使用表明:由于受云室容积、造雾方法和操作程序等因素的影响, 检测结果有很大差异, 难以相互比较。为提高检测数据的可信性, 设计并制作了15 L混合云室。云室由F22压缩机系统制冷, 最低能达到-28℃。为减小云室温度的波动, 在云室外围设计有装满乙二醇-水溶液的夹套。在溶液中, 安装了1个1 kW的电加热器, 接通后可使云室升温。在夹套外, 采用发泡技术形成约10 cm厚的绝热层, 以使云室与外界绝热。云室运行时, 可通过控制压缩机和电加热器得到实验温度。此外, 为拓宽检测冰核浓度的检测范围, 设计了玻璃片接取显微镜读数和糖盘接取目测读数两种可供选择使用的冰晶观测方法, 前者在冰晶浓度高时使用 (人工冰核), 后者在低浓度时使用 (自然冰核)。另一个重要改进是:先由一个超声雾化器产生常温雾, 而后使常温雾穿过一个低温狭缝进行预冷, 当雾温等于或低于云室温度后再进入云室。这一措施不仅避免了瞬时高度过饱和, 而且还减小了对云室温度的扰动。该云室在弹载催化剂成核率的改进实验中发挥了重要作用, 曾用它对多个人工冰核复合配方进行了检测和对比。结果表明:云室具有较好的稳定性和重复性, 整体性能优于以往的同类云室。这一结果是由于改进了提供过冷雾的设计和冰晶接取方法得到的。     

云雾物理膨胀云室研制及参数测试

膨胀云室可形成水汽、水面和冰面过饱和环境,是研究气溶胶粒子、人工影响天气冷暖催化剂核化过程和机理的重要实验设备。但长期以来,我国缺乏装备先进云雾粒子谱和图像测量系统的膨胀云室。2019年完成的我国自主研制的膨胀云室系统由云室主体、控制系统、通讯系统及环境和云雾测量系统4个子系统组成。该系统首次采用了国产云粒子谱仪和成像仪测量系统。测试结果表明:该云室具有良好的温度和压力控制能力,平均降温速率达到0.26℃·min-1,温度分布均匀,-40℃时舱内温差小于0.29℃;膨胀造雾过程4 min,雾可维持4 min,雾滴较小;可以实现从室温到-50℃低温环境的控制,具备压力膨胀成云雾模拟和微物理参数监测能力,解决了我国缺乏气溶胶粒子和暖云催化剂室内实验装备的状况,对验证暖云催化剂核化性能和提高暖云人工增雨科技水平有重要价值。     

Diffusion cloud chamber operation and the background gas effect

Key design and operational aspects for thermal diffusion cloud chamber (TDCC) applications are discussed in the context of a two-dimensional solution to the mass and energy balances describing diffusion through a stagnant background gas. The important issue of buoyancy-driven convective disturbances and their impact upon nucleation measurements made using a diffusion cloud chamber are discussed. A new derivation of the relation that predicts the upper limit of total pressure allowed for stable (the absence of buoyancy-driven convective disturbances) operation of the diffusion cloud chamber is presented. For the first time, this limit of stable operation can be predicted prior to making experimental measurements. Nucleation data obtained in our laboratory are examined in the context of this predicted limit of stable operation. New nucleation data are presented for 1-pentanol using helium as a background gas. Only data corresponding to stable operation in the cloud chamber is used in the analysis. The effect of background gas on nucleation we have reported previously is confirmed for 1-pentanol, as well as for all the other alcohols that have been investigated in our laboratory.     

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN CUMULONIMBUS——PART Ⅰ:MICROPHYSICAL MODEL

A comprehensive parameterized model of microphysical processes in cumulonimbus clouds is presented.The transformation rates of the water contents and number concentrations of the cloud droplets,rain drops,ice crystals,graupels and hails are deduced on theoretical and experimental results for 26 kinds of micro-physical processes,which include condensation,deposition,evaporation,collection,ice nucleation,ice mul-tiplication,melting,freezing,and autoconversions of cloud to rain,ice to graupel and graupel to hail.     

Relative importance of acid coating on ice nuclei in the deposition and contact modes for wintertime Arctic clouds and radiation

Aerosols emitted from volcanic activities and polluted mid-latitudes regions are efficiently transported over the Arctic during winter by the large-scale atmospheric circulation. These aerosols are highly acidic. The acid coating on ice nuclei, which are present among these aerosols, alters their ability to nucleate ice crystals. In this research, the effect of acid coating on deposition and contact ice nuclei on the Arctic cloud and radiation is evaluated for January 2007 using a regional climate model. Results show that the suppression of contact freezing by acid coating on ice nuclei leads to small changes of the cloud microstructure and has no significant effect on the cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere when compared with the effect of the alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on deposition ice nuclei. There is a negative feedback by which the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the ice crystal nucleation rate by deposition ice nucleation. As a result, the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the cloud ice crystal concentration. Changes in the cloud liquid and ice water contents remain small and the CRF is not significantly modified. The alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on ice nuclei is dominant over the alteration of contact freezing.     

南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析

2011年5～8月期间使用5L混合型云室以及静力扩散云室对南京不同成核机制的大气冰核进行了观测,进而分析了近地层冰核浓度特征。结果表明:活化温度为－20°C时,5L混合型云室观测的总冰核浓度为20.11个/L,静力扩散云室模拟高水汽(计算的云室内水面过饱和度为5%)和低水汽(计算的云室内冰面过饱和度为5%)条件下冰核浓度分别为0.93个/L以及0.29个/L。晴好条件下冰核浓度具有明显的日变化特征,白天冰核浓度高于夜间;在下午时段冰核浓度达到全天最高值,这说明大气冰核可能与大气湍流强度、人类活动以及工业污染有关。降水对冰核的清除作用明显,台风系统过程中冰核浓度明显增加。南京地区冰核浓度随温度降低和湿度增加而增加。后向轨迹模式分析表明东北海洋气团冰核浓度最高,不同气团中冰核浓度的差异随着活化温度的降低而减小。个例分析秸秆燃烧生成的PM₁(大气中直径小于或者等于1 μm的颗粒物)与冰核关系发现燃烧产物对冰核有一定的贡献。     

用滤膜法观测大气冰核的静力扩散云室

介绍了经过改进的用滤膜法观测冰核的静力扩散云室及其取样装置。叙述了其各组成部分的原理、结构、达到的性能指标，分析了各系统的工作对冰核活化条件的影响。给出了对相对稳定的人工ＡｇＩ冰核源作不同体积的取样和不同温度下的处理结果，同时也给出了用该设备对北京市海淀区冬季冰核浓度的日变化所做的初步观测结果。     

一次降雹过程的AgI系列催化模拟研究

云数值模拟是研究降雹过程和人工防雹试验的重要手段。利用三维冰雹云AgI催化模式,对北京1996年6月10日的一次降雹过程进行AgI不同催化高度、催化剂量和催化时间的系列催化模拟试验,并优选催化方案,为外场防雹设计和作业提供依据。在催化系列模拟中发现,不同催化高度的催化剂均在上升到-5℃高度后开始核化。在2.1~4.9 km高度范围内催化,AgI成核率比较高,防雹效果较好。核化的人工冰晶有效弥补了该高度上自然冰晶的不足。小剂量催化,可在减雹的同时增加部分降雨量,而大剂量催化,在减雹的同时会减少降雨。在催化时间、剂量和高度的系列催化试验中得出,采用在模拟的第15分钟在5 km高度附近播撒AgI,连续4次以5×106 kg-1的催化剂量进行催化,催化效果较好,可减少降雹量约60%,同时可避免降雨量的大幅减少。     

Thunderstorm charging: Laboratory experiments clarified

Further laboratory experiments of thunderstorm charging by ice crystal collisions with riming graupel pellets have led to results that may help account for a major difference between two independent studies reported earlier. The problem concerns values of the cloud liquid water content required to change the sign of graupel charging. The present work has noted and investigated differences in the techniques of cloud nucleation used in the two studies. In one set of measurements by Takahashi, ice crystals are nucleated continuously in a supercooled water droplet cloud, while in the other experiments by Jayaratne et al. and Saunders et al., the droplet cloud is nucleated only briefly. These two nucleation methods lead to differences in the mass of cloud particles collected on a sampling probe used to determine the liquid water content of the cloud. In the continuous nucleation case, the probe collects sufficient numbers of ice crystals to lead to a substantial overestimate of the cloud liquid water content.     

Impact of the Bergeron–Findeisen process on the release of aerosol particles during the evolution of cloud ice

The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C₃H₈, CO₂) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds.