辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

渭河源区典型小流域水沙演变规律分析

根据渭河源区清源河典型小流域实测水文资料,分析了流域水文要素的年内和年际变化规律,流域降水、径流和泥沙主要集中在汛期,5-9月降水量占全年的78.5%,5-10月径流占全年的78.7%,5-8月输沙量占全年的88.9%。受上游修建水库、水土保持等人类活动的影响,流域汛期径流和泥沙1997-2013年比1980-1996年均减少了5.9%。流域面平均降水量、平均流量、平均输沙量年际变化不稳定,总体呈减少趋势,序列最大可能变异点分别为1995年、1994年和1997年。建立了流域年降水量与年径流深、次降水量P+Pa与次径流深相关模型,相关系数达到0.902和0.860。以年最大洪峰流量为参数,分别建立了流域年径流量与年输沙量、次径流量与次输沙量关系模型,相关系数达到0.835和0.917,公式模拟值与实测值接近,误差较小,可以作为以径流推算泥沙的重要依据。通过定性定量分析人类活动对流域径流、泥沙的影响程度,对区域抗旱防洪减灾、水资源管理、小流域治理及生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

沟口公路小流域山洪危险性评价——以四川省凉山州美姑河省道公路为例

对美姑河沿线10个小流域山洪灾害对省道公路的危险性进行了评价,得出了山洪高危险性、中危险性和低危险性小流域的分布图件,山洪高危险性和中危险性小流域沟口处的公路路段为汛期高危险路段。利用最新获取的SRTM-DEM数据,基于GIS空间分析技术,提取了美姑河流域及10个子流域的典型地貌参数,综合考虑提取的地貌量化参数与小流域山洪危险性的关系,分级量化了小流域山洪对沟口公路的危险性大小。通过对流域地貌参数的分析,得出流域南北向伸展的狭长外形受区域构造和断层控制,美姑河流域新构造运动活跃,处于侵蚀循环的活跃阶段,与美姑河流域水土流失、泥石流等山地灾害发育的实际情况吻合。     

大沽河地下水源地信息管理系统的构建和应用

在大沽河地下水源地自然地理、地质和水文地质条件调查的基础上,系统地收集和整理了钻孔属性信息、地下水水位和水质监测数据,构建了基于Microsoft SQL Server基础数据库和Hydro Geo Analyst信息管理平台的大沽河地下水源地信息管理系统。该系统解决了数据存储不规范、查询提取困难、缺乏系统管理和利用效率低等问题,实现了数据资料的存储、查询和可视化展示,帮助管理者快速、准确、全面地掌握大沽河地下水源地地层和岩性分布、地下水水位和水质的动态变化趋势与空间分布特征。本系统为大沽河地下水源地的合理开发、管理和污染治理提供了数据和技术支持,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

利用两种指纹因子判别小流域泥沙来源

为精确识别黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域泥沙来源,分析了流域内“源-汇”地区土壤的理化性质及生物标志物（正构烷烃）作为潜在指纹识别因子,并建立了复合指纹模型。结果显示:单独的土壤理化指纹及正构烷烃均不能有效识别泥沙来源;土壤理化指纹和正构烷烃分别在林地、农地及沟道的辨别上显示出其局限性。多元化的复合指纹（碳优势指数CPI、Ca、TP、C₂₀、C₂₉、Fe）则能辨别90.5%的泥沙来源。模型结果显示沟道是该流域泥沙的主要来源,占60.8%,其次为农地占20.7%,林地占11.3%,草地占7.2%。研究表明,结合生物标志物的复合指纹法能更精确地反映泥沙来源,适用于各泥沙源头的地质条件差异较小的流域,对黄土高原小流域水土流失治理具有指导意义。     

阳霞河流域泥沙变化趋势及输沙量计算分析

阳霞河位于轮台县阳霞镇境内,发源于南天山支脉科克铁克山南坡。阳霞河流域悬移质泥沙主要来源于径流形成区,洪水泥沙导致阳霞河河床频繁变迁,对沿河水利工程构成极大的威胁。由于阳霞河流域无泥沙观测资料,迪那河水文站与阳霞河流域同属相同气候区,将其作为参证站,基于多年水文资料,对阳霞河泥沙来源和输沙量的年内分配、年际变化、径流量和输沙量关系以及泥沙形成原因及防治途径等方面水文特性进行分析。通过对阳霞河年悬移质输沙量的估算,借用流域输沙模数推求设计流域工程场址处的多年平均悬移质输沙量。估算出阳霞河引水枢纽断面处多年平均输沙量为89.63×10~4t,其多年平均年输沙总量为107.56×10~4t。     

AGNPS系列模型研究与应用综述

农业非点源污染具有广泛性、随机性和难监测性、难治理性等特点,应用模型描述农业非点源污染物输移过程、进行污染负荷计算、评价防控与治理效果成为水环境保护与治理领域的难点与热点。着重讨论农业非点源污染模型(AGNPS)系列模型的结构、机理以及国内外的研究与应用进展。国内外该模型研究结果表明,模拟结果可以接受,年模拟效果要好于次降雨模拟效果,径流量、泥沙侵蚀量、氮磷营养盐负荷模拟精度根据研究区域的不同有所差异,模型的管理措施效果评价、关键污染源区的判断与实际相符。AGNPS系列模型单元网格的划分、敏感性分析及参数的调整对模型的精度有重要影响,针对该模型的特点与研究现状,提出改进意见及研究展望。     

新疆渭干河部分流域河流泥沙分析

木扎提河、卡普斯浪河及克孜尔河3条河流1980—2010年31年多年平均悬移质输沙量之和为883×104t,3条河流的年径流量之和占到渭干河部分流域年径流量86%以上,3条河流的悬移质输沙总量可以代表全流域的多年平均悬移质输沙总量。根据流域泥沙的观测资料情况,对新疆渭干河部分流域河流含沙量的分布及输沙量、悬移质输沙量、河流输沙量的年内分配及年际变化等进行了分析。     

基于多因子的中高纬度干旱区长期径流预报研究

以额尔齐斯河（以下简称“额河”）流域为例,开展了基于多气候因子的中高纬度地区径流预报的研究。额河流域深居内陆,准确筛选出主要影响因子是开展该流域中长期径流预报的关键。根据额河流域地理位置特点,确定北半球500 hPa高度场、ENSO、结冰期北极海冰面积三类气候因子作为影响流域降水的主要因素。通过典型相关分析（Canonical Correlation Analysis）方法对影响因子与额河年径流量总体相关性进行分析,并在此基础上建立了年径流量预报的典型回归方程。研究结果表明,基于多因子情景下的额河年径流量与气候因子整体相关性高,径流预报结果在满足同号率要求的同时,也符合精度要求,可作为该河流中长期径流预报模型。研究结果对额河流域开展生态调度实践提供支撑,也对中高纬度干旱区域径流预报具有参考意义。     

SRM融雪径流模型在黑河流域上游的模拟研究

以黑河流域上游作为典型干旱区流域, 探讨了SRM(Snowmelt Runoff Model)融雪径流模型的可操作性. 在论述模型结构、参数意义的基础上, 重点研究以MODIS雪产品为基础的积雪面积衰减曲线的获取方法, 细化了退水系数的获取, 并分析了其中存在的问题. 通过利用WinSRM1.10版本对黑河上游2004年融雪期进行径流量模拟, 结果表明: SRM模型在以融雪水为主要补给的黑河流域上游有着较好的径流量模拟精度, 拟合优度确定系数R2为0.020, 体积差Dv为7.124%. 在实际应用中应最大限度利用已有的气象水文资料, 以更为准确地描述融雪径流过程. 针对数据稀缺的问题, 需要加强小流域的观测, 改进SRM模型以更适用于以融雪为主的我国西北山区流域.     

Non-point source pollution of Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China

The amount of pollution from non-point sources flowing in the streams of the Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China, is estimated by a GIS-based method using rainfall, surface runoff and land use data. A grid of cells, 100 m in size, is laid over the landscape. For each cell, mean annual surface runoff is estimated from rainfall and percent land use, and expected pollutant concentration is estimated from land use. The product of surface runoff and concentration gives expected pollutant loading from that cell. These loadings are accumulated going downstream to give expected annual pollutant loadings in streams and rivers. By dividing these accumulated loadings by the similarly accumulated mean annual surface runoff, the expected pollutant concentration from non-point sources is determined for each location in a stream or river. Observed pollutant concentrations in the watershed are averaged at each sample point and compared to the expected concentrations at the same locations determined from the grid cell model. In general, annual non-point source nutrient loadings in the Wujiang River watershed are seen to be predominantly from the agricultural and meadow areas.     

黄河干流潼关断面非点源污染负荷估算

基于平均浓度法原理,根据黄河中游降雨径流特点,将年内过程分为汛期和非汛期两个阶段,同时将高含沙水流中的污染负荷分为水体中的溶解态污染负荷、泥沙吸附态负荷两部分,提出了多沙河流非点源污染负荷估算模型;根据黄河干流潼关断面1950-2006年实测水沙资料,结合水体、泥沙污染物浓度测定试验,分别计算了潼关断面2006年以及丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)3种不同代表年型下的非点源污染负荷.结果表明:黄河干流潼关断面年污染负荷以汛期为主,汛期污染负荷以非点源为主;非点源污染负荷中,硝酸盐氮、氨氮以溶解态为主,总磷以吸附态为主;潼关断面非点源污染负荷占全年负荷比例:丰水年时,硝酸盐氮占63.09%,氨氮占61.32%,总氮占87.17%、总磷占89.83%;枯水年时,硝酸盐氮占26.92%,氨氮占24.62%,总氮占67.60%、总磷占71.73%.2006年,硝酸盐氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷非点源污染负荷占全年比例依次为:17%、14%、15%和41%.     

Integration of monthly water balance modeling and nutrient load estimation in an agricultural catchment

Non-point sources pollution has become a serious environmental problem in the aquatic systems throughout the world. The Xitiaoxi catchment is located in the southwest of Taihu Basin, contributing large amounts of runoff and associated nutrients to Taihu Lake. Thus, identifying critical non-point sources pollution in this catchment is urgent and essential to control water pollution, improve the water quality, and reduce the pollutants drained into water bodies. The present study integrated a monthly water balance model with the export coefficient model for total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads estimation in the Xitiaoxi catchment in southeastern China. The simulated monthly runoff are in good agreement with the observed streamflow at both Hengtangcun and Fanjiancun stations with Nash?CSutcliffe coefficients higher than 0.80. The predictions showed reasonable ranges from 1687 to 2046?t/y (2002?C2005) for total nitrogen loads, and from 106 to 157?t/y for total phosphorus loads (1999?C2007), respectively, which are consistent with the observed values at Hengtangcun. Overall, the monthly export coefficient model coupling monthly water balance simulation to export coefficient model presented both the seasonal dynamics and magnitude for streamflow and nutrients loads, which generally match well with the observations. These findings demonstrate that the proposed model can provide encouraging results and can be used as an efficient tool to identify the pollution sources for planning and management of large-scale agricultural catchment.     

Simulation of spatial and temporal distribution on dissolved non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in Jialing River Watershed,China

Jialing River, which covers a basin area of 160,000 km² and a length of 1,280 km, is the largest tributary of the catchment area in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. In recent years, water quality in the reservoir area section of Jialing River has been degraded due to land use and the rural residential area induced by non-point source pollution. Therefore, the semi-distributed land-use runoff process (SLURP) hydrological model has been introduced and used to simulate the integrated hydrological cycle of the Jialing River Watershed (JRW). A coupling watershed model between the SLURP hydrological model and dissolved non-point source pollution model has been proposed in an attempt to evaluate the potential dissolved non-point source pollution load; it enhances the simulation precision of runoff and pollution load which are both based on the same division of land use types in the watershed. The proposed model has been applied in JRW to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) pollution load for the period 1990–2007. It is shown that both the temporal and spatial distribution of DTN and DTP load are positively correlated to annual rainfall height. Land use is the key factor controlling the distribution of DTN and DTP load. The source compositions of DTN and DTP are different, where average DTN pollution load in descending order is land use 67.2%, livestock and poultry breeding 30.5%, and rural settlements 2.2%; and for DTP, livestock and poultry breeding is 50%, land use 48.8%, and rural settlements 1.2%. The contribution rates of DTN and DTP load in each sub-basin indicate the sensitivity of the results to the temporal and spatial distribution of different pollution sources. These data were of great significance for the prediction and estimation of the future changing trends of dissolved non-point source pollution load carried by rainfall runoff in the JRW and for studies of their transport and influence in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Modeling impacts of sediment delivery ratio and land management on adsorbed non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in a mountainous basin of the Three Gorges reservoir area, China

Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the Three Gorges reservoir area in China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the serious eutrophication problem. Adsorbed NPS pollution is one of the major forms of NPS pollution in mountainous regions, the essential of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil loss. Thus, simple, highly sensitive and continuous methods are required to simulate and quantify sediments yield at watershed scales. It is imperative to construct an integrated model to estimate the sediment yield and adsorbed NPS pollution load. According to the characteristics of climate, hydrology, topography, geology, geomorphology and land use types in Three Gorges reservoir area, a GIS-based dynamic-integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was presented in view of impacts of the rainfall intensity, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and land management, where the temporally dynamic-continuous model of annual sediment yield was established by modifying the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the spatially integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was then developed via the correlation between sediment yield and adsorbed NPS load. Furthermore, a case study of the Jialing River basin in China was applied to validate the integrated model, the dynamic-distributed coupling among GIS technology, sediment yield model, and adsorbed NPS load model was achieved successfully. The simulation results demonstrate the following: (1) runoff and sediment are influenced greatly by rainfall intensity, SDR and vegetation cover; rainfall and land management show high sensitivities to the integrated model; the average annual adsorbed TN and TP pollution loads from 2006 to 2010 decreased by 76 and 74 % compared with the previous treatment (1990), respectively. (2) Spatio-temporal variations of adsorbed NPS nitrogen and phosphorus load are mainly related to different land use types and the background level of nutriments in topsoil; different land use types have different contribution rates; the largest contribution rates of adsorbed total nitrogen (TN, 58.9 %) and total phosphorus (TP, 53 %) loads are both from the dryland cropland. (3) The identification of critical source areas can help to implement the prevention and control measures aiming at the reduction of water environmental pollution. These results will provide useful and valuable information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures for the control of sediment pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The application of this model in the catchment shows that the integrated model may be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and adsorbed NPS pollution load at mountainous watersheds.     

城市降水径流的污染来源与排放特征研究进展

综述了城市地表径流污染的成因、来源和排放特征的研究.城市降水径流污染来自3个方面:降水、城市地表和排水系统.其中,城市地表和排水系统是城市降水径流污染的主要来源.在具合流制排水系统的城市,20%~60%的径流污染(SS、COD和BOD₅)来自排水系统.在一次降雨过程中,城市降雨径流污染的排放一般存在初期冲刷效应,径流中污染物浓度的峰值一般提前于径流的峰值.但是由于影响初期冲刷效应的因素多而随机,使得初期冲刷出现的频率和程度存在明显的差异,而且很难建立初期冲刷与降雨特征和流域特征的通用关系.     

Integrated assessment of nonpoint source pollution of a drinking water reservoir in a typical acid rain region

Nonpoint source pollution generated by agricultural production and city construction has been studied for decades, but very few researches have been conducted on the regional assessment of nonpoint source pollution in the acid rain regions, particularly relating to the control of pollutant in the drinking water source areas. In this study, an integrated framework was applied to estimate nitrogen and phosphorous load in a typical acid rain influenced reservoir, China. The method comprised three separate steps: (1) a watershed model—soil and water assessment tools—was used to estimate nitrogen and phosphorous load from the upper stream watershed; (2) collection of acid rain samples, together with a GIS-based calculation to estimate the atmospheric deposition flux; (3) introduction of a simple export coefficient method. The case study indicated atmospheric deposition accounted for 56.75 % of total nitrogen load during the year, with the highest level of deposition load taking place during the wet season. Maximum phosphorous (93.37 %) was linked to the upstream runoff, originating from the upper watershed. Further analysis by watershed model and export coefficient method indicated forest exported most total nitrogen (27.72 %) and total phosphorous (58.78 %) in the upstream watershed. Results indicated that in the region influenced by acid rain, the nitrogen management should encompass the management of land use practices and the control of acid rain in catchments feeding into drinking water storage areas. It could be inferred that NOX emissions might cause both globe warming and eutrophication in the drinking water sources. This paper could provide a basis for water quality management in such regions.     

三峡库区低等级土质道路侵蚀研究

以三峡库区界垭小流域内不同交通荷载土质道路为研究对象,通过自然降雨观测研究其侵蚀规律和污染物流失特征。研究结果表明,交通荷载大的干道产流率和侵蚀率均高于交通荷载低的支道,对产流率影响显著的因子主要为降雨量,对产沙率影响显著的因子为降雨量、雨强。雨型对污染物的流失特征影响显著,前期集中型降雨下,污染物流失过程线与降雨过程线同步性较好,泥沙、总氮、铵态氮、泥沙结合态磷和溶解态磷均发生了较强的初始冲刷效应;中期集中型降雨下,污染物流失浓度峰值优先于雨强峰值,且氮和磷等初始冲刷强度低于前期集中型降雨,泥沙无初始冲刷效应。     

Small-scale watershed extended method for non-point source pollution estimation in part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the declining quality of aquatic environment in recent years. Because of the data shortage, the non-point source loads estimation in the large-scale watershed is always difficult in most developing countries. In this study, small-scale watershed extended method (SWEM) was introduced with a case study in the middle part of Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). Small-scale watershed extended method is the method which uses physical-based models in some small typical catchments of the targeted large watershed, and then the parameters obtained from those small catchments are extended to the surrounding area until the non-point source pollution loads in the entire watershed or region are obtained. The selected small catchments should have sufficient data. Here, the middle part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, about 12,500?km², was chosen as the targeted region for the case study. In this region, considering the data availability, Xiaojiang River was screened as a typical watershed and was simulated with Soil and Water Assessment Tool model through accurate parameter calibration and validation. And then the parameter group obtained in Xiaojiang River Watershed was extended to the entire study area to quantify the total non-point source pollution loads. After which, the spatio-temporal characteristics of the non-point source pollution in the middle part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were analyzed, as well as the pollution from each tributary and different under layer surface conditions. The small-scale watershed extended method provides a practical approach for non-point source pollution loads estimation in the large-scale watershed or region.