Experimental study on weathering of seafloor volcanic glass by bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) – Implications for the contribution of bacteria to the water–rock reaction at the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting

The biologically mediated weathering of the ocean crust has received increasing attention in recent decades, but the rates and the possible mechanism of elemental release during microbe–basalt interactions occurring below the seafloor have not been studied in detail. In this study, we established an experimental weathering study of seafloor natural basaltic glass comparing the effect of microbial activity (Pseudomonas fluorescens) in P-rich and P-poor media with parallel controls containing either nonviable cells or organic acid. The changes in the chemical parameters, including pH, bacterial densities, and ion concentrations (Ca, Mg, Si, Mn, Al, Fe, and P) in the solution, were examined during the different batch experiments. The results showed that the pH decreased from 7.0 to 3.5 and the bacterial density increased from 10⁵ to 10⁸ cells/ml during the first 120 h, and the cell numbers remained constant at 10⁸ cells/ml and the pH increased from 3.5 to 6 between 120 h and 864 h in the P-bearing reactors containing bacteria. In contrast, during all the experimental time, the pH remained close to neutral condition in the abiotic control systems and the dissolution rates increased markedly with a decrease in pH and became minimal at near-neutral pH in P-bearing reactors containing bacteria, where Ca, Si, and Mg release rates were 2- to 4-fold higher than those obtained in chemical systems and biotic P-limited systems. Furthermore, the surfaces of the natural volcanic glass from the biotic systems were colonized by bacteria. Simultaneously, the etch pits were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope, which further indicate that the bacteria may promote the mineral dissolution for energy gain. Some elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Al) releasing from natural volcanic glass are likely an important source of the elemental budget in the ocean, and thus the element release and its possible mechanism conducted in this experimental study have potential implications on the biogeochemical cycling process in the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting.     

3.5 billion years of glass bioalteration: Volcanic rocks as a basis for microbial life?

Alteration textures in volcanic glass from the seafloor fall into two classes, one suggestive of abiotic/diffusive hydration and chemical exchange, and another likely to be caused by microbial, cavity-forming, congruent dissolution. Glass bioalteration is common in submarine lavas throughout the world's ocean, dominant in the upper 300 m of the oceanic crust, and found in all well-preserved ophiolites and greenstone belts dating back to 3.5 Ga. It may yield a significant fraction of the global biomass and geochemical fluxes and is relevant to the development of the earliest life on Earth. We present a critical review concerning these glass bioalteration textures and present new data on their microchemical environment. We explore arguments for their biogenicity and further develop the prevalent model for their formation by relating corrosion morphology to the mechanism of microbial dissolution. Biological alteration produces conspicuous micron-scale granular and tubular textures. Granular glass alteration is well explained by colonizing microbes that selectively dissolve the glass in their contact area, forming a sponge-like interconnected network of micron-sized cavities along glass surfaces. Tubular alteration meanwhile, is more likely to be caused by filamentous cell extensions in a process similar to fungal tunneling of soil feldspars and marine carbonates. While we see clear functional similarities to fungal dissolution behavior, we do not know whether fungal or prokaryotic organisms are involved. However, this functional constraint may eventually help to identify potential microbes responsible for these features, potentially including eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms. Yet, we caution that these organisms may be difficult to identify and to study, because they are likely to be sparsely distributed, slow growing, and difficult to cultivate.     

Velocities of a natural mid-ocean ridge basalt glass

We report, for the first time, ultrasonic velocity values for a pure (>95%), natural, submarine basalt glass of mid-ocean ridge basalt composition, from 10 to 1000 MPa at room temperature. These new data show that basalt glass, abundant in the upper oceanic crust, has the lowest velocity of any primary solid component of the oceanic crust. In addition, natural basalt glass has a steeper pressure-dependence of velocity than previously measured in more crystalline samples, indicating that cracks in natural basalt glass are weaker than in more crystalline rocks. To obtain values for the pure glass phase, we correct the natural glass data for the low-pressure closure of cracks, and the presence of minor mineralogic components and vesicles. These new data provide a baseline for evaluating the effect of abundant basalt glass and glassy mesostasis in oceanic upper crust on in situ seismic velocities. In addition, data on the elastic and seismic properties of natural glasses are useful for a better understanding of glass structure, and glass relaxation, with potential applications to submarine volcanology.     

日本樱岛火山灰玻璃碎屑形态特征研究

火山灰年代学是控制地层年代最简单可靠的直接手段,近年来在磁性地层、构造演化和古气候环境、考古等研究中被广泛重视和应用,经常成为最关键的要素。然而对其在地层中的识别常常产生较大分歧,制约了对年代的控制及与此相关的许多科学问题的解决。火山玻璃作为火山灰中的常见和标签物质,是识别火山灰最直接可靠的材料。日本强烈的第四纪火山活动和清晰连续的火山灰沉积在这方面具有代表性。本文利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对日本樱岛第四纪晚期典型火山灰中的火山玻璃形态和表面结构特征进行观察分析,总结出火山玻璃碎屑的外部形貌为独特、醒目的各种玻璃碎片状,呈各种大小和形态的带有气孔的曲面或弧面尖棱角状颗粒,如锋利的长条状、各种多边形粒状、片状（月牙状、三角状、多边形状等）和三交面状等,表面特征为各种与火山喷发炸裂作用相关的光滑或弱贝壳状断口的曲面,及与火山喷气有关的各种孔洞、管槽、小圆坑、椭圆形坑和眼状坑。其中眼状坑和三交面状这两种特殊表面形态分别只在安山质和流纹质火山灰中出现,为准确识别中-酸性火山灰及其类型提供了微观形态学鉴定标志。     

山东栖霞大方山玄武岩中地幔熔体玻璃捕虏体岩相学及岩石化学研究

过去地学界对固体地幔岩捕虏体研究已经相当充分。另外,山东栖霞大方山还存在地幔熔体玻璃捕虏体,其化学成分、矿物成分既不同于固体地幔岩也不同于寄主玄武岩。此玻璃体特别富K,而且早于寄主岩浆,二者间很不平衡。富K玻璃捕虏体往往被玄武岩浆消化殆尽,但在野外仍然可以找到少量残留体供室内研究。此熔体玻璃的存在意味着该区玄武岩浆作用不是一元而是多元岩浆体系,还存在早一期的碱性地幔岩浆。后者消化混染于玄武岩浆之中,会产生富K玄武岩。     

Petroleum drilling and production operations in the Gulf of Mexico

Decades of offshore and inland petroleum drilling and production in the Gulf of Mexico and on the Gulf coast have provided the much needed energy and chemical feedstocks to the nation, and also have made an impact on the environment in the area. Our study showed deposits of contaminated sediment on the ocean floor around offshore platforms, old reserve pits, and dump sites next to many surface facilities and compressor stations. The substances found on the ocean floor and in dump sites are simple or emulsified mixtures of silt, hydrocarbons, and water. The cleaning of the ocean floor and pits is an economic and technical challenge. Hydrocarbons are from crude oil and chemical additions for various operational necessities, including additions of biocides, corrosion inhibitors, antifreezes, and coagulants. When the new government regulations lower the allowable maximum total organic carbon level to the 50 ppm range, these hydrocarbons can no longer be ignored by drilling and production operators.     

高温熔融研制岩石标准玻璃方法初步研究:以玄武岩为例

探索了利用高温炉合成玄武岩玻璃制作原位微区主微量元素含量分析的标准物质的实验条件.选取玄武岩标准物质GBW07105(GSR-3)进行高温熔融、淬火实验研究,获得玄武岩玻璃,为合成其他地质样品微区分析标准参考物质的研制提供了参考方法.用激光剥蚀-四极杆等离子体质谱(LA-Q-ICPMS)对样品微区46个主元素和微量元素...     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段早白垩世洋岛火山岩岩石学及地球化学特征

仲岗洋岛位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带中西段,前人对仲岗洋岛的研究主要集中在东段,中段洞错一带尚未有人研究。对仲岗洋岛的岩石组合及岩石地球化学进行研究,并对洋岛火山岩的源区及构造环境进行分析。在仲岗洋岛中段洞错北部的一条剖面上采集了8个玄武岩和8个玄武安山岩地球化学样品,主量元素特征表明,二者皆为具有富Ti特征的碱性玄武岩,微量元素特征显示二者富集Nb、Ta元素。稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型洋岛玄武岩曲线相似。化学成分指示,仲岗洋岛玄武岩与玄武安山岩可能来自于同一岩浆源区,且二者来源于具有洋岛玄武岩特征的地幔,相容元素Cr、Ni的亏损表明,成岩过程中发生了橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。洋岛形成于大洋板块内以洋壳为基底的洋岛环境。     

Petrology,geochemistry, and geochronology of the Zhonggang ocean island,northern Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Banggongco–Nujiang oceanic arm of the Neo-Tethys

This study presents new data relating to the tectonic evolution of the Zhonggang ocean island, within the Mesozoic Banggongco–Nujiang suture zone of northern Tibet, and discusses the implications of these data for the evolution of this region. Thirteen basalt and ten gabbro samples were collected from a sampling transect through this area; these samples have light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched chondrite-normalized REE patterns, and are enriched in highly incompatible elements, yielding primitive-mantle-normalized trace-element variation patterns that are similar to ocean island basalts (OIB). A gabbro dike intruded into basalt of the Zhonggang ocean island and was overlain by basaltic conglomerate, suggesting that this dike was formed after the basalt, but before the basaltic conglomerate. The gabbro dike yields an LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb age of 116.2 ± 4.1 Ma, indicating the timing of formation of the Zhonggang ocean island, and suggesting in turn that the Banggongco–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean remained open at this time. These data, combined with the geological history of the region, indicates that the Banggongco–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean opened between the late Permian and the Early Triassic, expanded rapidly between Late Triassic and Middle Jurassic time, and finally closed between the late Early and early Late Cretaceous.     

优化处理红宝石中轻微玻璃态物质的清理实验

针对目前市场上出现的一些因优化处理而产生轻微玻璃残余物的天然红宝石,经适当浓度的氢氟酸(浓度23%)浸泡后,位于红宝石内裂隙和表面凹坑中的轻微玻璃态残余物被溶解,达到清理玻璃态残余物的目的,并利用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分析含玻璃材料的溶液中Si和Al的浓度分别为28.60μg/mL和2.795μg/mL,进而估算玻璃态残留物的损失量以判定热处理过程中非人为加入的玻璃态物质在红宝石中的充填程度。利用红外光谱仪对玻璃残留物清理前后的红宝石红外光谱进行对比研究得出:清理前,红外光谱显示在1 100~1 000 cm-1内有1个单峰宽谱带,谱峰为1 050 cm-1,是由νas(Si—O—Si)非对称伸缩振动引起的,表明残留物为非晶质体,750~600 cm-1之间位于744 cm-1的吸收峰为νs(Si—O—Si)对称伸缩振动引起;清理后,未检测到玻璃残余物特征的Si—O振动峰,仅具950~600 cm-1范围内的宽谱带,为刚玉Al—O基频振动谱带736、622 cm-1,体现晶质金属氧化物的特征,表明样品中玻璃态物质已被清除,实验后红宝石可被划归为经人工优化范畴。宝石显微镜下观察到清理实验后红宝石中原先被玻璃残余物所掩盖的显著内裂隙及表面凹坑。     

东太平洋海盆多金属结核玄武岩核心研究

研究多金属结核的核心物质对认识多金属结核的生成和分布具有重要意义,本文对多金属结构中玄武岩及其蚀变产物核心的岩性特征、岩石化学、矿物组成、稀土元素地球化学以及同位素测年进行了初步研究,讨论了玄武岩核心物质的来源及其对结核生成和分布的影响。     

新疆东天山石炭纪火山岩及其构造意义

东天山石炭纪火山岩北至吐哈盆地南缘,向南受控于阿奇克库都克断裂,对恢复古生代期间古亚洲洋的构造演化具有重要的意义。通过岩石学、同位素年代学及地球化学研究发现:(1)东天山石炭纪火山岩是一套钙碱质玄武岩-安山岩-流纹岩建造,玄武岩包括N-MORB和IAT型两种类型,指示东天山地区在石炭纪存在一个弧间盆地,其北部边界可能为东准噶尔的卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带;(2)东天山吐哈盆地南缘底坎儿组中流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄为320 ±1.2Ma(MSWD=1.3),代表了底坎儿组火山岩主体岩浆结晶时代;(3)对比东天山及邻区石炭纪火山岩地球化学,发现在SiO₂含量相近的情况下,由北向南东天山石炭纪火山岩中玄武岩的K₂O、K₂O+Na₂O、K₂O/Na₂O、LILE(Rb、Ba、Sr等)和HFSE(Nb、Ta、Th、Zr等)呈规律性增加,具有明显的成分分带,与环太平洋中-新生代岛弧和活动大陆边缘产出的火山岩的成分极性变化一致。认为东天山石炭纪火山岩成分分带可能是古亚洲洋在石炭纪向东南准噶尔-吐鲁番-哈密陆块下斜向俯冲的结果。     

The 1996 Eruption of Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka: Historical Record of Basaltic Replenishment of an Andesite Reservoir

The simultaneous eruption in 1996 of andesite from Karymskyvolcano and of basalt from the Academy Nauk vent 6 km away appearsto provide a case of mafic recharge of an andesite reservoirfor which the time of recharge is exactly known and direct samplesof the recharging magma are available. The explosive phreato-magmaticeruption of basalt was terminated in less than 24 h, whereasandesite erupted continuously during the following 4 years.Detailed petrological study of volcanic ash, bombs and lavasof Karymsky andesite erupted during the period 1996–1999provides evidence for basaltic replenishment at the beginningof the eruptive cycle, as well as a record of compositionalvariations within the Karymsky magma reservoir induced by basalticrecharge. Shortly after the beginning of the eruption the compositionof the matrix glass of the Karymsky tephra became more maficand then, within 2 months, gradually returned to its originalstate and remained almost constant for the following 3 years.Further evidence for basaltic replenishment is provided by thepresence of xenocrysts of basaltic origin in the andesite ofKarymsky. A conspicuous portion of the plagioclase phenocrystsin the Karymsky andesite has calcic cores, with compositionsand textures resembling those of plagioclases in the AcademyNauk basalt. Similarly, the earlier portion of the andesiteof the eruption sequence contains rare olivines, which occuras resorbed cores in pyroxenes. The composition of the olivinematches that of olivines in the Academy Nauk basalt. The sequenceof events appears to be: (1) injection of basaltic magma intothe Karymsky chamber with immediate, compensating expulsionof pre-existing chamber magma from the Karymsky central vent;(2) direct mixing of basaltic and andesitic magmas with dispersalof phenocrysts associated with the basalt throughout the andesiteso that newly mixed magma appeared at the vent within 2 months;(3) re-establishment of thermal and chemical equilibrium withinthe reservoir involving crystallization in the new hybrid liquid,which returned the melt composition to ‘normal’,formed rims on inherited calcic plagioclase, and caused theresorption of dispersed olivine xenocrysts. Taken together,these findings indicate that the Karymsky magma reservoir wasrecharged by basalt at the onset of the 1996 eruptive cycle.The rapidity and thoroughness of mixing of the basalt with thepre-existing andesite probably reflects the modest contrastin temperature, viscosity, and density between the two magmas. KEY WORDS: Karymsky; Kamchatka; magma mixing; andesite; volcanic glass; plagioclase     

内蒙古温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔蛇绿岩的元素与同位素地球化学：对古亚洲洋东部地幔域特征的限制

内蒙古中部发育的三条蛇绿岩带是华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间的缝合带。本文系统研究了其中的温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔两个蛇绿岩带中变质玄武岩的元素和 Sr、Nd、Pb 同位素地球化学。苏右旗温都尔庙碱性玄武岩为轻稀土富集型;岩石具有板内和大陆裂谷区玄武岩的特征,可能代表了600Ma 左右,温都尔庙地区开始发育的新洋盆。采自苏左旗的巴彦敖包-交其尔玄武岩分为两类,一类呈现轻稀土富集型,呈洋岛玄武岩特征;另一类具有明显的 Nb、Ta 负异常,显示大洋岛弧玄武岩特征,洋岛玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋曾经发育洋盆,大洋岛弧玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋内部有大洋岩石圈之间的俯冲。将本文的古亚洲洋洋岛玄武岩与中国西南地区的特提斯洋岛玄武岩进行系统的元素和同位素地球化学特征对比表明,古亚洲洋的洋岛玄武岩显示高 U/Pb(HU)和北大西洋和太平洋省的特征,而特提斯洋岛玄武岩属于印度洋省。这些说明古亚洲洋地幔域与特提斯地幔域是两个独立的构造域,它们代表了长期演化的两个不同的地幔地球化学域。     

青海可可西里地区蛇绿岩的时代及形成环境

青海可可西里地区发现两条蛇绿混杂岩带,它们沿逆冲带分布。古生物、地层和同位素定年资料表明其时代为早石炭世-早二叠世。其岩石组合代表大洋岩石圈残迹。镁铁质岩主要形成于洋岛环境。硅质岩形成于深海、半深海环境,部分生成于洋岛或洋脊附近热水活动区。这是一套弧前蛇绿混杂岩,是古特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中形成的增生楔。这些资料表明,可可西里地区至少在早石炭世就已存在古特提斯洋,洋盆中有一些洋岛,洋盆在早二叠世末期基本闭合。     

The effect of methanogenesis on the geochemistry of low temperature water–Fe0–basalt reactions

Hydrogen gas produced in the subsurface from the hydration of mafic rocks is known to be a major energy source for chemolithotrophic life in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents. The possibility that in situ anaerobic microorganisms present in the deep subsurface are sustained by low temperature H₂-generating water–rock reactions taking place around them is being investigated. Whether the growth and activity of H₂-utilizing microbes directly influences aqueous geochemistry, rates of mineral dissolution, and the chemical composition of the alteration products is also being quantitatively evaluated.To explore how microorganisms are affected by water–rock reactions, and how their activity may in turn affect reaction progress, laboratory experiments have been conducted to monitor the growth of a methanogenic Archaea in the presence of H_2(g) produced from low temperature water–Fe⁰–basalt reactions. In these systems, the conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and subsequent hydrolysis of water is responsible for the production of H_2(g). To characterize key components of the geochemical system, time series measurements of H₂ and CH₄ gas concentrations, Fe and Si aqueous concentrations, and spatially resolved synchrotron-based analyses of microscale Fe distribution and speciation were conducted. Culture experiments were compared with an abiotic control to document changes in the geochemistry both in the presence and absence of the methanogen.In the control abiotic batch experiment, H₂ was continuously produced, until the headspace became saturated, while in the biotic experiments, microbial consumption of H₂ for methanogenesis draws H₂ down and produces CH₄. Purging the headspace gas reinitiates H₂ and CH₄ production in abiotic and culture experiments, respectively. Mass balance analysis of the amount of CH₄ produced suggests that the total H₂ production in microbial experiments does not exceed the abiotic experiment. Soluble Si concentrations, while buffered to relatively constant values, were higher in culture experiments than the abiotic control.Iron_(aq) concentrations appear to respond to perturbations of H₂ and CH₄ gas concentrations in both culture experiments and the abiotic control. A pulse of Fe preceded the rise in either H₂ or CH₄ production, and as the gas concentrations increased the Fe_(aq) decreased. Iron-bearing mineral assemblages change with increasing reaction time and mineral assemblages vary between culture experiments and the abiotic control. These geochemical trends suggest that there are different reaction paths between the culture experiments and the abiotic control.The hydration of mafic rocks is a common geologic reaction and one that has taken place on Earth for the majority of its history and is postulated to occur on Mars. These reactions are important because of their effect on the rheology and geochemistry of the ocean crust. While most often studied at temperatures of ～250 °C, this work suggests that at lower temperatures microorganisms may have a profound effect on what has long been thought to be solely an abiotic reaction, and may produce diagnostic mineral assemblages that will be preserved in the geological record.     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了s7个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的错石、电 气石、长石、石英四种矿物，用扫描电境放大300至iooo。倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现，不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别.这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单，由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带，矿物表面结构特征比较复杂，但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了67个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的锆石、电气石、长石、石英四种矿物,用扫描电境放大300至10000倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现,不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别。这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单,由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带,矿物表面结构特征比较复杂,但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

新疆西天山巴音布鲁克组火山岩地质特征及构造意义

巴音布鲁克组主要分布于新疆西天山那拉提一带,构造上位于伊犁盆地南缘活动带,岩性主要为一套糜棱岩化、碎裂岩化中基性火山岩、正常沉积碎屑岩夹灰岩.火山岩岩石组合以碱性玄武岩-粗安岩-碱性流纹岩为主.岩石化学、地球化学特征表明,该组火山岩属碱性玄武岩系列大西洋型(钠质类型),具洋岛特征.说明当时的古南天山洋已拉张到相当规模.     

黑龙江饶河枕状玄武岩地质、地球化学特征及其构造属性

为了确定饶河玄武岩的构造属性,在野外地质观察的基础上,对玄武岩进行岩石学研究和地球化学分析。玄武岩具有典型的枕状构造、淬冷边、中空骸晶和鬣刺结构等特征,反映其形成于海底喷发环境。化学分析样品具有高TiO_2、MgO和低Al_2O_3、CaO、P_2O_5、K_2O等特征,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr和Ba),微量元素蛛网图呈向上隆起形态,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾型(∑LREE/∑HREE为5.8~6.5),无δEu异常(0.92~0.97),表明样品具有洋岛玄武岩特征。主量和微量元素构造环境判别图指示了样品形成于洋岛或板内环境。样品与亚速尔型和夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩地球化学特征对比,表现出明显的夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩特征。岩石源区分析揭示出岩浆具有地幔热柱起源,并有先期交代地幔熔体的混入,岩浆源区还受壳幔循环的影响。研究表明,饶河枕状玄武岩为夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩,形成于洋壳消减阶段的洋中脊轴外板内喷发环境,为饶河地区存在成熟的洋盆提供直接证据。结合区域研究成果,认为饶河地区经历了古太平洋板块的扩张、洋中脊轴外板内地幔柱上涌、洋壳俯冲消减以及向佳木斯地块仰冲增生的构造演化过程。