Evolution and observational signature of diffused antiworld

The existence of macroscopic regions with antibaryon excess in the baryon asymmetric Universe with general baryon excess is the possible consequence of practically all models of baryosynthesis. Diffusion of matter and antimatter to the border of antimatter domains defines the minimal scale of the antimatter domains surviving to the present time. A model of diffused antiworld is considered, in which the density within the surviving antimatter domains is too low to form gravitationally bound objects. The possibility to test this model by measurements of cosmic gamma ray fluxes is discussed. The expected gamma ray flux is found to be acceptable for modern cosmic gamma ray detectors and for those planned for the near future.     

Interstellar clouds and the formation of stars

Part I gives a survey of the drastic revision of cosmic plasma physics which is precipitated by the exploration of the magnetosphere throughin situ measurements. The pseudo-plasma formalism, which until now has almost completely dominated theoretical astrophysics, must be replaced by an experimentally based approach involving the introduction of a number of neglected plasma phenomena, such as electric double layers, critical velocity, and pinch effect. The general belief that star light is the main ionizer is shown to be doubtful; hydromagnetic conversion of gravitational and kinetic energy may often be much more important.In Part II the revised plasma physics is applied to dark clouds and star formation. Magnetic fields do not necessarily counteract the contraction of a cloud; they may just as well pinch the cloud. Magnetic compression may be the main mechanism for forming interstellar clouds and keeping them together.Part III treats the formation of stars in a dusty cosmic plasma cloud. Star formation is due to an instability, but it is very unlikely that it has anything to do with the Jeans instability. A reasonable mechanism is that the sedimentation of dust (including solid bodies of different size) is triggering off a gravitationally assisted accretion. A stellesimal accretion analogous to the planetesimal accretion leads to the formation of a star surrounded by a very low density hollow in the cloud. Matter falling in from the cloud towards the star is the raw material for the formation of planets and satellites.The study of the evolution of a dark cloud leads to a scenario of planet formation which is reconcilable with the results obtained from studies based on solar system data. This means that the new approach to cosmical plasma physics discussed in Part I logically leads to a consistent picture of the evolution of dark clouds and the formation of solar systems.     

On the nature of dark energy: the lattice Universe

There is something unknown in the cosmos. Something big. Which causes the acceleration of the Universe expansion, that is perhaps the most surprising and unexpected discovery of the last decades, and thus represents one of the most pressing mysteries of the Universe. The current standard ΛCDM model uses two unknown entities to make everything fit: dark energy and dark matter, which together would constitute more than 95 % of the energy density of the Universe. A bit like saying that we have understood almost nothing, but without openly admitting it. Here we start from the recent theoretical results that come from the extension of general relativity to antimatter, through CPT symmetry. This theory predicts a mutual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. Our basic assumption is that the Universe contains equal amounts of matter and antimatter, with antimatter possibly located in cosmic voids, as discussed in previous works. From this scenario we develop a simple cosmological model, from whose equations we derive the first results. While the existence of the elusive dark energy is completely replaced by gravitational repulsion, the presence of dark matter is not excluded, but not strictly required, as most of the related phenomena can also be ascribed to repulsive-gravity effects. With a matter energy density ranging from ～5 % (baryonic matter alone, and as much antimatter) to ～25 % of the so-called critical density, the present age of the Universe varies between about 13 and 15 Gyr. The SN Ia test is successfully passed, with residuals comparable with those of the ΛCDM model in the observed redshift range, but with a clear prediction for fainter SNe at higher z. Moreover, this model has neither horizon nor coincidence problems, and no initial singularity is requested. In conclusion, we have replaced all the tough problems of the current standard cosmology (including the matter-antimatter asymmetry) with only one question: is the gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter really repulsive as predicted by the theory and as the observation of the Universe seems to suggest? We are awaiting experimental responses.     

The cosmological model of Brans-Dicke theory

We use the generalized Brans-Dicke theory, in which the Pauli metric is identified to be the physical space-time metric, to study the Universe in different epochs. Exact analytical expressions for dilaton field , cosmological radiusR and density parameter are obtained fork=+1,0,–1 Universe in the radiation-dominated epoch. For matter dominated Epoch, exact analytical expressions for Hubble parameterH, cosmological radius, dilaton field, deceleration factorq, density parameter and the gravitational coupling of the ordinary matter are obtained for the flat Universe. Other important results are: (1) the density parameter is always less than unity for the flat Universe because the dilaton field plays a role as an effective dark matter, and (2) the new Brans-Dicke parameter must be larger than 31.75 in order to consistent with the observed data.     

A Friedmann-Lemaître Universe Model with a Positive Cosmological Constant

The possibility of using a Friedmann-Lemaître model with a non-zero cosmological constant is investigated on the basis of analyses of the RATAN-600 and 87GB radio surveys and optical constraints. A zero deceleration parameter and critical matter density are features of the model. The model is in agreement with current observational data, including estimates of the age of the Universe, Hubble constant measurements, and the - z relation. A value for the cosmological constant is determined and its physical nature discussed.     

Antimatter bodies and closure of the Universe

One of the hypotheses to account for the cosmic gamma-ray bursts invokes collisions between antimatter bodies of asteroidal mass and stars. This paper points out that, should this idea be correct, the numbers suggest that the antimatter is cosmological, and that alocally measurable ratio might be used to determine the effective gain in mean mass density relevant to the possible closure of the Universe. The effective mass gain factor would have a minimum value of 2 and could be much larger.     

Primordial nucleosynthesis and Ω B ∼1 cosmologies with interacting radiation and matter

The constraints on the present baryon density from primordial nucleosynthesis in universes with interacting radiation and matter are investigated. For illustration, a class of exact cosmological models is studied in which two separate, interacting fluids act as the source of the gravitational field, a radiative perfect fluid modelling the cosmic microwave background and a second perfect fluid modelling the observed material content of the Universe. Althought the two fluid models under consideration are found to predict primordial element abundances similar to those predicted in the standard model (and consequently in general accord with observed values), the upper limit on the present baryon density inferred from the observed abundances of the light elements is found to be greater than that in the standard model due to the different evolution of the baryon density in the models. From this result, and using the fact that the upper limit on _B (the ratio of the present value of the baryon density to the value of the critical density) is further weakened in inhomogeneous cosmological models, it is found that unlike the situation in the standard model, cosmologies with _B 1 are permitted without violating the constraints of nucleosynthesis, thereby allowing the possibility that the Universe could be closed by baryonic matter alone.     

On stationary solutions of some canonical systems of differential equations

In our article (Zhuravlev, 1979) a formal method of constructing conditionally periodic solutions of canonical systems of differential equations with a quick-rotating phase in the case of sharp commensurability was presented. The existence of stationary (or periodic) solutions of an averaged system of differential equations corresponding to the initial system of differential equations is necessary for an effective application of the method for different problems.Evidently, the stationary solutions do not always exist but in numerous papers on stationary solutions (oscillations or motions), the conditions of existence of such solutions are very often not considered at all. Usually a simple assumption is used that the stationary solutions do exist.Otherwise it is well known that Poincaré's theory of periodic solutions (Poincaré, 1892) let one set up conditions of existence of periodic solutions in different systems of differential equations. Particularly, in papers,Mah (1949, 1956), see alsoexmah (1971), the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence of periodic solutions of (non-canonical) systems of differential equations which are close to arbitrary non-linear systems are given. For canonical autonomous systems of differential equations the conditions of existence of periodic solutions and a method of calculation are presented in the paperMepmah (1952).In our paper another approach is given and the conditions of existence of stationary solutions of canonical systems of differential equations with a quick-rotating phase are proved. For this purpose Delaunay-Zeipel's transformation and Poincaré's small parameter method are used.     

Local gamma ray events as tests of the antimatter theory of gamma ray bursts

Nearby examples of the antimatter chunks postulated by Sofia and Van Horn to explain the cosmic gamma ray bursts may produce detectable gamma ray events when struck by solar system meteoroids. These events would have a much shorter time scale and higher energy spectrum than the bursts already observed. In order to have a reasonably high event rate, the local meteoroid population must extend to a distance from the Sun of the order of 0.1 pc, but the required distance could become much lower if the instrumental threshold is improved. We also examine the expected gamma ray flux for interaction of the antimatter bodies with the solar wind, and find it far below present instrumental capabilities.     

Cosmic ray scintillations in random magnetic fields with non-zero helicity

The cosmic ray scintillation theory is modified for the case of non diagonal IMF correlation tensor. We introduce the term helicity of cosmic ray scintillation. It describes rotation of the cosmic ray distribution function.It is shown that the helicity of the cosmic ray scintillations and the IMF helicity are alike in nonresonant frequency band. The behaviour of the cosmic ray distribution function in resonant frequency band is considered.The algorithm for two-canal spectral analysis based on an autoregressional method is developed. Empirical functions of helicity of the cosmic ray scintillation and of IMF helicity are obtained for the same time intervals.Observational results are found to be in a good agreement with the theory.     

Emission line redshift distribution of QSOs

This paper is the second one of a series of papers on the redshift distribution of QSOs. In this paper, we shall study the influence of the selection effect in the identification of emission lines on the redshift distribution of QSOs more thoroughly than the previous paper (Zhouet al., 1983). If we assume that the QSO's redshift is cosmological, adopt the standard model, and consider the selection effect due to the redshift identification, the limiting apparent magnitude in the observation and the evolutionary effect of QSOs, we can compute the emission line redshift distribution for the so-called optically selected QSOs discovered by objective prism, grating prism technique alone, the QSOs discovered by positional methods or by colour technique and for whole QSOs, respectively (see Figures 6, 11, 12). The results of computation agree with the observations very well, especially for optically selected QSOs; the computational distribution has almost the same shape with the observational one. For this kind of the QSOs the computational distribution may give the positions and heights of all these observed peaks. The correlation coefficient between the calculated and observed distributions is larger than 0.95. It shows that (a) the peaks and dips in the redshift distribution of QSOs are mainly caused by the selection effect in the redshift identification, and (b) the redshift of QSOs is cosmological.     

cD galaxies of apparent supergiant sizes due to the curvature of space

By combining two two-dimensional subspaces, closed into themselves due to curvature, it is possible to create a model of three-dimensional space of the same properties. If the Universe is a space of this type, its effect is that of a monstrous lens. Close objects are observed to diminish according to the normal law of perspective; however, the remote galaxies are seen to be very highly magnified.The apparent angular size² of a galaxy is more than the size¹ in flat space according to relation:² =¹ cosec , where is the angular distance from the observer to the galaxy. The diameter² d of a galaxy in curved space must be in the same relation to a diameter¹ d with no curvature of space:² d=¹ d cosec . The apparent angular size² and diameter² d are distorted shapes in consequence of an optical illusion caused by the spatial curvature.It is necessary to distribute the multitude of galaxies into two parts in accordance with their location on the close or reverse hemihypersphere of the Universe. The minimum of apparent angular size² of a galaxy of diameter¹ d is at the equatorial zone.The most likely candidates for location in the reverse hemi-hypersphere are cD's of apparent supergiant sizes due, probably, to the curvature of space. The existence of supergiant sizes of galaxies is the second indirect proof, besides superluminal velocities, that the Universe is closed into itself through curvature. The third indirect evidence, i.e., inductive confirmation of the same fact, is the superposition of galaxies which need not inevitably be a new alternative to the present theories of collisions, cannibalism, merger, etc.The fourth indirect proof of the positive curvature of the Universe is the occurrence of background radiation, because that must vanish in hyperbolic space irrespective of its origin. The gravitational lens effect acquires another theoretical form, as usual, in the case of remote galaxies, because it is impossible to distinguish between gravitator and lensing image.     

The microwave background produced by particle decay in the steady state — a possible model?

The conjecture that the cosmic microwave background can be produced by particle decay in steady-state cosmology is developed. A model is built guided by the numerical coincidence c^-3/4 G^{-1/4 3/4} _H ^-1/2=5 x 10^-3eV/c² which is the order of mass required for particles to produce microwave background photons, on their decay. A fit to the measurements would require that the particles (fermions), have a mass 2×10^–3 eV/c², and decay into much lighter particles, one of which is a photon, on a time-scale ~100_H. These particles would contribute 1% to the density parameter of the Universe.     

On verification of the asymptotic model of the first kind

For the case of closed Friedmann models with the cosmological constant, an N - dependence is plotted, whereN is the conformal time of existence of the Universe, and is the ratio of the cosmological constant to its Einstein's value. The observational properties of the asymptotic model of the first kind (the so-called Al model) corresponding to the maximum of this dependence are analyzed. For the matter-dominated models, the maximum is achieved at the point = 1. Formulae for the calculation of the age of the Universe and for that of the photometric distance in the Al model are deduced. The observational properties of the A1 model are compared to the corresponding properties of the standard cosmological model ( = 0) which does not occupy any special distinguished position on the N - diagram. It is shown that from the standpoint of the modern observational cosmology these two models cannot be told one from another. However, the A1 model has better standing from the viewpoint of the strong wordings of the anthropic cosmological principle.     

A possible mechanism for the injection of particles into a cosmic ray acceleration region

The composition of the nucleonic component of the primary cosmic radiation has been compared with the natural abundance of the elements. A normalized quotient between the abundance of an element in the radiation and in nature was found to be approximately equal toZ , whereZ is the atomic number and is a constant approximately equal to one. The observed excess of the heavy elements can be expected in the radiation if the selection of the cosmic ray particles is performed by ionization through fast electron or proton impacts on neutral matter having normal composition. Such a selection mechanism may act in regions in space where fast moving thin plasma clouds collide with clouds of neutral matter. A source model in which the plasma clouds originate in Type II supernova explosions is discussed.     

An analysis of the derivation of Friedmann's Equation

In the introductive section a deeper specification is made of the physical meaning of the terms in the Friedmann Equation (FE). After that, assuming validity of Mach's Principle, it is deduced (Section 2) that the FE for the radiation-dominated phase of the evolution of the Universe (which is considered to be closed) is valid even for the matter-dominated era. On the other hand, such a form of the FE is shown to be irrelevant when used for deducing how the frequency of the 3K-photons depends on the radius of the Universe. The solution of the dilemma turns out to have its roots in the way in which the relativistic gravitational potentials are composed, together with the fact that the cosmic potential of the closed Universe is equal to –1. Consequently, the equation one uses for the matter-dominated era is shown to be proper for both the main phases of the cosmological evolution (Section 3). In Section 4, the deduction of the critical density-value is revised, and the new result shortly discussed. In Section 5 it is concluded that there is only one possible value for the maximum radius of our Universe, specific for the initial condition due to the FE. Nevertheless, it is not excluded that other smaller universes can exist. In the final section a modified soabubble analogy with the first law of thermodynamics is used to describe the dynamics of the cosmological expansion, and, in this context, the importance of Mach's Principle is pointed out.     

Lifetime of antimatter meteors

The lifetime of antimatter fragments which may enter the Earth's atmosphere in the form of meteors is determined in this paper, for cases in which the annihilation may be accompanied by the evaporation process. The antimatter object can be penetrated by the nucleon - antinucleon annihilation products, which can be generated by interactions of atoms of antimatter fragments with the atmospheric molecules. Vaporization of its own antiatoms may be followed, in case of a high rate of annihilation, so that the lifetime of the antimatter object may become shorter, compared with the case of annihilation without vapor production of the meteor. The lifetime of the antimatter fragment is dependent upon the temperature of the object and thus vaporization of such an object would last for as long as =R/, where is the intensity of evaporation, its density andR its radius.     

Twin universes cosmology

Starting from the field equationS =(T -A(T)), presented in a former paper, we present a test result, based on numerical simulations, giving a new model applied to the very large structure of the Universe. A theory of inverse gravitational lensing is developed, in which the observed effects could be due mainly to the action of surrounding antipodal matter. This is an alternative to the explanation based on dark matter existence. We then develop a cosmological model. Because of the hypothesis of homogeneity, the metric must be a solution of the equationS = 0, although the total mass of the Universe is non-zero. In order to avoid the trivial solutionR = constant ×t, we consider a model with variable constants. Then we derive the laws linking the different constants of physics:G, c, h, m; in order to keep the basic equations of physics invariant, so that the variation of these constants is not measurable in the laboratory, the only effect of this process being the red shift, due to the secular variation of these constants. All the energies are conserved, but not the masses. We find that all of the characteristic lengths (Schwarzschild, Jeans, Compton, Planck) vary like the characteristic lengthR, from where all the characteristic times vary like the cosmic timet. As the energy of the photonh is conserved over its flight, the decrease of its frequency is due to the growth of the Planck constanth t. In such conditions the field equations have a single solution, corresponding to a negative curvature and to an evolution law:R t ^2/3.The model is no longer isentropic ands logt. The cosmologic horizon varies likeR, so that the homogeneity of the Universe is ensured at any time which constitues an alternative to the theory of inflation. We re-find, for moderate distances, Hubble's law. A new law: distance =f(z) is derived, very close to the classical one for moderate red shifts.     

Spatial density fluctuations in the radiation era of the Universe

It is shown that in the radiation era of the Universe spatial temperature fluctuations (T/T)<10^–5 in the cosmic plasma lead to huge changes of the density up to (/)10⁴. This effect results from the fact that the cosmic plasma in the radiation era can be considered as a general relativistic Boltzmann gas which is found in the very vincinity of equilibrium.     

Isotropization in Brans-Dicke-Bianchi type-V

In this paper we find that from the exact solution for Bianchi type-V in the Brans-Dicke theory with =0 the Hubble parameters are the same for , so that the Universe will be isotropized.