利用航空摄影进行震害调查的精度估计

统计了我国近３０ａ以来历次地震中主要震害目标的尺度和在各尺度段的概率，由目视判读原理讨论了在各种比例尺航片上对主要震害目标判读的概率。根据震害调查、损失评估要求和航空摄影的特点，建议在城市、乡镇和乡村等地震区的震害调查中，分别选用１：１００００、１：２００００、１：３００００的航摄比例尺，并根据震区的地形条件和经济状况予以调整。最后，讨论了利用航空摄影进行震害调查的误差来源，估计利用航空摄影方法对主要震害目标调查的精度可达８０％     

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF PRIMARY REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS*

This paper investigates the form of the nonwhiteness found in the reflection coefficients from a wide variety of rock sequences around the world. In all but one case densities are taken as constant due to the paucity of suitable density data. The reflection sequences are pseudo-white only above a corner frequency, below which their power spectrum falls away according to a power law f^β, where β is between 0.5 and 1.5. This spectrum can be adequately modelled in practice very simply with an ARMA (1, 1) process which acts on a white innovation sequence. The corollary of this is that before wavelet estimation methods are applied (all of which-except those based on synthetic seismograms—presuppose white reflection sequences) or deconvolution filters estimated, seismic traces should be filtered with the inverse of this process. Interestingly, the estimated ARMA processes group themselves into two clearly differentiated categories, having very different indices of predictability (or, strictly, indices of linear determinism). The two categories apparently correlate precisely with two kinds of sedimentation: one which consists largely of sequences of rocks with repeating properties, called “repetitive” in this paper but perhaps loosely describable as “cyclic”, and the other which is randomly bedded with no apparent pattern of components. The former has indices of predictability which are two to four times as great as those of the latter. Another, probably related, property is that β for the repetitive sequences tends to be greater than that for non-repetitive rock columns. The observed power spectra are shown to be consistent with a simple model for the logarithm of acoustic impedance consisting of a mixture of processes where the distribution of (time) scale parameters is reciprocal. Detailed effects of block-averaging and sampling the logs are shown to depend on the type of sequence under examination.     

多次透射边界模拟成层介质中瞬态波动的精度分析

本文将对多次透射边界在瞬态波动模拟中的精度分析推广到介质中存在多个物理波速的情形，阐明了它模拟成层介质中瞬态波动的适用性，指出多次透射边界的误差随着透射阶数的增加而迅速减小，二阶透射边界已具有足够高的模拟精度。     

THE INFLUENCE OF PERMEABILITY ON COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY IN MARINE SEDIMENTS*

To investigate the effect of permeability on the propagation of seismo-acoustic waves through marine sediments, a theoretical model based on Biot's equations is established which relates the compressional wave velocity measured at a fixed frequency to computed velocities at zero and infinite frequencies in terms of sediment porosity and permeability. The model is examined experimentally in a standard soil mechanics consolidation test (itself dependent, among other things, on sediment porosity and permeability) which has been modified to include measurements of compressional wave velocity at 1 MHz and shear-wave velocity at 5 kHz. This test allows the elastic modulus of the sediment frame to be assessed under different load conditions simultaneous with the velocity determinations. From a number of tests on different samples, five samples are chosen to typify the range of sediment sizes. The results show that the difference between the measured velocity at 1 MHz and the model-derived velocity at zero frequency increases with increasing particle size (from clays to fine sand), with decreasing porosity, and with increasing permeability. For sediments coarser than fine sand the simple model breaks down, possibly because of the dominance of scattering/diffraction effects at the high frequency of the experiment. Within this limitation the model seems satisfactory to offer a capability of predicting the permeability of a sea floor sediment to an order of magnitude by the in situ measurement of seismic velocities over a wide range of frequencies; the prediction process requires a good in situ determination of sediment porosity such as that offered by electrical formation factor measurements.     

INVERSION OF AN UNMIGRATED STACKED SECTION TO DETERMINE AN INTERVAL VELOCITY MODEL*

A seismic inversion procedure is developed that inverts data available from an unmigrated stacked section to produce an interval velocity model. It attempts to overcome some of the limitations of existing methods by using a generalized linear inversion technique. The inversion process incorporates several features: (i) Lateral interval velocity variations are permitted, (ii) A fast accurate forward model was developed, (iii) Input data is weighted according to the accuracy with which it has been acquired. The procedure is applied to seismic data from the Gippsland Basin, an area offshore South-East Australia.     

山西裂谷带地壳岩石波速的研究

通过实验建立了岩石成分与波速的关系,波速和岩石的各向异性,矿物相变在波速曲线中的反映以及实验温度和压力对波速的影响,尤其得到了高温下的新资料.用实验数据结合地球物理、地质资料建立了山西裂谷带与相邻太行山隆起区地壳各层圈的物质组成,对比说明,两构造单元下地壳的岩石组成是不同的.最后分析了盆地下地壳中部的组成、水和环境条件,认为低速带是由岩石部分熔融造成的.     

AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES OF COMPOSITION IN RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION*

The application of approximate rules, whereby apparent resistivity space sections for two dimensional structures can be composited from spaces derived for elementary features is extended to a complex example drawn from a field survey over a fluorite mineral vein. A quantitative solution for the observed resistivity space is presented and the computational sequence involved in matching the observed space is given in detail. The interpreted results are examined in relation to the known geology, supplemented by the results of excavation, and to model tests conducted using a tank analogue. The example also illustrates how successive compositions can be employed in estimating the form of resistivity space in a relatively complex situation.     

云南基底界面速度分布与浅层断裂的爆破地震研究

利用云南地区深地震测深3条剖面中经地形校正与回折波影响校正后的P_g震相资料,先用时间场法反演其界面深度变化。再以滑动平均法求出速度沿基底界面的横向分布。分析处理的结果表明,界面速度的横向变化为研究岩性横向变化提供了依据,也是判定断裂的存在及其性质的手段之一。在速度横向变化跳跃处往往存在断裂,某些大断裂在浅部还出现深度跳跃变化或等时间线分布畸变     

MIGRATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A RUGGED INTERFACE WITH HIGH VELOCITY CONTRAST*

In the western coal-mining area of Ruhrkohle AG, reflection seismic prospecting for the Carboniferous coal measures is severely impaired by structures with halokinetic features. These structures make the interface between Mesozoic and Paleozoic layers, i.e., the top of Zechstein in general, very rugged. Unfortunately the velocity contrast at this interface is very high in that area, the ratio of velocities being 1.5 to 2.0. Therefore, migration and stacking become a problem. Three types of migration are presented:

• 1 (f, x)-time-migration with vertical time-to-depth conversion as a second step.
• 2 Kirchhoff migration down to a level determined approximately by the highest points of the top of Paleozoics, i.e., 0.35 s, and Kirchhoff-downward continuation for all times exceeding 0.35 s. Intermediate static corrections for these latter times with subsequent (f, k)-time-migration and final vertical time-to-depth conversion.
• 3 Direct depth migration in the (f, x)-domain using three interval velocities.

In all cases an intermediate picking of the velocity interfaces is necessary. In case 2 this occurs at an earlier stage of the process than in case 1, and in case 3 at a still earlier stage. The results of the second and third migration procedures are superior to those of the first. Possibilities for misinterpretation of faults are reduced considerably when the second or third migration procedure is applied.     

闽粤沿海全新世垂直构造运动的速率

基于华南地区新构造运动具有断块垂直差异运动的特征,本文主要根据目前已测定的,分布于闽粤沿海地区的若干个全新世海相沉积物的放射性年代,海拔高度等数据,初步估算和对比闽粤沿海不同断块构造区的垂直构造运动的速率,并探讨它与地震活动的关系     

A NOVEL HIGH-SPEED ALGORITHM FOR SUMMATIONAL TYPE SEISMIC VELOCITY ANALYSES*

Velocity analysis of reflection seismic data has increased in popularity with petroleum exploration personnel to such an extent that it now constitutes a significant tool in the routine digital processing program. One drawback to such an analysis is its computational cost, resulting from the numerous mathematical calculations required by a digital computer to extract comprehensive velocity information. The subject algorithm affords a computational cost saving of approximately one order of magnitude over a straightforward summational type velocity analysis with little sacrifice in accuracy. The utility of the algorithm is demonstrated on some Offshore Louisiana seismic data and a comparison of the results reveals that they are almost identical with a conventional velocity analysis. The algorithm is based on the concept that a normal-moveout pattern of time shifts may be accurately applied over a considerable span of zero-offset times to a CDP trace gather, rather than only at a single zero-offset time. With each application however, the rms-velocity associated with the moveout pattern is different. A specific relationship which associates an rms-velocity with a zero-offset time for the same moveout time delay pattern is approximated by numerical simulation studies on a digital computer.     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WELL VELOCITY SURVEYS AND THE USE OF CALIBRATED ACOUSTIC LOGS*

In recent times, velocity surveys at marine well locations have been performed using non-explosive energy sources such as air-guns and gas guns. In addition, surveys in land wells have been successfully carried out using a modified version of the air-gun. This paper illustrates some of the characteristics of these devices and compares the data obtained from typical surveys with conventional dynamite surveys. Since data obtained from well velocity surveys using non-explosive sources are now commonly recorded on tape, they lend themself to further digital processing and interpretation techniques that were not previously so conveniently available. Some examples of these processes, e.g. the examination of attenuation, frequency and energy content of the recorded well geophone signals, are given in the paper. Examples of some other digital processes, using calibrated Acoustic logs, whether recorded digitally in the field or subsequently converted from analogue recordings, are also given in the paper. These include the construction of an Acoustic log in the vertical axis from logs obtained in deviated wells.     

横向线性变速介质中的共炮检距波场延拓

对横向变速介质中振幅保真的共炮检距波场延拓方法进行了研究．在横向线性变速条件下,通过引入新的偏微分方程,给出了该介质中振幅保真的波场延拓方程．这一波场延拓方程是均匀介质中振幅保真延拓方程在横向线性变速介质中的推广．首先由线性变速介质中地震波射线的走时函数,证明了该延拓方程的运动学等价方程对横向线性变速介质中的所有炮检距和各种反射层倾角都适用．然后,通过对模型数据的计算并与传统的ＤＭＯ方法比较,证明了这一波场延拓方程能很好地保持波前的振幅特性,特别是能保持焦散点的波前的特性．     

INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY ERRORS ON THE FOCUSING ASPECTS OF MIGRATION*

In migration procedures, the velocity profile of the subsurface is the most important input information. Since, in general, this information is only approximately known, errors in the migration output due to errors in the velocity input occur in all practical applications. In migration, velocity errors and depth errors can be interchanged. This interchange property is perfect in the paraxial approximation. From this result it follows that migration with incorrect velocities may still yield correctly migrated data if the imaging principle is modified. This attractive property can be used in the stripping version of migration (recursive migration).     

CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF THE VELOCITY FUNCTION AND OF THE MOVE OUT CORRECTIONS*

Several papers presented at the last SEG Convention in Houston by Schneider, Backus et al have shown how important and fruitful it was to obtain a continuous knowledge of the velocity functions and they have solved their problem by a Dynamic Correlation Analysis. Our purpose is to introduce here a method based on the best summation of a set of traces instead of the best correlation. Practically, this approach has several advantages: 1) Two traces only can be correlated at each step whereas the summation can bear on any number of them; 2) Optimizing the summation is actually what we are looking for since, at the long end, the success of the improvement is evaluated from the compositing of several traces either weighted or not. On the other hand, an advantage of correlation is the possibility of adding correlations obtained at several places in a same neighbourhood in order to improve the results. With the summation method this is feasible only when dips are inexistent: we shall see that the difficulty due to the dip effect can be turned around. The basic principle of the method can be summed up as follows: traces relating to a same reflection point are considered; several composites are made, each after applying different move out corrections ranging widely around an estimated adequate velocity function. At each time coordinate, the best adapted velocity function, i.e. the one that yields the best phase relation between reflected events, corresponds to the composite trace the average amplitude of which is the largest. This way, the velocity function corresponding to primary reflections as well as those corresponding to multiple reflections can be established accurately. Some examples are shown.     

用相关分析法提高波速测量精度

本文尝试利用相关分析法，计算回波之间的相关系数，以确定反射波之间的走时，从而提高波速测量精度，实测表明，这种方法是可行的。     

华南地区近震走时表（速度模型）的精度检验

利用１６６次地震资料，通过３种地壳速度模型的对比，按照规定的评判原则，对《华南地区近震走时表》（速度模型）对福建及其邻区的地震定位精度进行了检验．结果表明，华南地区地壳模型（走时表）比Ｊ－Ｂ模型（走时表）更适合于本区地震的定位．     

大理石板中心受压至断裂时P波速度变化的实验研究c

本文叙述无水注入情况下,中心受压的大理石板(60060020毫米)破裂前,P波走时变化的实验结果。 路径穿过未来裂缝、靠近受压中心时,走吋上升一回降;不靠近受压中心则走时只上升。路径近于平行且靠近未来裂缝,走时一般不变。路径不穿过未来裂缝和受压中心,发射点附近形变小时,走时不变;发射点附近形变大时,走时一般下降。路径穿过受压中心吋,有些走时先上升后恢复再下降。有些则下降后回升。 这说明在岩石破裂前,破裂孕育区附近同时存在P波速正负异常区和正常区。 同时还观测到,P波速度负异常区随中心压力增加逐步扩大。 由裂缝一侧波源所得的正常区正好是由另一侧波源所得的负异常区。     

地电阻率季节干扰变化分析

结合我国实际,本文提出四类地电阻率季节变化的干扰模型.经模型理论计算及同有季节变化的四十多台站的实测资料对比得出:(1)地电阻率季节变化是探测深度偏浅时,地表层电性变化,特别是表层地下水水位年动态变化所引起的一种与地震无关的干扰变化.其变化形态与量级取决于干扰模型、地电断面类型以及探测深度.(2)通常地电阻率季节变化与浅层电阻率变化的符号一致,呈现出正常季节变化;但对 K,Q 型地电断面,当干扰层位于地表第一层时,将从某一供电极距开始,出现反常的季节干扰变化.(3)当探测深度大于300m 时,不论正常的还是反常的季节变化,其幅度都将小于2%.因此,只要适当选择台址或加大供电极距使探测深度足够大,便可排除或压低这种干扰.