测井资料Xu-White模型预测横波速度的一些新观点

目前横波预测的方法大致可以分为两种:经验公式预测和理论岩石物理模型。由于经验公式预测一般具有区域性,研究者更重视岩石物理模型预测。目前大多数岩石物理模型预测横波的方法假定地下流体的物性参数(速度和密度)不受地层深度的影响,且孔隙扁率是恒定的,实际上这并不科学。因为矿物的体积模量和剪切模量随所处地层深度发生改变,而对于孔隙扁率则随颗粒形状、孔隙度等的变化有较大变化。针对这些情况,提出一种新的改进的Xu-White横波预测方法,并可取得较好的效果。     

可变点约束叠前流体因子直接提取方法

以Gassmann流体因子(Gassmann Fluid Item,GFI)为目标,提出了一种流体因子直接提取的新方法.首先,以贝叶斯反演框架为基础,将似然函数、先验信息以及Gassmann流体因子近似方程相结合,得到初始的目标函数;其次,进一步在初始目标函数中加入可变数量的点约束信息,并得到最终的目标函数;最后,通过求解该目标函数,就直接提取出了Gassmann流体因子.该方法的主要特点是不需要初始模型的参与,而是通过一个约束模型来控制提取结果的稳定性和准确性,并且可以从约束模型中选定不同数量的约束点进行约束,称为可变点约束.给出并讨论了三种常用的不同点约束模式和原则,并用模型说明了它们不同的约束效果.模型验证和实际应用结果皆以表明,该方法即使在叠前数据信噪比很低的情况下也能较好地提取出Gassmann流体因子,流体因子提取结果客观性高、稳定性好,并且能够与已知的流体解释结果很好地匹配,益于进一步推广应用.     

近断层双向水平地震作用下隔震结构地震反应

近断层地震动脉冲特性在2个水平分量上具有差异,采用平方和开方法分析了近断层脉冲地震动双向地震作用下基础隔震结构和组合隔震结构的隔震层位移,并与近断层脉冲单向地震作用进行了对比分析,结果表明:若仅地震动加速度峰值大的分量或2个方向分量均存在明显速度脉冲,则产生的隔震层位移大于单向地震动;若仅地震动加速度峰值小的分量存在明...     

Velocities of compressional and shear waves in limestones

Carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks with complex textures and petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability) mainly resulting from various diagenetic processes (compaction, dissolution, precipitation, cementation, etc.). These complexities make prediction of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity and permeability) from their seismic properties very difficult. To explore the relationship between the seismic, petrophysical and geological properties, ultrasonic compressional‐ and shear‐wave velocity measurements were made under a simulated in situ condition of pressure (50 MPa hydrostatic effective pressure) at frequencies of approximately 0.85 MHz and 0.7 MHz, respectively, using a pulse‐echo method. The measurements were made both in vacuum‐dry and fully saturated conditions in oolitic limestones of the Great Oolite Formation of southern England. Some of the rocks were fully saturated with oil. The acoustic measurements were supplemented by porosity and permeability measurements, petrological and pore geometry studies of resin‐impregnated polished thin sections, X‐ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscope studies to investigate submicroscopic textures and micropores. It is shown that the compressional‐ and shear‐wave velocities (V_p and V_s, respectively) decrease with increasing porosity and that V_p decreases approximately twice as fast as V_s. The systematic differences in pore structures (e.g. the aspect ratio) of the limestones produce large residuals in the velocity versus porosity relationship. It is demonstrated that the velocity versus porosity relationship can be improved by removing the pore‐structure‐dependent variations from the residuals. The introduction of water into the pore space decreases the shear moduli of the rocks by about 2 GPa, suggesting that there exists a fluid/matrix interaction at grain contacts, which reduces the rigidity. The predicted Biot–Gassmann velocity values are greater than the measured velocity values due to the rock–fluid interaction. This is not accounted for in the Biot–Gassmann velocity models and velocity dispersion due to a local flow mechanism. The velocities predicted by the Raymer and time‐average relationships overestimated the measured velocities even more than the Biot model.     

甘宁青地区强震孕育的深部电性和力学环境

以200多点次的大地电磁测深资料和6条人工地震测深剖面的资料为根据，结合重力测量和地热流观测资料，分析研究了甘肃、宁夏和青海地区的强震孕育的深部环境。认为强震孕育在增厚的低阻层的顶部，低速层的上方以及介质在横向上电性和力学性质均剧烈变化的环境之中。这些条件的实质是在地应力作用下纵、横向地层变形不一致，在这不协调之处极有利于应力集中。     

岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用

通过融合Gassmann方程和由微分等效介质理论建立的干岩石骨架模型--DEM解析模型,本文提出根据纵波(和横波)速度反演岩石等效孔隙纵横比进行储层孔隙结构评价和横波速度预测的方法.首先,利用Gassmann方程和DEM解析模型建立岩石的纵、横波速度与密度、孔隙度、饱和度和矿物组分等各参数之间的关系;其次,将岩石孔隙等效为具有单一纵横比的理想椭球孔,应用非线性全局寻优算法来寻找最佳的等效孔隙纵横比使得理论预测与实际测量的弹性模量之间的误差最小;最后,将反演得到的等效孔隙纵横比代入到Gassmann方程和DEM解析模型中构建横波速度.实验室和井孔测量数据应用表明,反演得到的等效孔隙纵横比可准确反映储层的孔隙结构,对于裂缝型储层如花岗岩,其孔隙纵横比通常小于0.025,而对于孔隙型储层如砂岩,其孔隙纵横比通常大于0.08.只利用纵波与同时利用纵、横波反演得到的孔隙纵横比结果几乎完全一致,而且由纵波构建的横波与实测横波吻合良好,说明本文提出的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其横波速度预测方法是有效的.     

SOME ASPECTS OF HANDLING VELOCITY INVERSION AND HIDDEN LAYER PROBLEMS IN SEISMIC REFRACTION WORK*

There are two types of masked layers in seismic refraction work: the velocity reversal (low-velocity layer) and the hidden layer (insufficient velocity contrast or layer thickness). On the basis of an analytical formulation of the general case of a masked layer under an overburden of plane and parallel multiple refractors the two limiting cases are discussed: the solution resulting from an uncritical interpretation of the measured time-distance curve and the blind zone solution. Between these two limiting cases there is a variety of possible masked layer solutions. These no-blind zone solutions—as well as the blind zone solution itself—are formulated separately for the velocity inversion and the hidden layer case. For the evaluation of some no-blind zone solution a diagram is presented which can be used for any case of multiple refractors in the overburden of the masked layer. However, it is only for the three- and the four-layer case that a blind zone interpretation by use of diagrams is advisable. Such diagrams are presented together with the basic sets of formulae which contain as parameters only ratios of velocities and layer thicknesses. As the velocity of the masked layer is usually unknown the diagrams are principally constructed to show the dependence on the masked layer velocity. This is useful for estimation of the largest possible error.     

Complex rays applied to wave propagation in a viscoelastic medium

In order to trace a ray between known source and receiver locations in a perfectly elastic medium, the take-off angle must be determined, or equialently, the ray parameter. In a viscoelastic medium, the initial value of a second angle, the attenuation angle (the angle between the normal to the plane wavefront and the direction of maximum attenuation), must also be determined. There seems to be no agreement in the literature as to how this should be done. In computing anelastic synthetic seismograms, some authors have simply chosen arbitrary numerical values for the initial attenuation angle, resulting in different raypaths for different choices. There exists, however, a procedure in which the arbitrariness is not present, i.e., in which the raypath is uniquely determined. It consists of computing the value of the anelastic ray parameter for which the phase function is stationary (Fermat's principle). This unique value of the ray parameter gives unique values for the take-off and attenuation angles. The coordinates of points on these stationary raypaths are complex numbers. Such rays are known as complex rays. They have been used to study electromagnetic wave propagation in lossy media. However, ray-synthetic seismograms can be computed by this procedure without concern for the details of complex raypath coordinates. To clarify the nature of complex rays, we study two examples involving a ray passing through a vertically inhomogeneous medium. In the first example, the medium consists of a sequence of discrete homogeneous layers. We find that the coordinates of points on the ray are generally complex (other than the source and receiver points which are usually assumed to lie in real space), except for a ray which is symmetric about an axis down its center, in which case the center point of the ray lies in real space. In the second example, the velocity varies continuously and linearly with depth. We show that, in geneneral, the turning point of the ray lies in complex space (unlike the symmetric ray in the discrete layer case), except if the ratio of the velocity gradient to the complex frequency-dependent velocity at the surface is a real number. We also present a numerical example which demonstrates that the differences between parameters, such as arrival time and raypath angles, for the stationary ray and for rays computed by the above-mentioned arbitrary approaches can be substantial.     

Applicability of the Dual‐Domain Model to Nonaggregated Porous Media

More theoretical analysis is needed to investigate why a dual‐domain model often works better than the classical advection‐dispersion (AD) model in reproducing observed breakthrough curves for relatively homogeneous porous media, which do not contain distinct dual domains. Pore‐scale numerical experiments presented here reveal that hydrodynamics create preferential flow paths that occupy a small part of the domain but where most of the flow takes place. This creates a flow‐dependent configuration, where the total domain consists of a mobile and an immobile domain. Mass transfer limitations may result in nonequilibrium, or significant differences in concentration, between the apparent mobile and immobile zones. When the advection timescale is smaller than the diffusion timescale, the dual‐domain mass transfer (DDMT) model better captures the tailing in the breakthrough curve. Moreover, the model parameters (mobile porosity, mean solute velocity, dispersivity, and mass transfer coefficient) demonstrate nonlinear dependency on mean fluid velocity. The studied case also shows that when the Peclet number, Pe, is large enough, the mobile porosity approaches a constant, and the mass transfer coefficient can be approximated as proportional to mean fluid velocity. Based on detailed analysis at the pore scale, this paper provides a physical explanation why these model parameters vary in certain ways with Pe. In addition, to improve prediction in practical applications, we recommend conducting experiments for parameterization of the DDMT model at a velocity close to that of the relevant field sites, or over a range of velocities that may allow a better parameterization.     

地震密度反演及地层孔隙度估计

地层密度直接与孔隙度、孔隙流体类型、饱和度和骨架矿物成分有关.本文通过理论分析和计算,讨论了油气藏储层物性参数变化引起的密度变化及密度变化对地震波速度、阻抗和振幅的影响,提出了基于完全纵波方程的全波形地震密度反演和孔隙度估计方法,克服了常规地震密度反演对地震数据更多处理引起的信号畸变,提高了地震密度反演和地层孔隙度估计的精度.该方法采用波场导数的时间积分和多炮求和,对地震数据中的噪声具有比较强的压制作用.理论模型研究表明该方法是可行的.通过对我国西部某气田实际数据处理、分析和反演,获得了地层密度和孔隙度,结果与测井基本吻合,证明了预测结果的准确性和方法的有效性,从而为后续的有效储层预测和储量计算提供了可靠的数据.     

Constraints on velocity-depth trends from rock physics models

Estimates of depth, overpressure and amount of exhumation based on sonic data for a sedimentary formation rely on identification of a normal velocity–depth trend for the formation. Such trends describe how sonic velocity increases with depth in relatively homogeneous, brine‐saturated sedimentary formations as porosity is reduced during normal compaction (mechanical and chemical). Compaction is ‘normal’ when the fluid pressure is hydrostatic and the thickness of the overburden has not been reduced by exhumation. We suggest that normal porosity at the surface for a given lithology should be constrained by its critical porosity, i.e. the porosity limit above which a particular sediment exists only as a suspension. Consequently, normal velocity at the surface of unconsolidated sediments saturated with brine approaches the velocity of the sediment in suspension. Furthermore, porosity must approach zero at infinite depth, so the velocity approaches the matrix velocity of the rock and the velocity–depth gradient approaches zero. For sediments with initially good grain contact (when porosity is just below the critical porosity), the velocity gradient decreases with depth. By contrast, initially compliant sediments may have a maximum velocity gradient at some depth if we assume that porosity decreases exponentially with depth. We have used published velocity–porosity–depth relationships to formulate normal velocity–depth trends for consolidated sandstone with varying clay content and for marine shale dominated by smectite/illite. The first relationship is based on a modified Voigt trend (porosity scaled by critical porosity) and the second is based on a modified time‐average equation. Baselines for sandstone and shale in the North Sea agree with the established constraints and the shale trend can be applied to predict overpressure. A normal velocity–depth trend for a formation cannot be expressed from an arbitrary choice of mathematical functions and regression parameters, but should be considered as a physical model linked to the velocity–porosity transforms developed in rock physics.     

矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响

震电测井的现场试验中测得电磁首波幅值大于伴随电场幅值,这种情况在前人的理论模拟和模型井测量中从未出现.本文研究矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响,基于Pride方程和边界连续条件模拟了震电测井波场,其中井外孔隙地层可以视为均匀的或者是径向分层的.计算结果表明:对于均匀孔隙地层,当井内流体矿化度大于井外地层孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;井内流体矿化度与井外地层孔隙流体矿化度的比值越大,电磁首波相对伴随斯通利波的电场的幅值越大.对于径向分层地层,当井内流体矿化度大于内层地层的孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;当外层地层矿化度小于内层地层矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;增加内层地层厚度,电场全波幅值减小,电磁首波相对伴随电场的幅值减小.本文的模拟结果表明,震电测井中确实会出现电磁首波幅值比伴随电场幅值还大的情况,这对于解释震电测井的测量结果具有指导意义.     

Effective bulk modulus of the pore fluid at patchy saturation

We explore a package of parallel porous layers, each filled with a different fluid. Assume that this package is sampled by an elastic wave with the wavelength much larger than the thickness of an individual layer. Also assume that the layers are hydraulically isolated from each other, meaning that the diffusion length is smaller than that of the individual layer. This assumption is relevant to a patchy saturation scenario. Suppose that we wish to conduct the fluid substitution operation on this package treated as a single porous elastic body. What is the effective bulk modulus of the pore fluid to be used in this operation that will result in the same elastic modulus as computed by Backus averaging the individual moduli of the layers? We address this question analytically by assuming that the porosity, dry frame, and the mineral matrix properties of the individual layers are the same for all layers. The only difference between the layers is the pore fluid. We find that the resulting effective bulk modulus of the fluid thus derived falls between the arithmetic and harmonic averages of the fluid bulk moduli in the layers. It can be approximated by a linear combination of these two bounds where the weights are 0.50 and 0.50 or 0.75 for the arithmetic average and 0.25 for the harmonic average, depending on the elastic moduli of the dry frame, the mineral, and the pore fluids. This solution also provides a relation between the effective bulk modulus of the pore fluid in the system under examination and water saturation to be used in the fluid substitution operation at a coarse spatial scale.     

基于Gassmann方程的流体替换方法在珊溪水库地震研究中的应用

引入基于Gassmann方程的流体替换方法,在分析地震波P波速度、波速比与岩石孔隙度和饱和度关系的基础上,应用于珊溪水库地震波速比和P波速度变化特征研究,得到:(1)珊溪水库震中区岩石始终处于接近水饱和的饱水状态,波速比和P波速度"下降-回升"的变化实质上反映了震中区岩石"孔隙度增大(饱和度减小)-饱和度增大"的变化,每一丛地震的波速比由极小值逐渐增大为极大值是由于岩石从不饱和状态变化到饱和状态;(2)根据每一丛地震波速比的变化,计算得到珊溪水库流体扩散率αs=1.06×104 cm2 s-1,该数值与美国南卡罗莱纳水库、巴西Acu水库、广东新丰江水库的流体扩散率基本一致;(3)震源区岩石孔隙度上限值为8.7%~2.0%,该数值与华东勘测设计研究院通过室内岩石物理力学性质试验测定的珊溪水库坝址区新鲜流纹斑岩的孔隙度平均值一致。     

Improved understanding of velocity–saturation relationships using 4D computer-tomography acoustic measurements

A recently developed laboratory method allows for simultaneous imaging of fluid distribution and measurements of acoustic‐wave velocities during flooding experiments. Using a specially developed acoustic sample holder that combines high pressure capacity with good transparency for X‐rays, it becomes possible to investigate relationships between velocity and fluid saturation at reservoir stress levels. High‐resolution 3D images can be constructed from thin slices of cross‐sectional computer‐tomography scans (CT scans) covering the entire rock‐core volume, and from imaging the distribution of fluid at different saturation levels. The X‐ray imaging clearly adds a new dimension to rock‐physics measurements; it can be used in the explanation of variations in measured velocities from core‐scale heterogeneities. Computer tomography gives a detailed visualization of density regimes in reservoir rocks within a core. This allows an examination of the interior of core samples, revealing inhomogeneities, porosity and fluid distribution. This mapping will not only lead to an explanation of acoustic‐velocity measurements; it may also contribute to an increased understanding of the fluid‐flow process and gas/liquid mixing mechanisms in rock. Immiscible and miscible flow in core plugs can be mapped simultaneously with acoustic measurements. The effects of core heterogeneity and experimentally introduced effects can be separated, to clarify the validity of measured velocity relationships.     

煤层中流体地震可探测性的模拟分析

作为一种典型的强阻抗差低阻抗薄层,煤层中孔隙含流体时是否会引起地震反射产生明显的异常是回答地震检测流体是否可行的根本.为此,本文针对强阻抗差薄层模型,基于Biot双相介质理论,通过弹性波有限差分法数值模拟,与各向同性单相介质假设的煤层反射对比,探讨了反射复合波受煤层孔隙度及流体性质变化的影响程度.模拟分析发现：由于薄层孔隙度和孔隙流体属性的变化在Biot理论中表现为纵波速度的变化,PP波反射AVO（Amplitude Versus Offset,振幅随偏移距变化）特征对薄层是否含流体相对敏感;综合使用PP与PS波对比有利于薄层中流体的预测;孔隙度一定时,PP波反射振幅随着含气饱和度的增加而增大;受薄层调谐作用的影响,孔隙和流体变化对煤层反射的频谱特征影响不大,近似于单相介质时的情况.     

Estimating gas saturation in a thin layer by using frequency‐dependent amplitude versus offset modelling

Various models have been proposed to link partial gas saturation to seismic attenuation and dispersion, suggesting that the reflection coefficient should be frequency‐dependent in many cases of practical importance. Previous approaches to studying this phenomenon typically have been limited to single‐interface models. Here, we propose a modelling technique that allows us to incorporate frequency‐dependent reflectivity into convolutional modelling. With this modelling framework, seismic data can be synthesised from well logs of velocity, density, porosity, and water saturation. This forward modelling could act as a basis for inversion schemes aimed at recovering gas saturation variations with depth. We present a Bayesian inversion scheme for a simple thin‐layer case and a particular rock physics model and show that, although the method is very sensitive to prior information and constraints, both gas saturation and layer thickness theoretically can be estimated in the case of interfering reflections.     

基于Xu-White模型横波速度预测的误差分析

在砂泥岩剖面中,基于Gassmann方程和Xu-White岩石物理模型,利用常规测井资料及实验室岩石物理数据进行横波速度估算.模型中考虑了泥质砂岩中基质性质、泥质含量、孔隙度大小和孔隙形状以及孔隙饱含流体性质对岩石速度的影响.综合分析了模型中砂、泥岩和孔隙流体弹性参数以及孔隙纵横比等输入参数的误差对预测横波速度精度的影响.数值模型试验表明,在Xu-White模型中采用变化的孔隙纵横比估算出的横波速度远远比采用固定孔隙纵横比估算出的横波速度准确.     

核磁共振成像岩心分析方法研究

利用核磁共振成像技术、图像处理技术进行了岩心分析方法研究。阐述了核磁共振成像原理及图像处理软件功能。通过岩心测试分析计算方法研究,建立了核磁共振成像测试分析计算岩心内部结构,岩心孔隙度参数和孔隙度分布图像、渗透率分布图像,可动流体百分数图像,油水识别图像方法。表明:核磁共振图像不仅能够给出岩心总孔隙度,渗透率物性参数,而且能够给出岩心孔隙度,渗透率分布信息。根据可动流体百分数图像,可观察到可动流体在岩心中的分布情况。核磁共振成像油水识别方法,给出了油水在岩心中的分布情况,并可计算油、水饱和度。建立的岩心磁共振成像分析研究方法,可应用于油田储层评价,开发试验以及提高采收率研究。     

中国南海北部陆坡孔隙度的求取

孔隙度在岩石物理和地震勘探领域都是一个非常重要的参数,水饱和地层的孔隙度可以用于求海底地层的弹性模量进而求取纵横波速度、识别水合物以及估计水合物的储量等.然而在没有打钻的情况下要相对准确地了解海底未固结成岩地层的孔隙度变化趋势是困难的.历史上有学者提出了几个模型,都是基于孔隙度随深度的增加呈现指数下降的趋势,并且需要知道指数模型中的若干参数,因此就产生了两个问题,一是孔隙度是否随深度增加而呈现指数下降,二是指数模型中参数如何选取.本文从另外一个角度,即利用海底介质的压实性从表层开始往下逐层求取水饱和地层的孔隙度,此方法被称之为"体积模量法",它仅需要知道表层孔隙度和地层矿物组分,从而节省了勘探成本.本文将该方法应用于我国南海地区和美国ODP井数据,结果与测井数据以及地震反演数据吻合得较好.