The circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea and northern East China Sea in June 1999

On the basis of hydrographic data and current measurement (the mooring system, vessel-mounted ADCP and toward ADCP) data obtained in June 1999, the circulations in the southern Huang-hai Sea (HS) and northern East China Sea (ECS) are computed by using the modified inverse method. The Kuroshio flows northeastward through eastern part of the investigated region and has the main core at Section PN, a northward flow at the easternmost part of Section PN, a weaker anti-cyclonic eddy between these two northward flows, and a weak cyclonic eddy at the western part of Section PN. The above current structure is one type of the current structures at Section PN in ECS. The net northward volume transport (VT) of the Kuroshio and the offshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCOB) through Section PN is about 26.2×106m3/s in June 1999. The VT of the inshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCIB) through the investigated region is about 0.4×106m3/s. The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) has much effect on the currents over the     

Variability of the circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea and East China Sea during the two investigative cruises in June 1999

1IntroductionAlotofworkonthestudyofthecircula-tionintheHuanghai(Yellow)Sea(HS)andEastChinaSea(ECS)hasbeenmadeandreviewedbyscientists,suchasSu(1998),Suetal.(1994),Guan(1985),YuanandSu(1983,2000),Yuanetal.(1997,1988,1994,2001),Tangetal.(2000)andsoon.Inthispapertheseworks willnotbereviewedagainduetolimitationofpages.Thejointinvestigationontheair-seainteractionprocessofcycloneoutbreakoverthesouthernHuanghaiSeaandEastChinaSeawascarriedoutinthecooperativestudybytheChinese(in-clusiveofTaiwa…     

黄、东海环流的数值研究Ⅲ——正压环流的数值模拟

依据黄、东海环流的的动力学模型 ,运用“流速分解法”对黄、东海正压环流进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明冬季黄海正压环流主要受风应力影响 ,基本形态为黄海暖流由济州岛西南进入南黄海中部 ,其东西两侧分别为两支向南流动的沿岸流 ;夏季主要受到潮致体力的影响 ,为一逆时针涡旋。东海环流主要是边界力作用驱动的结果 ,东海黑潮、台湾暖流和对马暖流较稳定。冬季风应力对东海环流表层流场有消弱作用 ,在夏季则有一定增强作用。     

Three-dimensional numerical calculations of currents east of Taiwan Island in December 1997

numerical calculationsI~IOXAInong the numerical studies Of the circulation east of Taiwan Island, there were some studies, such as Yuan et al. (1998a, b), Wang et al. (1998). In their work, the Kuroshio east ofTaiwan Island and the currents southeast of Rgukyu-guntO were computed by using three-dimensional diagnOStic, semidiagnostic and prognostic model, respectively, based on the wind and hydrographic data obtained from two cruises, i. e., one cruise during October 1995, and the otherin…     

Three dimensional diagnostic, semidiagnostic and prognostic calculations of current in the East China Sea in April of 1994

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东中国海环流及其季节变化的数值模拟

关于东中国海环流的研究，国内外学者已做了大量的工作。早期科学家们主要依赖于对温盐资料和少数测流资料的分析研究对渤、黄、东海的环流结构有了较系统和深入的认识。东中国海环流是由一个气旋式的“流涡”组成，东侧主要是北上的黑潮-对马暖流-黄海暖流及其延伸部分；西侧为南下的沿岸流系。黑潮对东中国海环流的影响是如此之大，以致于除了某些局部区域外，上述海域主要流系的冬、夏季分布形式比较相似而无本质上的差异(胡敦欣等，1993)。但本文所研究海域正处于世界上最显著的季风区，冬、夏季盛行风向基本相反，过渡季节(春、秋季)风向多变，风力减弱；海洋热盐结构季节变化明显(如冬季混合强，而夏季层化明显等)，这些因素都使得东中国海环流存在着较明显的季节变化。 自20世纪80年代以来，东中国海环流的数值模拟工作逐步展开，并已成为研究环流结构及其形成机制的强有力工具。但由于数值模式本身以及计算方案的缺陷(如有些学者用固定的风场、温盐场对东中国海环流进行诊断模拟等)和观测资料的不足，数值模拟的结果难以得到验证，渤、黄、东海的环流研究中仍有大量的问题存在争议，以待澄清。例如，台湾暖流的来源、流径;对马暖流的来源;夏季黄海暖流的流径以及黄海冷水团环流等均有不同的论述。对黄、东海环流季节变化的数值模拟工作也较少，多用冬、夏典型月份的风场强迫积分至稳定态，给出冬、夏季环流，这种做法值得商榷。三维环流模式很难在1个月内达到稳定态，尤其是夏季层化明显、风力减弱的情况下，非常定风场的影响更应引起人们的重视。 本文采用比较符合实际的计算方案，用年循环风场和海面热通量场为外强迫，对渤、黄、东海的环流及其季节变化进行了模拟，并对一些争议问题进行了探讨。     

东中国海拉格朗日环流数值模拟Ⅱ.环流模拟

依据自适应数值模型，模拟了东中国海冬、夏季三维斜压Lagrange环流。模拟发现：台湾暖流的上层水来自台湾海峡入流和台湾东北黑潮的表层水；50m以下的深底层水主要由台湾东北黑潮的次表层水入侵陆架生成。冬季对马暖流外海一侧主要由黑潮水构成，而其近陆一侧由台湾暖流和陆架混合水构成，西朝鲜沿岸流在济州海峡汇入对马暖流；夏季它还包含转向后的长江冲淡水。冬季黄海暖流并非对马暖流的直接分支，黄海暖流水是对马暖流水和陆架水混合而成，这与传统观点相悖，而与中韩黄海水循环动力学合作调查结果一致。黄海暖流东西两侧分别为2支向南流动的滑岸流。夏季黄海环流构成基本封闭的逆时针环流。冬季渤海环流主要有一逆时针大环流，但辽东湾的环流是顺时针向的。渤海环流冬强夏弱，水流在渤海海峡北进南出。     

黄、东海地理环境与环流系统分析——长江口及济州岛邻近海域综合调查研究报告(第二章)

简要介绍了黄海和东海的地理环境概况,着重分析调查海域的环流系统。有如下一些初步看法与结论。 台湾暖流的前缘混合水,可从长江冲淡水底层穿越而影响到苏北沿岸,直到32°N以北的浅水区域。对马暖流西侧的水体是东海混合水,而其东侧为黑潮分支。黄海暖流的流向在不同季节具有规律的摆动。黄海底层冷水团属于季节性水团,其强盛及消衰与温跃层的形成及消亡紧密相关。黄海底层冷水团与中部底层冷水并非每年彼此独立,它们的共同特征甚至比其差异更明显。夏季东海冷水不能借助爬升侵入黄海底层冷水团内部。在济州岛南部区域,中层的逆温、逆盐现象,是由黄海密度环流的扩散效应与东海冷水沿黄海底层冷水团边界的爬升这两个原因而形成的。     

黄海、东海表、上层实测流分析

根据迄今为止所获得的142套锚碇浮标和58套卫星跟踪漂流浮标的大范围测流资料，综合分析了黄海、东海表、上层环流。研究结果更加清晰、形象、直观地展示了黑潮及其向对马暖流的分支，台湾暖流的分叉，和黄海暖流、长江冲淡水及涡旋发达海区的若干主要特征。     

Thermal fronts and cross-frontal heat flux in the southern Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

Synoptic features in/around thermal fronts and cross-frontal heat fluxes in the southern Huanghai./Yellow Sea and East China Sea （HES） were examined using the data collected from four airborne expendable bathythermograph surveys with horizontal approxmately 35 km and vertical 1 m（from the surface to 400 m deep） spacings. Since the fronts are strongly affected by HES current system, the synoptic thermal features in/around them represent the interaction of currents with surrounding water masses. These features can not be obtained from climatological data. The identified thermal features are listed as follows ： （ 1 ） multiple boundaries of cold water, asymmetric thermocline intrusion, locally-split front by homogeneous water of approxmately 18 ℃, and mergence of the front by the Taiwan Warm Current in/around summertime southern Cheju - Changjiang/Yangtze front and Tsushima front; （2） springtime frontal eddy-like feature around Tsushima front; （3） year-round cyclonic meandering and summertime temperature-inversion at the bottom of the surface mixed layer in Cheju - Tsushima front; and （4） multistructure of Kuroshio front. In the Kuroshio front the mean variance of vertical temperature gradient is an order of degree smaller than that in other HES fronts. The southern Cheju- Changjiang front and Cheju -Tsushima front are connected with each other in the summer with comparable cross-frontal temperature gradient. However, cross-frontal heat flux and lateral eddy diffusivity are stronger in the southern Cheju - Changjiang front. The cross-frontal heat exchange is the largest in the mixing zone between the modified Huanghai Sea bottom cold water and the Tsushima Warm Current, which is attributable to enhanced thermocline intrusions.     

Ecological characteristics of Ostracoda in the South Huanghai Sea and East China Sea

ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＯｓｔｒａｃｏｄａｉｎｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＨｕａｎｇｈａｉＳｅａａｎｄＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ￥ＣｈｅｎＲｕｉｘｉａｎｇａｎｄＬｉｎＪｉｎｇｈｏｎｇ（ＴｈｉｒｄＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａ...     

东海北部气旋涡区冬半年水文特征的初步分析

关于东海北部气旋涡区夏半年水文结构及其逐月变化,作者已作了比较系统的分析。本文是上述工作的继续。鉴于冬半年海水的温、盐度等要素垂直分布均匀,其结构简单,而夏半年几个突出的水文现象大多没有出现,因此,本文叙述的方式和内容同前文是不同的。 迄今,只有毛汉礼等(1964)曾对研究海区冬季的水文特征以及海水类型作过分析,但对这一海区的水文特征在冬半年的变化规律尚未见报道。历史资料表明,该海区在冬     

中国近海及其附近海域若干涡旋研究综述Ⅱ.东海和琉球群岛以东海域

综述东海和琉球群岛以东海域若干气旋型和反气旋型涡旋的研究.对东海陆架、200m以浅海域,主要讨论了东海西南部反气旋涡、济州岛西南气旋式涡和长江口东北气旋式冷涡.东海两侧和陆坡附近出现了各种不同尺度的涡旋,其动力原因之一是与东海黑潮弯曲现象有很大关系,其次也与地形、琉球群岛存在等有关.东海黑潮有两种类型弯曲:黑潮锋弯曲和黑潮路径弯曲.黑潮第一种弯曲出现了锋面涡旋,评述了锋面涡旋的存在时间尺度与空间尺度和结构等;也指出了黑潮第二种弯曲,即路径弯曲时在其两侧出现了中尺度气旋式和反气旋涡,讨论了它们的变化的特性.特别讨论了冲绳北段黑潮弯曲路径和中尺度涡的相互作用,着重指出,当气旋式涡在冲绳海槽北段成长,并充分地发展,其周期约在1~3个月时,它的空间尺度成长到约为200km(此尺度相当于冲绳海槽的纬向尺度)时,黑潮路径从北段转移到南段.也分析了东海黑潮流量和其附近中尺度涡的相互作用.最后指出在琉球群岛以东、以南海域,经常出现各种不同的中尺度反气旋式和气旋式涡,讨论了它们在时间与空间尺度上变化的特征.     

Characteristics of thermal finestructure in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from airborne expendable bathythermograph measurements

Four surveys of airborne expendable bathythermograph with horizontal spacing of about 35 km and vertical spacing of 1 m extending from the surface down to 400 m deep are used to analyze thermal finestructures and their seasonality in frontal zones of the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Finestructure characteristics are different not only among fronts but also along the same front, implying different mixing mechanisms. Summer thermocline intrusions with thickness from few to 40 meters, generated by the vertically-sheared advection, are identified along the southern tongue of the Cheju-Yangtze Front (especially south of Cheju Island). The finestructures south of the Yangtze Bank (i.e. the western tip of the southern tongue) produced by strong along-frontal currents are not as rich as elsewhere in the southern tongue. The Cheju-Tsushima Front presents mixed finestructures due to confluent currents from various origins. The irregular-staircase finestructures in the Kuroshio region (below the seasonal thermocline), driven by double-diffusive mixing, show seasonal invariance and vertical/horizontal coherence. The strength of mixing related to finestructure is weaker in the Kuroshio region than in the Cheju-Tsushima Front or south of Cheju Island. The profiles in the Tsushima Warm Current branching area show large (∼50 m thick), irregular-staircase structures at the upper 230 m depth, which coincides roughly with the lower boundary of the maximum salinity layer. The finestructure at depths deeper 230 m is similar to that in the Kuroshio region. The possible mechanisms for generating the finestructures are also discussed.     

Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea in 1993 and 1994

INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyworksabouttheKuroshioVTintheEastChinaSeaanditsseasonalvariabil*ThisprojectwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaundercontractNo.49776287.1.SecondinstituteofOceanography,StateOceanicAdministration,Hangzhou310012,Chinaity(Guan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;SunandKaneko,1993;Yuanetal.,1990,1993,1994,1995).Thecomputationmethodusedtobethedynamicmethod(Guan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;SunandKaneko,1993),butrecentlytheinverseandthemodifiedinversemetho…     

台湾岛以东涡旋及东海黑潮的变化特征

台湾岛以东海域是黑潮变异最为强烈的区域之一,副热带逆流(STCC)区产生的大量涡旋西传至此,对台湾以东的黑潮流径和流量产生较大影响。但是受观测资料限制,目前对这些涡旋的垂向结构尚不清楚。利用ARGO剖面浮标资料并结合卫星高度计资料,对台湾岛以东的涡旋垂向结构及其运动特征进行了详细的分析。通过分析表明,这些涡旋垂向尺度可以深达2 000 m,水平尺度约200 km,其表层切向速度可以达60 cm/s,与黑潮流速相当,而在1 000 m层上的平均切向流速还可达8 cm/s左右。根据高度计资料分析,这些涡旋是源自STCC区的Rossby波西传结果,其Rossby变形半径为43 km,其相速度约4.2 cm/s。另外,根据浮标观测表明,1 000 m层上东海黑潮按照流速可明显分成3个区段。     

Water characteristics and movements of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in summer

Water characteristics of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and its movement in summer are examined from the analysis of the recent hydrographic data collected in adjacent seas of Cheju Island. It is suggested that the Yellow Sea Warm Current water in the northeastern China Sea is a mixture of Western North Pacific Central Water and the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water in the ratio of 7 to 3. It is characterized by salinities of 34.2 < S < 34.5% and temperatures of 13 < T < 15°C at depths below 50 m. The Yellow Sea Warm Current does not seem to extend into the Yellow Sea as previously believed, at least in summer, but instead it turns eastward around Cheju.     

东海北部一个夏季气旋型涡旋的初步分析

近十年来,随着海洋探测技术的发展,在世界各大洋里都发现了中尺度涡旋,这是物理海洋学上的重大进展之一。目前所发现的中尺度涡旋,不管是在大洋里,还是在极地区,一般均处于千米以上的深水区。但在陆架浅海区，海底摩擦要消耗大量的能量,是否也会出现这类涡旋,这是一个令人感兴趣的问题。 根据现有文献和我们对近几年东海水文调查资料的初步分析得知,在我国陆架区至少有两个气旋型涡旋,一个在台湾东北的彭佳屿附近海域,另一个在济州岛西南海域。对前者,管秉贤(1978)和M.Uda(1974)等均从冷水团的角度进行过研究,特别是日本学者在此海域进行了多次调査。至于后者,井上尚文(1975)曾根据1969年11月投放的“人工水母”(即底层流示踪器)的资料分析指出:“在黄海暖流和黄海沿岸流两股底层流的中间区域,有黄海冷水伸入。在秋、冬期间,南北流向呈反时针方向旋转。从而可以认为,以调查海区的中部(济州岛南面)海底为中心,有一个范围相当大的环流存在。”由此人们自然会提出这样一个问题:在春、夏两季,这一反时针方向的水平环流是否继续存在。尤其在夏季,自南北上进入黄海和东海的黑潮及其分支(对马暖流和黄海暖流)与黄海、东海沿岸流系交错汇合,盘踞在下层的冷水又极度发展,使得环流结构和水文状况较冬季复杂得多,这时的情况又将变得怎样?本文主要根据1972年7-8月常规水文观测资料,同时参照近几年的水文资料,对此问题作一初步探讨。 本文研究的重点海区的范围是30°30′-33°00′N,124°00′-127°E,如图1阴影部分所示。为了便于资料的分析,在绘制温、盐度等平面分布图时,将其范扩大到28°-34°N之间的大部分海域。 本文引用的资料主要来源于国家海洋局标准断面调查资料,东海渔业资源调査资料，日本气象厅海洋气象观测资料和南朝鲜水产振兴院海洋观测资料。     

渤、黄、东海夏季环流的数值模拟

在POM的基础上 ,建立一个σ坐标系下的三维斜压预报模式 ,考虑了海底地形、外来流、长江径流、海面风应力、海面热交换等多方面因素的影响 ,较好地模拟了夏季东中国海环流的情况。其结果表明 ,黑潮在流经东海时沿东海陆坡流动 ,其途径随陆坡等深线走向而变 ,在其两侧出现一些涡旋。夏季台湾暖流上层水主要来自台湾海峡 ,底层水主要由台湾东面黑潮的次表层水入侵陆架生成。夏季进入朝鲜海峡的对马暖流的来源是多方面的 ,其中有 :台湾暖流、黑潮分支、长江冲淡水与西朝鲜沿岸流的混合水。长江冲淡水在出长江口后 ,很快转向北流动 ,到34°N附近转向东南方向。在长江口东北面存在两个中尺度的涡旋。夏季黄海冷水环流由南北两部分组成 ,表层流速大 ,底层流速小。在青岛 石岛附近还存在一个中尺度的反气旋型涡旋     

SOME PROBLEMS ON THE FLOW IN THE SOUTH OF THE EAST CHINA SEA

Based on the observational current meter data from two mooring systems located between Chilung and the Pengjiayu Island from July 1980 to July 1981, and other oceanographic observational data in the south of the East China Sea, some problems on the flow of seawater in this area in summer are analysed in this paper. It is considered that a possible passage where the subsurface water of the Kuroshio flows into continental shelf area of the East China Sea is the lower layer of the region between Chilung and the point of 122°30′ E, 25°40′N. After passing through this passage, it flows roughly towards northeast along about 100 m isobath. The "Taiwan Warm Current" coming from the Taiwan Strait only passes through the upper layer of this area. The influence of the Taiwan Island on the flow and the eddies in this area are also discussed.