南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡正压潮数值模拟

本文利用高分辨率的有限体积海洋模型(FVCOM)模拟了南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡附近海区的M_2、S_2、K_1与O_1四个主要分潮,模拟结果与验潮站资料基本符合。将模拟结果计算并利用潮汐调和常数绘制了同潮图,该海峡附近海域的潮汐类型为混合半日潮,全日潮在西南部及南极半岛附近海域较东北部南设得兰群岛附近海域比重偏大。通过分别计算4个分潮的潮能通量,发现M_2分潮潮能来自海峡东部的太平洋与威德尔海, S_2、K_1与O_1分潮潮能来自大西洋与威德尔海。在布兰斯菲尔德海峡区域4个分潮共耗散90.6 MW,其中O_1分潮耗散最大,约占到总潮能耗散的49.09%;由威德尔海潮能在进入布兰斯菲尔德海峡之前,在南极海峡区域4个分潮共耗散278.87 MW,其中S_2分潮耗散最大约占到总潮能耗散的39.09%。     

白令海和楚科奇海陆架区的生源物质埋藏通量研究

楚科奇海和白令海通过白令海峡相连,是气候变化研究的关键区域。利用210Pb过剩法开展两个海域沉积过程和生源物质的埋藏通量研究。研究发现,白令海陆架区沉积柱样(NB22)受到生物扰动影响,楚科奇海沉积物柱样(R17)所受生物扰动很小。通过建立模型,获得楚科奇海陆架区的沉积速率为0.6±0.1 mm·a~(-1),白令海陆架区的沉积速率为2.1±0.7 mm·a~(-1)。忽略沉积过程,白令海陆架区由生物扰动引起的混合因子为1.38±0.92 cm2·a~(-1);考虑沉积过程,则混合因子为0.65±0.95 cm2·a~(-1)。白令海的有机碳、生源硅、Ca CO3的埋藏通量分别为:6.85 mmol C·m-2·d-1、37.7 mmol Si·m-2·d-1、3.15 mmol C·m-2·d-1;楚科奇海的有机碳、生源硅、Ca CO3的埋藏通量分别为:5.71 mmol C·m-2·d-1、9.78 mmol Si·m-2·d-1、3.08 mmol C·m-2·d-1。楚科奇海陆架区具有高效的垂直输运的海洋生物泵,白令海陆架区海洋生物泵可能存在较强的水平输运过程。海洋沉积物中210Pb信号不仅可以定量沉积速率和埋藏通量,也在一定程度上反映海洋底栖生物的扰动强度。     

渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的数值模拟与季相时空变异

利用HellermanandRosenstein全球风应力资料中的多年月平均风场资料驱动ECOM模型,设计了潮致、纯风生以及风与潮两者叠加三个数值实验对渤海海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日(Lagrange)余流的逐月时空分布与季节变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,季风的大小和方向决定了渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的大小和方向,是影响余流流向和流速的重要因素。冬季,从渤海西岸到莱州湾海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流表现出一个大逆时针环流,辽东湾呈现顺时针方向流动,渤海中部存在一个弱的顺时针流环。夏季,整个渤海海域呈现顺时针流况,渤海海盆存在一微弱的逆时针涡旋,一支西南向流沿辽东湾东岸穿越渤海海盆,与起自渤海湾的东向流一起进入莱州湾。风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流主要受风的控制,潮汐则起到一定的调整作用。     

钦州湾水下动力地貌特征

钦州湾水下动力地貌主要有潮间浅滩、河口沙坝、潮沟、潮流沙脊、潮流冲刷深槽、水下拦门浅滩、水下斜坡。该文阐述钦州湾的入海河流、潮汐、潮流、波浪等水动力的基本特征 ,分析水下地貌类型的形成及其空间分布和沉积物组成 ,并探讨动力地貌形成原因与机理及海岸动态变化趋势。     

白令海峡海域夏季温、盐分布及变化

根据 2 0 0 3年中国第二次北极科学考察资料 ,并结合历史现场调查资料和同期的海冰分布 ,分析了白令海峡及其周围海域的水体结构及变化情况 ,得到如下结论 :( 1 ) 2 0 0 3年夏季白令海峡区域层结构季节内变化显著 ,东西部呈两层结构 ,而中部上下水体均匀一致 ,( 2 )白令海峡邻近海域温盐结构是东部高温低盐 ,西部低温高盐 ,西部存在明显上升流特征 ;( 3)白令海峡的水交换以北太平洋水通过白令海峡进入北冰洋为主 ,而温度、盐度的分布也与北向的输运是匹配的。     

夏季南极普里兹湾碳的生物地球化学循环Ⅰ:DOC的含量与分布

本文通过南极第 1 5次科学考察 ,对夏季普里兹湾的溶解有机碳 (DOC)进行研究。结果表明 :调查期间普里兹湾及邻近海域DOC平均含量较高 ,表层含量在 68.2 3- 1 2 5 .92 μM之间变化 ,平均值为 1 0 2 .32 μM ,大于典型的大洋表层DOC含量 ( 70- 80 μM )。垂直分布表明水体上层DOC含量高于底层 ,在 2 5- 5 0m附近含量出现最高值。在普里兹湾及邻近海域难降解有机物是DOC的主要部分 ,经估算湾内难降解DOC含量 92 .34μM占总DOC的 77% ,湾外难降解DOC含量为 76.89μM ,占总DOC的 82 %。     

大量采沙对东江下游及东江三角洲河床地形和潮汐动力的影响

通过分析东江下游及东江三角洲的采沙情况、采沙对河床演变和潮汐动力的影响。近几十年来东江下游及东江三角洲采沙量巨大,1980~2002年22年间采沙总量达到了3.32亿m³。大量采沙对河床演变的主要影响是：大幅度扩大了河槽容积、河床平均高程显著降低、水深明显增加、纵比降减小。东江下游及东江三角洲潮汐动力的变化主要表现在：网河区上段及东江下游潮水位明显降低,潮差增大,涨潮历时延长,主要分潮振幅加大;潮汐传播速度加快;潮区界、潮流界、咸潮界上移;网河区上段及东江下游潮汐动力得到明显增强,潮汐动力作用范围向上延伸,导致这种变化的主要原因是大量挖沙所导致的河床剧烈变化。     

南极长城站验潮站数据处理和潮汐特点初步分析

继在南极中山站建成我国南极首个永久性验潮站后,2012年1月在南极长城站又建成了我国南极第二个永久性验潮站。通过对长城站验潮站相关数据进行分析处理,得到了验潮基准系统的水准网平差结果和验潮仪零点标定结果,以及长城站附近海域海洋潮汐170个分潮的调和常数,并据此进行了潮汐预报,同时分析了长城站潮汐余水位的变化特征,探讨了利用附近的Antarctic Base Prat验潮站的余水位改正长城站潮汐预报的可行性,结果表明使用Antarctic Base Prat验潮站余水位改正长城站潮汐预报,可以显著提高长城站验潮站潮汐预报的精度,余水位改正后2014时段的潮汐预报中误差为±3.42 cm,明显好于改正前的预报中误差±10.43 cm。     

长江口—杭州湾及其邻近海域沉积动力环境及物源分析

长江口—杭州湾及其邻近海域的物质输运与生态环境受海域沉积动力特征和物质来源影响。本文利用长江口—杭州湾及其邻近海域沉积物的粒度、铂族元素、稀土元素等分析资料,采用Pejrup M等提出的三角图分类法对长江口—杭州湾及其邻近海域沉积动力环境进行详细分析,将研究区分为8个沉积环境分区:二个强动力河口现代沉积区,二个近岸水团交汇作用区,一个陆架水团锋面区,二个残留沉积区,一个冷涡旋的现代沉积区。对比分析了各沉积动力环境区的粒度特征及其水动力条件,揭示各种水动力条件下的沉积特征,以及各种沉积环境的物源输入特征,为长江、黄河与东海间的物质输运和交换等的研究提供基础资料,有助于我们进一步理解物源、搬运介质、沉积条件等因素对海岸—陆架沉积体系的影响,为河口沉积学和生物地球化学等方面研究提供有用信息。     

楚科奇海和白令海的海洋低温微生物调查

在 1 999年北极夏季期间对楚科奇海和白令海的海洋低温微生物进行了调查。在楚科奇海 ,海洋细菌和海洋真菌的检出率分别为 1 0 0 %和 >94% ,其相应的总量一般分别为 >1 0 3 cells/cm3 和 1 0 1— 1 0 3 cells/cm3 ;在大多数站位 ,海洋细菌的总量通常都高于海洋真菌的总量 ;从表层至 1 0 m或 3 0 m深层的海水区域 ,分布有丰富的海洋微生物。调查结果还显示 ,不同站位间的海洋微生物总量存在明显差异 ,海冰的融化和海水中的盐度可能是影响这一海区海洋微生物总量的重要因素。在白令海 ,海洋细菌的检出率为 1 0 0 % ,其总量一般在 1 0 2 — 1 0 3 cells/cm3 ;海洋真菌的检出率 >84% ,其总量一般也在 1 0 2 — 1 0 3 cells/cm3 。白令海不同站位间的海洋微生物总量也存在较大的差异。调查结果证实在楚科奇海和白令海的确存在大量的低温海洋微生物 ,在所研究的海洋细菌中 ,分别有 81 %的楚科奇海细菌和 88.9%的白令海细菌能够在低温条件下 (<1 0℃ )良好生长 ,而且有部分菌株能够在低温条件下分解利用淀粉或纤维素等多糖物质以满足自身生长的营养需求。这些海洋低温菌株为进一步开发利用这些海域的海洋微生物资源提供了充足的材料     

The tidal dynamics of the Irish and Celtic Seas

Summary. Current meter data collected over periods of more than 14 day from the Irish and Celtic Seas are harmonically analysed and presented in maps of tidal stream information. Making use of the analysed current data, and by constructing time series of frictional and inertial stresses which are also harmonically analysed, harmonic constituents of the surface tidal slopes at current meter stations are obtained. Using these with data collected from offshore tide gauges, and in conjunction with coastal tide data, cotidal maps are drawn with some confidence for M ₂, S ₂, O ₁ and K ₁, the M ₂ chart resolving the discrepancy which exists between the different charts of the Celtic Sea already produced. Cotidal maps for M ₃ and M ₄ are also presented.
The mean over a tidal cycle of the energy flux for M ₂, S ₂ and O ₁ is also presented in the form of the total energy flux in these constituents which crosses different sectional lines. A flux of 44 × 10⁶ kW is observed to enter the Celtic Sea from the Atlantic and this is compared with previous estimates. An energy budget is also performed for M ₂, including all the effects of astronomical forcing and Earth tides to enable comparison to be made between the true energy inflow and the estimated frictional dissipation. Finally, comparison is made between the mean of the instantaneous energy flux and the sum of the energy fluxes associated with the major harmonics.     

Modeling the ocean circulation in the Bering Sea

With parameterized wave mixing,the circulation and the tidal current in the Bering Sea were simulated simultaneously using the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model.The simulated circulation pattern in the deep basin is relatively stable, cyclonic,and has little seasonal change.The Bering Slope Current between 200-1000 m isobaths was estimated to be 5 Sv in volume transport.The Kamchatka Current was estimated to be 20 Sv off the Kamchatka Peninsula.The Bering shelf circulations vary with season,driven mainly by wind.These features are consistent with historical estimates .A counter current was captured flowing southeastward approximately along the 200 m isobath of the Bering Slope,opposite to the northwestward Bering Slope Current ,which needs to be validated by observations.An upwelling current is located in the shelf break(120-1000 m) area,which may imply the vertical advection of nutrients for supporting the Bering Sea Green Belt seasonal plankton blooms in the break-slope area.The Bering Slope Current is located in a downwelling area.     

The tidal signals extraction from GPS data on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Tidal motion is the source of short-term vertical motion that an ice shelf experiences, and hence has a significant impact on ice shelves. During the 2003/2004 Austral summer season, five days of GPS measurements were carried out on the front of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS）, East Antarctica, by the 20th Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition （CHINARE）. The GPS data was processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software with 2-hour static data segment and the vertical precision is less than 0.18 m. To verify our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal result derived from tide gauge measurements at China＇s Zhongshan Station on Antarctica. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide gauge were in good agreement in amplitude at the few cm level, which indicates that the tide under the front of Amery Ice Shelf is irregular semidiurnal tide, the maximal tidal differences is approximately 2 m. GPS data can be used to validate the ocean tide model around the Antarctic area and such studies are important to improve our knowledge of the Antarctic ice shelf mass balance and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction.     

Tides and the evolution of the Earth—Moon system

Summary. A model of the tides in a hemispherical ocean is used to investigate the effect of changes in the Earth's rotation rate on the power dissipated by the ocean tides. The results obtained are then used in an idealized astronomical model to investigate how they affect the history of the Earth—Moon system.
Using the tidal model it is found that at rotation rates higher than that of the present Earth, the power dissipated by the semi-diurnal tides in the ocean drops off rapidly as a result of the increased tidal frequency. Thus if the Earth's rotation rate is doubled from its present value, then the rate of energy dissipation in the ocean is reduced to approximately one-third of its present value and the tidal torque is reduced by a factor of about 6.
The present value for secular acceleration of the Moon, calculated from the results of the tidal model is -30.5 arcsec century^-2. Using this value in the astronomical model, which has the Moon and Sun in circular orbits above the equator, and assuming that the tidal torque is independent of the tidal frequency, the Gerstenkorn event is predicted to have occurred 1.3 × 10⁹ yr ago.
When the astronomical model is run with a torque determined at all times from the tidal model, the reduction in the energy dissipated early in the history of the system, leads to a Gerstenkorn date of 5.3 × 10⁹ yr ago. However, dissipation within the solid earth is found to be important early in the history of the system and when this effect is included it gives a date for the Gerstenkorn event of 3.9 × 10⁹ yr ago.     

The effect of polar wander on the tides of a hemispherical ocean

Summary. A numerical model is constructed of the tides in a hemispherical ocean driven by the forces corresponding to the Y₂^–2 equilibrium tide. The model is used to study how tidal dissipation is affected by changes in the position of the ocean relative to the Earth's rotational axis and to test a hypothesis concerning the Gerstenkorn event.
As the position of the Earth's axis is varied with respect to the ocean, the model shows changes in the dissipation rate due to the changing position and importance of individual resonances of the ocean. However, a cooperative effect is also observed which results, for an ocean of depth 4400 m, in broad frequency bands near 10 rad day⁻¹ and-6 rad day⁻¹ in which the dissipation rate remains high.
The cooperative effect is found to arise from the existence, in an unbounded ocean, of resonances at these frequencies which match the tidal forces. When ocean boundaries are introduced, the new resonances near these frequencies contain a large component of the underlying resonance and as a result are themselves a good match to the driving forces.
For the real ocean, these findings imply that changes in the position of the pole, and also possibly changes in the shape of the ocean, will on average have little effect on the energy dissipated by the tides. However in the past changes in the mean depth and area of the ocean or the increased rotation rate of the Earth may have resulted in a smaller dissipation rate.     

The significance of water column nitrification in the southeastern Bering Sea

Nitrate is considered the nutrient that limits new primary production in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf.Nitrate regenerated through biological nitrification has the potential to significantly support primary production as well.Here we use measurements of the specific rate of water column nitrification in a 1-D ecosystem model to quantify the resupply of nitrate from nitrification in the middle shelf of the southeastern Bering Sea.Model sensitivity studies reveal nitrification rate is an important control on the dominant phytoplankton functional type,and the amount of nitrate in summer bottom waters and in the winter water column.Evaluation of nitrification using the model supports the hypothesis that increases in late-summer nitrate concentrations observed in the southeastern Bering Sea bottom waters are due to nitrification.Model results for nitrate replenishment exceed previously estimated rates of 20-30%based on observations.The results of this study indicate that nitrification,potentially the source of up to～38%of the springtime water column nitrate,could support～24%of the annual primary production.     

白令海CO_2源汇与控制因素研究进展

白令海是北冰洋太平洋扇区的边缘海,是亚北极生态系统向北极生态系统过渡的典型区域,白令海CO_2源汇的研究可为高纬度边缘海相关的研究提供重要的参考。在全球持续变暖的背景下,白令海正在发生着一些气候和环境的变化,这些变化对CO_2源汇以及控制CO_2源汇的生物地球化学过程产生重要影响。对目前白令海CO_2源汇特征及其控制因素相关研究进行了归纳总结,预测了白令海CO_2源汇的未来变化趋势并提出了展望。以往的研究都认为白令海是一个大气CO_2的汇区,但是碳汇研究结果差异较大,最近的研究结果表明白令陆架区的碳汇约–6.81 Tg C·a~(–1)(1 Tg=10~(12)g),整个白令海的碳汇约–34 Tg C·a~(–1)。在未来白令海气候和环境变化继续加剧的条件下,使得白令海碳汇增强或减弱的因素将同时存在,因此,未来白令海的碳汇是增强还是减弱尚无定论。     

Tidal gravity in Britain: tidal loading and the spatial distribution of the marine tide

Summary. Tidal gravity measurements have been made at six sites in Britain with two nulled LaCoste and Romberg Earth tide gravitymeters. The M ₂ observations from these and two further sites are compared with calculations of the tidal loading from the seas around the British Isles and the major oceans. Models of the M ₂ marine tides are convolved with Green's functions for appropriate radially stratified Earth models. The differences between the M ₂ observations and the theoretical calculations are less than 0.6 μ gals and it is shown that these differences contain further information concerning the errors in the marine tide models. The M ₂ marine tides on the north-west European continental shelf are reasonably well known and this allows a useful test of the feasibility of using tidal gravity measurements for the inverse ocean tide problem in areas where the ocean tides are less well known. The differential gravity loading signal between pairs of gravity stations is shown to be important for considerations of the uniqueness and accuracy of the inverse problem. M ₂ tidal gravity loading maps for the British Isles and Europe have been produced which are of use in making corrections to various geodetic measurements.