热带印度洋偶极子与中国夏季年际气候异常关系的年代际变化

利用中国站点观测逐月降水和月平均气温资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,揭示了热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)与中国夏季气候异常关系的年代际变化.结果表明:IOD与中国夏季年际气候异常的关系既有稳定的一面,又存在着年代际变化.较为稳定的关系表现为:IOD与同年夏季长江黄河之间的降水变化存在显著负相关,与四川气温变化存在显著正相关;IOD与次年夏季四川降水存在显著正相关.伴随发生在20世纪70年代末的大尺度环流年代际转型,IOD与中国气候年际异常的联系亦发生变化:IOD正位相年的同年夏季降水异常型,由中国大部分地区偏少变为长江以南(北)偏多(少),气温由西南地区东部偏暖变为长江以南(北)偏冷(暖);次年夏季降水由全国大部分地区偏多变为长江以南(北)偏少(多),气温由全国大部分地区相关不显著变为黄河以南大部分地区显著偏暖.在IOD负位相年,中国夏季气候异常的特征与IOD正位相年相反.在20世纪70年代末的大尺度年代际气候转犁前后,与IOD相关的东亚大气环流异常特征明显不同.在IOD发展阶段,在70年代末以前,印度夏季风和南海季风偏强,副热带高压势力偏弱,导致中国华南大部分地区降水偏少,华北西部以及内蒙古中部等地降水偏多;70年代末以后,东亚大陆中纬度为弱的东风距平,导致新疆北部降水偏少,气温偏高,华南降水偏多.在IOD次年夏季,70年代末以前,华南、河套以及四川等地盛行偏南气流,降水偏多;70年代末以后,南亚高压和西太平洋副高偏西偏强,华南、江南降水偏少.     

西印度洋大气垂直环流与江淮夏季降水关系的年代际变化

利用1958—2013年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和国家气候中心整编的160站月降水资料,研究了西印度洋大气垂直环流（WIOVC）与江淮夏季降水关系年代际变化的原因。结果表明：两者关系的年代际变化经历了两次转折,1950年代末期的不显著关系在1970年代末转为显著负相关,又在1990年代中后期变为显著正相关。进一步研究发现,两者关系的年代际变化是由WIOVC的年际异常和热带背景场的年代际变化共同作用造成的。在1980年代以前热带东太平洋大气异常偏强的下沉运动背景下对应东亚夏季风偏强,WIOVC与江淮夏季降水关系不明显。1980年代—1990年代中期,热带东太平洋大气异常偏强的上升运动背景对应东亚夏季风偏弱,WIOVC与江淮夏季降水呈显著反相关。1990年代中期以后,热带东太平洋大气仍为异常上升运动,且热带中太平洋为异常下沉运动,对应东亚夏季风进一步减弱,WIOVC与江淮夏季降水呈显著正相关。     

ENSO与中国东部地区夏季降水相关性年代际变化特征

利用国家气候中心提供的中国160站1951～2000年逐月降水资料,Hadley中心提供的1951～2000年逐月全球海表层温度资料,采用线性相关分析和滑动相关分析方法,探讨了ENSO与中国东部地区夏季降水的年际关系及二者年际关系的年代际变化特征。结果表明,夏季Nino3区海温与中国东部夏季降水年际关系同期相关显著,且二者的年际关系存在明显的年代际变化,年际相关型分3个阶段：,第1阶段(1972年前)为“东西型”,第2阶段(1973～1983年)为“南北型”,第3阶段(1984年后)也为“南北型”。     

东亚夏季风和中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的第四代大气环流模式模拟了1970年代末东亚夏季风和相关的中国东部夏季降水年代际变化。结果表明,在给定的观测海温强迫下,模式能模拟出东亚夏季风的年代际减弱及 相关的环流场变化,包括东亚沿海的偏北风异常以及西太平洋副高的形态变化,模式还较好再现了中国东部夏季降水的雨型变化,即长江流域降水偏多,而华北和华南偏少,但位置略偏南。基于奇异值分解(SVD)的分析表明,热带海洋变暖是这次东亚夏季风的年代际减弱的主要因素,这与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)在1970年代末期的位相转变有关。此外,模式还较好模拟了长江流域的变冷趋势,进而减弱了海陆温差,使东亚夏季风减弱。     

近百年中国东部夏季降水年代际变化特征及其原因

本文利用测站降水观测资料分析过去一百多年中国东部华北、长江流域以及华南夏季降水的年代际变化特征发现,尽管这三个地区的夏季降水具有不同的年代际转折时期,但是均同时在1910年代初期、1920年代初期、1940年代中期、1960年代中期、1970年代末期以及1990年代初期发生了跃变。近一百年间不同年代际时期东部夏季降水的分布型主要以南正北负或者南负北正的偶极型为主,并且无论是偶极型分布还是三极型分布,两个相邻年代际时期中国东部降水分布型发生完全反向变化的概率较高（60%）。此外,夏季的PDO、冬季的AO以及春季的北极海冰也同时在1920年代末期、1940年代中期、1970年代末期以及1990年代中期左右发生了跃变,这几次跃变时期与中国东部三个不同地区夏季降水发生跃变的时期一致,表现出近百年来太平洋年代振荡（PDO）、北极涛动（AO）以及北极海冰这三个因子对中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的协同作用。在年代际时间尺度上,夏季的PDO与华北夏季降水显著负相关。PDO的年代际变化能够在500 hPa位势高度场中激发出太平洋—日本（PJ）型年代际遥相关波列;同时在850 hPa风场中激发出类似于影响华北夏季降水年代际变化的大气环流型,从而影响华北降水的年代际变化。冬半年的AO与长江流域夏季降水存在显著正相关关系。冬季到春季正位相的AO导致亚洲大陆南部处于湿冷状态,土壤湿度的记忆性可将这种状态延续到夏季。因此,夏季海陆热力对比减弱,东亚夏季风发生年代际减弱,相应地长江流域的降水年代际增多。春季北极海冰与华南夏季降水显著负相关,北极海冰的年代际异常能在500 hPa位势高度场中激发出与静止Rossby波异常传播相联系的欧亚—华南年代际遥相关波列,从而影响华南降水的年代际变化。     

华北夏季降水的年代际变化

利用我国740个测站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用合成分析等方法,对华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征进行分析。结果表明：华北夏季降水的年代际变化与华北夏季雨带的年代际变化密不可分。在华北夏季降水偏多阶段,华北地区雨带降水量较大,华北雨带能够向西延伸,雨带位置大多数时间能够越过115°E,并且能够接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏西;而在华北夏季降水偏少阶段,华北雨带降水量偏小,雨带虽然也能够越过115°E,但维持时间不长,且向西延伸并不明显,雨带位置很难接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏东。华北雨带发生的年代际变化和东亚地区大气环流以及东亚夏季风的年代际变化有关。     

东亚夏季风与金华夏季降水年代际变化关系的分析

东亚夏季风强弱与我国夏季雨带的位置有较好的关系,特别是十年际的关系更为密切.经过对近50年来东亚夏季风年代际变化和金华地区夏季降水相关的进一步分析,其对金华地区夏季降水相关性较好,影响是显著的.     

ENSO与中国东部夏季降水异常关系的年代际变化

根据1960—2011年Had ISST资料集中的月平均海表温度资料和中国753站逐日降水资料,基于转经验正交函数分解等分析方法,发现中国夏季降水的变化具有明显的独立性特征,可以分为相对独立的11个雨区,并在此基础上讨论了11个雨区夏季降水与ENSO的相关关系及其年代际变化,发现不同雨区的夏季降水与ENSO相关关系的年代际变化特征不尽相同,据此可分为3种类型:第1类为稳定不相关型,代表区为东北地区、长江中下游地区、江南地区、闽赣地区、环琼州海峡地区;第2类为稳定相关型,代表区为河套地区、黄河中下游地区;第3类为相关关系变化型,代表区为辽吉地区、黄淮地区、淮河流域以及两广地区。而在第3类相关关系变化型中,4个雨区夏季降水与ENSO相关关系的年代际突变时间也存在差异,两广地区的突变年份在1975年左右,辽吉地区和黄淮地区的突变年份在1980年左右,淮河流域的突变年份在1985年左右。     

山西夏季降水年代际变化特征及其与印度洋海温和大气环流的关系

利用山西省65个气象站1960—2011年逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA月平均海表温度资料等,应用谐波分析、EOF、SVD、Monte Carlo统计检验和合成分析等方法,探讨了山西夏季降水年代际变化特征,以及其与大气环流场、印度洋海温场异常的关系。结果表明,近52 a来,山西夏季降水总体呈现减少趋势,并有明显年代际变化特征:20世纪60年代初至80年代前期是降水偏多期,80年代中期至2011年则是降水偏少期,空间分布主要包括全省一致偏多(少)型和南多北少(南少北多)型。同时,山西夏季降水与印度洋关键区海温变化具有明显的负相关,当上年秋季、上年冬季、当年春季和当年夏季关键区海温异常偏高时,当年夏季山西降水呈现减少趋势,反之亦然。在1982年之前,关键区海温偏低,山西夏季降水偏多,同期500 hPa高度层上的乌拉尔山、青藏高原北部高空槽和东北冷涡发展深厚,活动频繁,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东,850 hPa高度层上的印度季风低纬度偏西风和中纬度西南风异常强盛,贝加尔湖南侧低涡活跃;1982年之后,关键区海温偏高,山西夏季降水随之减少,同期500 hPa高度层上的贝加尔湖至青藏高原北部地区受高压控制,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强、位置偏西,850 hPa高度层上的印度季风中纬度西南风异常偏弱。     

青藏高原夏季大气视热源与中国东部降水的关系的年代际变化

基于1979～2017年欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料和热力学方程,本研究估算了大气视热源,分析研究了青藏高原夏季大气视热源的异常与中国东部降水关系的年代际变化,以及青藏高原大气视热源影响我国东部夏季降水的物理机制。结果表明:（1）高原热源东、西部反相变化模态的重要性发生了年代际转变,表现为由1994年之前方差贡献相对小的第二变异模态变为1994之后方差贡献明显增大而成为第一主导变异模态。（2）青藏高原夏季大气视热源的东、西反相变化模态与中国东部降水的关系存在年代际变化。1993年之前和2008年之后,高原大气视热源的异常分别仅与长江下游降水和长江中游降水异常存在密切的联系;而在1994～2007年,其对长江流域及附近区域和华南地区的夏季降水的影响显著,具体表现为,当高原夏季大气视热源异常表现为东强西弱（东弱西强）时,长江中上游、江淮地区的降水偏多（少）,华南地区降水偏少（多）。（3）高原大气视热源显著影响我国东部夏季降水主要是通过经高原上空发展加强的天气系统东移过程影响长江流域及附近地区的降水,以及通过垂直环流影响华南地区的降水。     

Decadal and interannual variability of the Indian Ocean Dipole

This study investigates the decadal and interannual variability of the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD）. It is found that the long-term IOD index displays a decadal phase variation. Prior to 1920 negative phase dominates but after 1960 positive phase prevails. Under the warming background of the tropical ocean, a larger warming trend in the western Indian Ocean is responsible for the decadal phase variation of the IOD mode. Due to reduced latent heat loss from the local ocean, the western Indian Ocean warming may be caused by the weakened Indian Ocean westerly summer monsoon. The interannual air-sea coupled IOD mode varies on the background of its decadal variability. During the earlier period （1948-1969）, IOD events are characterized by opposing SST anomaly （SSTA） in the western and eastern Indian Ocean, with a single vertical circulation above the equatorial Indian Ocean. But in the later period （1980-2003）, with positive IOD dominating, most IOD events have a zonal gradient perturbation on a uniform positive SSTA. However, there are three exceptionally strong positive IOD events （1982, 1994, and 1997）, with opposite SSTA in the western and eastern Indian Ocean, accompanied by an El Nifio event. Consequently, two anomalous reversed Walker cells are located separately over the Indian Ocean and western-eastern Pacific; the one over the Indian Ocean is much stronger than that during other positive IOD events.     

Decadal and interannual variability of the Indian Ocean SST

The variability of the Indian Ocean on interannual and decadal timescales is investigated in observations, coupled model simulation and model experiment. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode was specifically analyzed using a data-adaptive method. This study reveals one decadal mode and two interannual modes in the sea surface temperature (SST) of the IOD. The decadal mode in the IOD is associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) of the North Pacific SST. The two interannual modes are related to the biennial and canonical components of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), consistent with previous studies. This study hypothesizes that the relation between the Indian Ocean and the North Pacific on decadal scale may be through the northerly winds from the western North Pacific. The long simulation of Community Climate System Model version 4 also indicates the presence of IOD modes associated with the decadal PDO and canonical ENSO modes. However, the model fails to simulate the biennial ENSO mode in the Indian Ocean. The relation between the Indian Ocean and North Pacific Ocean is further supported by the regionally de-coupled model experiment.     

Relationships between interannual variability in the Arabian Sea and Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Summary The interannual variability of the monthly mean upper layer thickness for the central Arabian Sea (5°N-15° N and 60° E-70° E) from a numerical model of the Indian Ocean during the period 1954–1976 is investigated in relation to Indian monsoon rainfall variability. The variability in the surface structure of the Somali Current in the western Arabian Sea is also briefly discussed. It is found that these fields show a great deal of interannual variability that is correlated with variability in Indian monsoon rainfall. Model upper layer thickness (H) is taken as a surrogate variable for thermocline depth, which is assumed to be correlated with sea surface temperature. In general, during the period 1967 to 1974, which is a period of lower than normal monsoon rainfall, the upper ocean warm water sphere is thicker (deeper thermocline which implies warmer surface water); in contrast, during the period 1954–1966, which is a period of higher than normal monsoon rainfall, the upper warm water sphere is thinner (shallower thermocline which implies cooler surface water). The filtered time series of uppper layer thickness indieates the presence of a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) during the wet monsoon period, but this QBO signal is conspicuously absent during the dry monsoon period.Since model H primarily responds to wind stress curl, the interannual variability of the stress curl is investigated by means of an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first three EOF modes represent more than 72% of the curl variance. The spatial patterns for these modes exhibit many elements of central Arabian Sea climatology. Features observed include the annual variation in the intensity of the summer monsoon ridge in the Arabian Sea and the annual zonal oscillation of the ridge during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The time coefficients for the first EOF amplitude indicate the presence of a QBO during the wet monsoon period only, as seen in the ocean upper layer thickness.The variability in the model upper layer thickness is a passive response to variability in the wind field, or more specifically to variability in the Findlater Jet. When the winds are stronger, they drive stronger currents in the ocean and have stronger curl fields associated with them, driving stronger Ekman pumping. They transport more moisture from the southern hemisphere toward the Indian subcontinent, and they also drive a greater evaporative heat flux beneath the Findlater Jet in the Arabian Sea. It has been suggested that variability in the heat content of the Arabian Sea drives variability in Indian monsoon rainfall. The results of this study suggest that the opposite is true, that the northern Arabian Sea responds passively to variability in the monsoon system.With 10 Figures     

Temperature variability over the Indian Ocean and its relationship with Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Summary The present study examines the long term trend in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial South India Ocean in the context of global warming for the period 1901–2002 and for a subset period 1971–2002. An attempt has also been made to identify the relationship between SST variations over three different ocean areas, and All-India and homogeneous region summer monsoon rainfall variability, including the role of El-Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Annual sea surface temperatures of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial South India Ocean show a significant warming trend of 0.7 °C, 0.6 °C and 0.5 °C per hundred years, respectively, and a relatively accelerated warming of 0.16 °C, 0.14 °C and 0.14 °C per decade during the 1971–2002 period. There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between SSTs over the Arabian Sea from the preceding November to the current February, and Indian monsoon rainfall during the period 1901–2002. The correlation coefficient increases from October and peaks in December, decreasing from February to September. This significant relationship is also found in the recent period 1971–2002, whereas, during 1901–70, the relationship is not significant. On the seasonal scale, Arabian Sea winter SSTs are positively and significantly correlated with Indian monsoon rainfall, while spring SSTs have no significant positive relationship. Nino3 spring SSTs have a negative significant relationship with Indian monsoon rainfall and it is postulated that there is a combined effect of Nino3 and Arabian Sea SSTs on Indian monsoon. If the Nino3 SST effect is removed, the spring SSTs over the Arabian Sea also have a significant relationship with monsoon rainfall. Similarly, the Bay of Bengal and Equatorial South Indian Ocean spring SSTs are significantly and positively correlated with Indian monsoon rainfall after removing the Nino3 effect, and correlation values are more pronounced than for the Arabian Sea. Authors’ address: Dr. D. R. Kothawale, A. A. Munot, H. P. Borgaonkar, Climatology and Hydrometeorology divisions, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India.     

The Variability of the Interannual Oscillations of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

A new method of analysis namely, Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) is applied to the Indian Summer Monsoon (June-September) Rainfall (ISMR) series. The method is efficient in extracting the statistically significant oscillations with periods 2.8 and 2.3 year from the white noise of the ISMR series. The study shows that 2.8 / 2.3 year cycle captures the variability of the ISMR related to Southern Oscillation / Quasi Biennial Oscillation. The temporal structure of these oscillations show that these are in phase in extreme (excess and drought) monsoon conditions as well as in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years. Both these oscillations show minimum variability during the period 1920-1940 and there is an increasing trend in the variability of these oscillations in the recent decades. The study enables to obtain pure signal consisting of reconstructed time series using these two Oscillations, from the original white noise series.     

The impacts of the Indian summer rainfall on North China summer rainfall

Previous studies have indicated a connection between interannual variations of the Indian and North China summer rainfall. An atmospheric circulation wave pattern over the mid-latitude Asia plays an important role in the connection. The present study compares the influence of the above-normal and below-normal Indian summer rainfall on the North China summer rainfall variations. Composite analysis shows that the mid-latitude Asian atmospheric circulation and the North China rainfall anomalies during summer tend to be anti-symmetric in above-normal and below-normal Indian rainfall years. Analysis indicates that the Indian-North China summer rainfall relation tends to be stronger when larger Indian rainfall anomaly occurs during a higher mean rainfall period. The observed long-term change in the Indian-North China summer rainfall relationship cannot be explained by the impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The present study evaluates the Indian-North China summer rainfall relationship in climate models. Analysis shows that the Indian-North China summer rainfall relationship differs largely among different climate models and among different simulations of a specific model. The relationship also displays obvious temporal variations in both individual and ensemble mean model simulations. This suggests an important role of the atmospheric internal variability in the change of the Indian-North China summer rainfall relationship.     

初夏孟加拉湾东部降水异常对印度洋海温偶极子的触发作用

基于1982—2013年逐月NCEP资料及GODAS资料,采用回归分析、合成分析以及2.5层简化海洋模式数值模拟等方法,研究了热带东印度洋的大气和海洋过程对印度洋海温偶极子(IOD,Indian Ocean Dipole)东极(IODE,IOD East pole)海温异常的影响。结果表明,IODE海温异常的演变超前IOD西极(IODW,IOD West pole)海温异常的演变,并对IOD事件的生成和发展起到关键作用。初夏,来自阿拉伯海、中南半岛地区以及孟加拉湾西南部的水汽输送,导致孟加拉湾东部出现强降水。降水释放的潜热在热带东印度形成了一个跨越赤道的经向环流,有利于加强赤道东印度洋的过赤道气流,并在苏门答腊沿岸形成偏南风异常。该异常偏南风通过影响混合层垂向夹卷混合过程和纬向平流过程,导致IODE海温迅速下降。随后赤道东南印度洋异常东南风迅速增强以及赤道中印度洋东风异常的出现,增强了自东南印度洋向西印度洋的水汽输送,削弱了向孟加拉湾的水汽输送,使西南印度洋的降水增强,孟加拉湾东部的降水减弱。因此,IOD达到盛期前孟加拉湾东部的降水通过局地经向环流在苏门答腊沿岸形成偏南风异常,导致苏门答腊沿岸迅速的降温,并最终导致IOD事件的发生。