刚毛藻对静态模拟刺参养殖池塘上覆水营养盐含量的影响

利用室内装置模拟的刺参养殖池塘上覆水,在温度为25℃,光照为(4000±200)lx条件下静态培养刚毛藻48 h,定时测定上覆水中总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~–-N)、亚硝态氮(NO_2~–-N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷(PO_4~(3–)-P)等营养盐含量,分析了氮磷营养盐含量的动态变化规律,探讨了刚毛藻生物量对沉积物-水界面营养盐含量变化的影响。结果表明,刚毛藻生物量对各营养盐含量的影响存在显著性差异(P0.05)。随着培养时间延长,上覆水中营养盐含量均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。上覆水中各营养盐含量在培养6～24 h时分别达到最大值,其中当刚毛藻生物量为0.5～4.5 g/L时,TN、NO_3~–-N、NO_2~–-N、NH_4~+-N、TP、PO_4~(3–)-P含量达到最大值。继续培养,上覆水中各营养盐的含量逐渐减小,其中生物量为8.5 g/L时刚毛藻对NO_3~–-N、NO_2~–-N的吸收效果最好;生物量为0.5 g/L时刚毛藻对NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3–)-P吸收效果最好。因此,高生物量(8.5 g/L)刚毛藻可降低上覆水中NO_3~–-N、NO_2~–-N含量,但低生物量(0.5 g/L)刚毛藻能有效吸收上覆水中的NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3–)-P。     

一株麦氏交替单胞菌的异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性研究

本文研究了以硫酸铵、亚硝酸钠和硝酸钾为氮源时异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Alteromonas macleodii 8D的脱氮特性。研究表明,当分别以硫酸铵、亚硝酸钠和硝酸钾为唯一氮源时,培养48h,菌株对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的去除率分别为58.64%、67.41%和50.28%。NH_4~+-N去除过程中并未检测到明显的NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N的积累,然而在NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N去除过程中却明显检测到了NH_4~+-N的积累。NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N共存时,NO_2~--N抑制了菌株对NH_4~+-N的去除,而NH_4~+-N则将NO_2~--N去除效率提高了22.95%。NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N共存时,NO_3~--N将NH_4~+-N去除效率提高了12.46%,而NH_4~+-N对NO_3~--N去除无显著影响。NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N共存时,将NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N的去除效率提高了29.19%和15.48%。NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N共存时,将3种无机氮的去除效率提高了38.57%、27.17%和42.56%。研究结果显示,3种无机氮共存时菌株Alteromonas macleodii 8D有最好的除氮表现,作为除氮的理想菌株,该菌株可用于实际养殖水体无机氮的去除。     

九龙江口、厦门西海域无机氮的分布与转化

1987年3月至1988年12月笔者在九龙江口及厦门西海域调查结果表明九龙江口与厦门西海域无机氮含量较高,分别为28.25和18.76μmol/L,NO_3-N是该海域氮的主要存在状态,NH_4-N也是较重要的形态。九龙江溶解无机氮入海通量估算为6千吨/年。氮的循环、转化对于维持厦门西海域生产力水平有重要的作用。NO_3-N、NO_2-N、NH_4-N分布的季节变化主要是受生物活动的影响。     

泉州湾溶解无机氮的含量分布组成及其与环境因子的关系

分析了泉州湾溶解无机氮(DIN)春季的含量分布、组成、潮周期及其与环境因子的关系.根据高值区判断洛阳江口以县区农田养殖输入硝酸氮(NO_3~--N)为主,而晋江口以市区生活污水输入氨氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,DIN含量的平面分布受NO_3~--N与NH_4~+-N共同控制.DIN的平均组成为NO_3~--N最高,NH_4~+-N其次,NO_2~--N远低于二者,NH_4~+-N平均占比达35%左右,DIN的组成未达到热力学平衡.根据DIN含量与溶解氧(DO)及化学需氧量(COD)的相关性分析,推测三氮转换不仅受到氧化还原过程的影响,还受更为复杂的来源、人类活动及生物过程等的影响;根据DIN含量与盐度的关系,NO_3~--N及NO2--N均呈现保守行为,NH_4~+-N淡水端有一定的增加现象,DIN含量与盐度的关系受NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N共同控制;DIN含量还受到悬浮物含量、温度、盐度及p H值等环境因子的控制,结合DIN含量与叶绿素a的相关性及分布情况,可推测春季DIN主要来源不是浮游植物分解.不同站位DIN含量的潮期变化相似,基本上都表现为涨潮冲淡作用下含量降低而落潮后回升.除此之外,泉州湾DIN含量的年际增长及超标均比较严重,需要采取相应的治理措施.     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化地衣芽孢杆菌的脱氮特性及机制研究

分离自对虾养殖池塘的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)MP15具有高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能。为了进一步研究菌株MP15的脱氮特性和脱氮机制,本研究采用氮同位素标记法,对其在氮基础降解液中的脱氮特性和机制进行了深入的研究。研究结果显示:在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg/L的氮基础降解液中,其对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N的最大去除速率分别为1.03 mg NH~+_4-N/(L·h)、1.74 mg NO~-_2-N/(L·h)和1.02 mg NO~-_3-N/(L·h)。氮代谢过程中羟胺氧化还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶和硝酸盐还原酶的酶比活力分别为0.540 6、0.157 8和0.160 9 U/mg。对菌株MP15脱氮过程中的~(15)N同位素示踪结果显示,以NH~+_4-N作为唯一氮源时,仅产生~(15)N_2O;当菌株MP15分别以NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N作为唯一氮源时,可同时检测到~(15)N_2O和~(15)N_2。综合上述结果,菌株MP15对无机氮的去除主要包括:同化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用。其中对NH~+_4-N的硝化途径为:NH~+_4-N→NH_2OH→N_2O;对NO~-_2-N的硝化-反硝化途径为:NO~-_3-N←NO~-_2-N→N_2O/N_2;其对NO~-_3-N的反硝化途径为:NO~-_3-N→NO~-_2-N→N_2O/N_2。     

夏季东海微表层与下层海水营养盐的分布特征研究

于2014年5月15日—6月13日对东海海水营养盐(DIN(溶解无机氮)、SiO_3~(2-)-Si、PO_4~(3-)-P)的水平和垂直分布进行了调查分析,并讨论了其影响因素。结果表明,在研究区域,无论是微表层还是表层,海水营养盐受陆地径流的影响近岸浓度较高。受黑潮次表层水涌升的影响,远海部分站位营养盐出现高值;受陆地径流的影响,长江口断面表层营养盐浓度自西向东递减,底层可能受有机质分解及富含营养盐沉积岩的溶解影响导致营养盐浓度较高。不同营养盐在微表层的富集因子计算结果表明,除PO_4~(3-)-P外,微表层对SiO_3~(2-)-Si、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DIN都产生明显的富集作用,富集因子中位数介于1.05~1.19之间。DH2-1站位的营养盐周日变化结果表明,藻类通过光合作用使得NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度降低,NH_4~+-N的光化学氧化和硝化作用使NO_2~--N与NO_3~--N浓度变高;DIN中NH_4~+-N对控制藻类细胞丰度起着重要作用。     

低盐在短时间内对绿潮浒苔(Ulva prolifera)氮磷吸收的动态影响

我国黄海出现的绿潮发源于黄海南部苏北辐射沙洲紫菜养殖区,苏北沙洲区濒临的沿岸河网众多,来自沿岸径流的淡水携带大量氮磷等营养盐间歇性入海,导致海水的富营养化并伴随着盐度的周期性波动。本研究通过模拟实验研究低盐度(15和5)对浒苔吸收氮盐(NO_3~–-N和NH_4~+-N)和磷盐(PO_4~(3–)-P)的影响,主要发现:与盐度30相比,在低盐度(15和5)时,浒苔对NO_3~–-N的1h最大吸收速率(V_(max))和亲和力(V_(max)/Ks)分别提高280%和350%左右,半饱和常数(Ks)下降15%左右,并能够维持对NO_3~–-N的高效吸收(24h);盐度15和5时,浒苔对NH_4~+-N的1h最大吸收速率(V_(max))分别提高40%和200%,亲和力(V_(max)/Ks)分别提高20%和180%, Ks分别提高15%和30%,但是盐度降低对NH_4~+-N的长效吸收产生负面影响,甚至在盐度5条件下出现吸收高浓度NH_4~+-N后再释放的现象;与盐度30相似,盐度15条件下浒苔能够快速吸收PO_4~(3–)-P,而盐度5则导致藻细胞内的PO_4~(3–)-P在早期阶段快速流失,并在后期不能有效吸收PO_4~(3–)-P。本实验的结果表明,降低盐度有利于浒苔对氮源的快速吸收,在盐度15下浒苔能够实现对硝酸盐和磷盐的高效吸收。     

苏北浅滩绿潮爆发早期营养盐的水平分布

依据2016年5月、6月苏北浅滩海域两次调查资料分析了调查海域溶解态营养盐的结构与分布特征。结果表明:DIN(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,溶解无机氮)的主要存在形态是NO_3~-—N(nitrate,硝酸盐),NO_2~-—N(nitrite,亚硝酸盐)占DIN比重最少,DON(dissolved organic nitrogen,溶解有机氮)为TDN(total dissolved nitrogen,溶解态总氮)的主要存在形态,DOP(dissolved organic phosphorus,溶解有机磷)未检出。从N、P、Si的比值来看,调查海域属于磷限制。NO_3~-—N、PO_4~(3-)—P(phosphate,磷酸盐)、SiO_3~(2-)—Si(silicate,硅酸盐)浓度水平分布呈近岸高、远岸低的趋势;而NO_2~-—N、NH_4~+—N、DON的分布无明显规律。与5月相比,6月除NO-2—N浓度升高外,其他各项溶解态营养盐浓度均明显降低;NO_3~-—N、PO_4~(3-)—P、SiO_3~(2-)—Si的高值区向近岸方向收缩。NO_3~-—N、PO_4~(3-)—P、SiO_3~(2-)—Si与盐度有显著或高度负相关关系,说明NO_3~-—N、PO_4~(3-)—P、SiO_3~(2-)—Si主要来自近岸淡水的输送。     

液化土床中氮、磷向水体中释放的水槽试验研究

湖泊、河流及海岸沉积物会长期吸附来自水体的氮(N)、磷(P)等营养物质,同时氮磷营养盐也会从沉积物中释放出来,进入上覆水体,成为水体富营养化的物质来源。本文利用波浪水槽试验,研究了沉积层中N、P在静置固结阶段(I)、加波未液化阶段(II)和加波液化阶段(III)的释放规律。结果表明,阶段III活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率相比阶段I和阶段II均提高了数倍;无机氮的释放受到生物作用的影响,但在阶段III,硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和氨氮(NH_4~+—N)的释放速率均明显提高。亚硝态氮(NO_2~-—N)浓度在阶段II出现急剧下降,之后基本不再增加,因此动力扰动对沉积物中氮磷的释放有明显的促进作用,而海床液化能显著提高SRP、NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N的释放速率。     

浙江沿海上升流区溶解氧含量与三种无机氮循环的关系

本文根据1980年7—8月我所对浙江沿海上升流区综合调查资料,着重讨论水体中的溶解氧含量分布与三种无机氮(NH_4~ ,NO_3~-和NO_2~-)循环的关系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.