基于参考站改正信息的PPP实时水汽反演方法

常规精密单点定位实时反演水汽,存在精度低或稳定性差等问题,因此提出了一种基于参考站改正信息的PPP实时水汽反演方法。首先利用参考站的天顶对流层延迟解算观测值改正信息,然后对流动站共视卫星的观测值进行误差改正,利用IGU预报星历和钟差产品,采用PPP算法进行实时水汽反演。以中国香港HKSC为流动站,分别选取中国台湾TWTF和中国香港HKWS作为参考站,开展参考站辅助的PPP实时水汽反演试验。结果表明,分别以无线电探空数据和ECMWF数据为参考,本方法4个时段的平均标准差分别为1.9 mm和2.9 mm;相比基于IGU的常规PPP实时水汽反演方法,精度分别提升60%和51%。本方法参考站的选择不受距离限制,精度与使用IGS事后精密星历的PPP水汽反演基本一致,相比常规PPP和相对定位方式的实时水汽反演具有明显优势。     

RPG-HATPRO-G3地基微波辐射计反演产品评估

RPG-HATPRO-G3地基微波辐射计采用"多通道并行测量技术",性能稳定,反演精度高。应用该微波辐射计和常规L波段探空数据,比较了微波辐射计反演数据与探空测值的差异。结果表明:温度、水汽密度与常规探空资料比较有很好的线性相关性,对仪器维护后可以提高数据质量;相对湿度数据离散度较高。比较无降水时不同高度下微波辐射计反演数据的精度,温度在1 000 m以下低层平均误差和均方根误差较小;水汽密度的平均误差和均方根误差均为近地面较大,随高度而减小;相对湿度的平均误差和均方根误差都明显较大,温度和水汽密度的准确性高于相对湿度。降水时不同高度的温度、水汽密度和相对湿度的平均误差和均方根误差变化趋势均与无降水时相似,但是误差值明显偏大;降水时反演温度在2 000 m以下误差较小,水汽密度在3 000 m以下反演值较探空测值大,相对湿度在降水时的误差较大。     

基于海岛站探空资料的 WindSat海洋大气可降水量产品检验

利用时空匹配的15个海岛站的探空资料对WindSat 2007—2015年的海洋大气可降水量产品(total precipitable water,TPW)进行了检验,并分析了造成两者差异的原因。结果表明:WindSat反演的海洋大气可降水量产品与探空比对的一致性较好,两者平均偏差为-0.43mm,均方根误差为3.14mm,标准偏差为3.11mm,相关系数达到了0.98;WindSat在中高纬度地区反演效果较好,均方根误差在各个站点均小于3mm;在低纬度地区WindSat反演精度较差,均方根误差大于5mm。低风速对WindSat可降水反演精度影响较大;海面温度和云中液态水含量与大气可降水量产品之间无明显相关关系;WindSat反演精度随纬度降低下降明显;利用白天探空释放所得到的水汽数据存在干性偏差。     

胶州湾流速场的声层析反演研究

采用结合匹配法和经验正交函数法的射线声层析反演方法,针对流场水平分布不均匀特点,使用距离等效分段方法对反演算法进行改进,利用三个断面声层析数据,对胶州湾口潮流场的垂直和水平分布进行反演。与传统方法比较,大大降低与实测流速垂直分布间的偏差,平均偏差小于0.02 m/s,流场垂直分布间的相关系数提高到0.85以上。分析了声传播断面上不同的流场结构,以及涨潮期间在胶州湾团岛附近出现的涡流现象,并计算得到湾口海水流量变化。结果表明,改进的射线声层析反演方法可有效地用于水平分布不均匀流场监测,仅采用少量声学观测站位,即可获得大范围的复杂流场三维信息,有利于近海海洋资源开发、海洋环境保护和船舶航行安全。     

利用Landsat数据反演近岸海水表层温度的大气校正算法

介绍了一种将大气效应考虑在内、利用Landsat TM、ETM+热红外数据进行近海岸海表水温反演的单窗算法.在该算法中,将地表气温、相对湿度等常规气象资料作为初始参数,根据对流层中大气温度随高度呈线性降低、水汽随高度呈指数衰减的规律,建立了估算平均大气温度及水汽含量的通用模式.通过与实测数据及MODIS Terra海表水温产品比较发现,该算法能够提高运用TM/ETM+TIR单波段数据进行近岸海表水温(SST)反演的精度:一方面,反演所得结果更接近于海表实际水温;另一方面,它在一定程度上剔除大气中的水汽对SST反演的影响,进而提高海表水温的温度对比度.该提出的大气校正算法只需地表大气温度及相对湿度资料,该算法也无需进行大气模式的界定.     

青岛地区大气中水汽含量及水汽输送的研究

本文根据青岛、徐州、邢台等探空站的高空探测资料,计算分析了青岛地区多年平均水汽含量和水汽输送量及其时空变化规律,从而为青岛地区水资源的研究提供了重要依据。     

台风天气条件下地基微波辐射计反演产品精度分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所台风试验获取的4个典型台风个例数据,对地基微波辐射计反演的温度、水汽密度廓线与同址GP S探空资料得到的廓线进行对比分析,发现二者的温度、水汽密度相关系数分别为0.988、0.928.微波辐射计的探测精度在不同高度上有很大差异,整体来说,在高层温度探测精度较优于低层,而在低层水汽密度探测精度...     

基于探空和SSMI/S资料的AMSR-2海上大气可降水产品检验与评估

利用海岛探空资料和SSMI/S(special sensor microwave imager/sounder)–F16海上大气可降水量产品对AMER-2(advanced microwave scanning radiometer-2)2012年7月—2016年6月的海洋上空大气可降水量产品进行比对检验。结果表明:AMSR-2反演的海上大气可降水量与利用海岛探空资料计算所得值比对的一致性较好,两者之间平均偏差为0.35 mm;2012—2016年AMSR-2与SSMI/S-F16可降水月平均值的分布情况在热带辐合带、南太平洋辐合带和南大西洋辐合带可观测到相似的结构和特征,两者平均偏差为–0.04 mm,标准偏差为1.21 mm。检验的结果证明了AMSR-2反演的大气可降水产品精度满足产品设计指标,而误差分析的相应结论对于未来优化水汽反演算法具有重要意义。     

最小方差算法反演NOAA/AMSU海面大气温度垂直廓线

利用最小方差算法对NOAA/AMSU(Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit)探测资料在105°E~135°E、0~30°N海域范围内的大气温度垂直廓线进行了反演研究。利用NCEP再分析资料对算法的反演性能进行了验证;并与中国海洋大学卫星地面站SeaSpace/TeraS-can软件系统反演的温度廓线进行了比较。结果表明:该算法在中国区域具有较好的反演精度和适应能力;总体上改善了TeraScan软件的反演结果,尤其提高了对流层大部分区域的反演精度。本研究为地面站ATOVS(Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder)数据的进一步利用提供了一种较好的理论参考。     

基于星载微波辐射计的海洋大气参数反演算法研究

利用3个辐射传输模式对无冰无降水情况下的星载微波辐射计亮温测量进行仿真研究,通过模拟计算结果与同步卫星数据之间的比较分析,确定了用于反演算法研究的前向模式;利用该模式,提出了基于物理的星载微波辐射计海洋大气参数(包括海面风速、海表温度、大气垂直积分水汽量以及积分液态水量)多重线性回归算法。     

基于模拟退火和区域划分的海表流场反演算法研究

经典的海洋表面流场迭代反演算法采用固定的校正系数对探测区域进行整体分析和计算,因此耗时较长且反演精度也受到了一定程度的限制。本文提出利用模拟退火算法对反演过程中的校正系数进行优化,使其能根据每一次反演的结果进行自适应的调整和改变,从而减少迭代次数;同时根据流场分布的特点,提出划分探测区域的反演方法,最终,在经典算法的基础上给出了改进的海表流场反演算法。仿真反演实验结果表明,改进后的反演算法,其时效性和精度都有了明显提高。     

Fine-scale acoustic tomographic imaging of shallow water sediments

In acoustic tomographic system capable of performing in situ two-dimensional (2D) acoustic imaging of shallow water sediments is described. This system is capable of resolving inhomogeneities greater than 10 cm and differentiating sound-speed variations greater than 2%, A tomographic inversion is performed in a 2D vertical slice of about 1 m ² (1 m×1 m) using three identical probes, with each consisting of 70 evenly distributed transducers. In normal deployments, two of the probes are oriented vertically and are separated by about 1 meter, and the third is positioned horizontally right above the two vertical probes. The additional horizontal probe greatly improves the horizontal resolution of the system compared to conventional crosshole tomographic setups. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the influences of arrival time detection error and transducer position error on the performance of the tomography system. For an arrival time of 500 ns (standard deviation) and a position error of 4 mm (standard deviation), sound-speed anomalies of greater than 0.8% can be correctly predicted near the upper portion (close to the horizontal probe) and are resolvable near the lower portion. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. The location of a polyurethane block (Conap EN22) used as a known target is correctly predicted while the inverted sound speed is about 9% lower than that from its actual value. Field data taken from a saturated muddy site are presented and analyzed. The inverted mean sound speed and attenuation are about 1480 ms^-1 and 20 dBm^-1, respectively     

深水声学拖曳系统

介绍了我国自主设计和研制的深水声学拖曳系统,它的最大工作水深4000m,安装有高分辨率测深侧扫声纳,可在近海底工作获得高分辨率的海底地形地貌和温盐深等数据.它的测深覆盖范围600m,侧扫覆盖范围800m,垂直航迹分辨率5cm,最小可检测高度10cm,测深分辨率高于目前的多波束测深系统.该系统已进行了湖试和海上锚泊试验.该系统的研制成功将对开展大陆架勘查,探测和开发国际海底资源发挥重要作用,拖曳系统中高分辨率测深侧扫声纳还可装船安装,在大陆架水域进行高分辨率海底地形地貌测绘.     

基于LANDSAT 8卫星热红外影像反演珠江口海表温度

海水表面温度是研究气候变化的重要参数,具有巨大的研究意义.在近海海域进行研究时对分辨率具有较高的要求.在珠江口区域,利用LANDSAT 8影像热红外波段,结合美国中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的近红外水汽二级产品MOD05,运用Jiménez-Mu1oz提出的单通道法,优化了部分参数,建立海表温度的反演流程.为了确定可行性,将与LANDSAT 8影像同一日期的MODIS海表温度产品MOD28作为实验的对照组,利用实测数据对比验证2组数据的质量.结果表明,反演结果时空分布规律与MOD28趋近一致,均呈现为夏季西高东低而冬季西低东高,全年温度变化接近准正弦曲线,并且反演结果精度更优,具有良好的应用前景.     

中国沿海HY-2A 校正微波辐射计水汽含量数据精度检验方法

为评价“海洋二号”卫星（HaiYang-2A, HY-2A）校正微波辐射计（Calibration Microwave Radiometer, CMR）近海水汽产品精度,以中国沿海全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS）业务观测站数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)发布的第五代大气再分析资料（ECMWF Reanalysis 5, ERA5）作为验证数据。首先对选取的GNSS业务观测站数据和CMR水汽含量数据进行时空匹配,两者的观测时间一致、空间范围取为100 km;然后利用精密单点定位方法反演GNSS业务观测站上空的大气可降水量（Precipitable Water Vapor, PWV）,同时对1 h分辨率的ERA5再分析资料内插计算,得到CMR水汽数据点处的ERA5 PWV;最后以GNSS PWV和ERA5 PWV为参考,分析2015年CMR水汽产品精度和偏差时空分布。结果表明,CMR水汽含量和GNSS PWV、ERA5 PWV之间的相关系数r均高于0.96,平均均方根误差分别为3.17 mm和1.58 mm,具有较高的精度;CMR水汽含量相对于GNSS PWV和ERA5 PWV的偏差不随季节变化而变化,但CMR水汽含量数据精度随纬度的增加而有所提高。     

Vertical synthetic aperture sonar for ocean acoustic tomography

This paper presents the result of a first attempt to achieve a vertical synthetic aperture in the ocean for SOFAR multipath identification. The experiment was conducted during the deployment of a tomographic array in the Mediterranean Sea. Drifting the hydrophone up or down from a ship while listening to the transmitted signal created a powerful synthetic aperture at 400 Hz. Wide-band phase-coded signals, typically used in ocean tomography, were found suitable for this application. The displacement length was 100 m and the hydrophone velocity 1 m/s. The obtained resolution of 1° enabled all the rays in the tested middle range configuration to be resolved and identified. Most of them could not have been resolved with a static hydrophone. Several Doppler processing methods are presented. The narrowband approximation leading to fast algorithms is discussed. Phase time series of individual paths obtained with an array-like wave separation method show that the phase coherence of the different multipaths is nearly perfect. An angle/velocity calibration method and a first rough inversion are finally presented     

Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology; Resolution oftopographic parameters by sea beam data

The authors explore the resolving power of an inversion algorithm which estimates five parameters of the seafloor covariance function from a single swath of multibeam echosounding data. The resolving power is evaluated as a function of the swath length, the orientation of ship track with respect to topographic grain, and the response width of the sounding system. The analysis is conducted by inverting sets of synthetic data with known statistics. The mean and standard deviation of the inverted parameters can be directly compared with the input parameters and the standard errors output from the inversion. Experiments show that resolution of the covariance parameters is strongly dependent on the number of characteristic lengths which are sampled. Root-mean-square seafloor height can be estimated to within ~15%, and anisotropic orientation to within ~5% (for a strong lineation), using track lengths as short as three characteristic lengths     

Using the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm to estimate ocean-bottom geoacoustic properties from measured and synthetic transmission loss data

This paper presents the results obtained using the adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) algorithm to invert the test cases from the Geoacoustic Inversion Techniques Workshop held in May 2001. The ASA algorithm was chosen for use in our inversion software for its speed and robustness when searching the geoacoustic parameter solution space to minimize the difference between the observed and the modeled transmission loss (TL). Earlier work has shown that the ASA algorithm is approximately 15 times faster than a modified Boltzmann annealing algorithm, used in prior versions of our TL inversion software, with comparable fits to the measured data. Results are shown for the synthetic test cases, 0 through 3, and for the measured data cases, 4 and 5. The inversion results from the synthetic test cases showed that subtle differences between range-dependent acoustic model version 1.5, used to generate the test cases, and parabolic equation (PE) 5.0, used as the propagation loss model for the inversion, were significant enough to result in the inversion algorithm finding a geoacoustic environment that produced a better match to the synthetic data than the true environment. The measured data cases resulted in better fits using ASTRAL automated signal excess prediction system TL 5.0 than using the more sophisticated PE 5.0 as a result of the inherent range averaging present in the ASTRAL 5.0 predictions.     

Method for determining atmospheric motion characteristics using measurements on geostationary meteorological satellites

The method for determining the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere using the data of sounding from geostationary meteorological satellites developed by the authors and based on using inhomogeneities of the conservative admixture concentration field as tracers and on applying the correlation extreme algorithms is described in detail. The accuracies in calculating the horizontal wind velocity vector (V) and coefficient of horizontal mesoscale turbulent diffusion (K _d ) are estimated on the basis of processing the data of sounding the atmosphere with a SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) radiometer on the Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9 European geostationary meteorological satellites in the water vapor channels centered at 6.2 and 7.3 μm and on comparing the results with the data of independent observations and theoretical models. It is indicated that the accuracy in calculating V using the developed method almost coincides with the accuracy of the commonly used foreign methods. In contrast to the methods applied abroad, the developed method makes it possible to determine not only the wind velocity vector field but also the coefficient of mesoscale turbulent diffusion and vorticity on one scale of air mass motion.