Mercury in the Sedimentary Cover and Basalts of the Basement in the Recent Hydrothermal Activity Area,Middle Valley,Juan de Fuca Ridge

The content and distribution of mercury in Holocene–Upper Pleistocene turbidites, hemipelagic sediments intercalating therein, as well as basement basalts are studied. Samples of sediments were taken from the core of Holes 858A, 858B, 858C, 858D, and 858F. Basalt samples were taken from Holes 858F and 858G drilled during Leg 139 ODP in the Middle Valley (Juan de Fuca Ridge) in the Dead Dog hydrothermal field with a high heat flow (4–20 W/m²) and numerous vents with temperature ranging from 234 to 276°C. Samples of sediments and basalts with the background Hg content were taken from the core of Holes 855A, 855C, and 855D are located beyond the hydrothermal system in the base of the fault scarp on the eastern Middle Valley. In rocks, the content of Hg and its occurrence form were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry with thermal atomization method; the chemical composition, by the XFA and ICP-MS methods. Sections of the sedimentary cover and basalt basement are marked by an alternation of “layer cake” type units with low and high contents of Hg. Mercury occurs in rocks in the physically adsorbed and mineral forms. The Hg concentration in some parts of the sedimentary section is anomalously high: up to 9696 ppb in Hole 858B and 7260 ppb in Hole 858C. In metalliferous sediments, the Hg content is 3130 ppb. Its maximum content (up to 23200 ppb) is recorded in basalts.     

The abundance of mercury in rocks,minerals and native sulphur by a microwave-excited argon plasma

Igneous rocks, silicate minerals and native sulphur have been analysed for their mercury content by a microwave-excited argon plasma. Basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks have abundances between 3 and 31 ppb Hg. The granitic rocks show much larger variations. The content in the silicate minerals is highly variable, ranging from less than 1 ppb Hg in an igneous biotite to 55 ppb Hg in a pegmatitic biotite. The analysed clay minerals give 110 and 200 ppb Hg. Volcanic elemental S contain from 11 to 9300 ppb Hg, the values on the lower side being from oceanic volcanoes and on the higher side for continental or marginal volcanoes.     

松辽盆地白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

松辽盆地庆安地区白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩主要由砂岩、泥岩和粉砂岩类组成。通过对白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩岩石样品的岩石化学分析表明 :主元素化学分类结果主要为长石砂岩、页岩 ,少量岩屑砂岩和硬砂岩 ;稀土元素分布模式显示其明显富集轻稀土及Eu负异常 ,并与NASC和PAAS稀土分布模式相似 ;碎屑沉积岩与上地壳的微量元素含量比值曲线显示为平坦型 ,这说明沉积岩是在活动性较弱的构造背景下缓慢沉积 ,具有被动大陆边缘和活动大陆边缘沉积物的特点。松辽盆地庆安地区白垩系泉头组碎屑沉积岩物质来源于张广才岭海西期花岗岩 ,后者的物源来自于上地壳。     

通化盆地亨通山组沉积特征及储层发育规律

在野外地质调查、岩芯描述和测试分析的基础上,对通化盆地亨通山组的沉积相类型、沉积环境及演化进行研究,识别出冲积扇、扇三角洲、水下扇、浅湖-半深湖和火山机构5个沉积相类型,并分析了沉积相展布特征。根据孔隙度、渗透率和压汞分析,确定亨通山组储层发育的岩性,包括砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、凝灰质砂岩、凝灰岩和凝灰熔岩,确定储层为特低孔-低孔、超低渗透储层。研究认为亨通山组储层发育的有利沉积相为水下扇相和火山岩相。原生孔隙发育,保证了石油注入时的条件。后期受到较大的埋深、火山物质和成岩改造,虽然有一定的溶蚀孔隙出现,但原生孔隙破坏和大量的黏土矿物生成,堵塞了吼道,导致储层物性差。     

塔里木下寒武统富有机质沉积层段地球化学特征及意义

塔里木盆地寒武系下统玉尔吐斯组底部富有机质沉积层段分布广泛,层位稳定,其中的硅质岩发育,并伴有磷矿产出.硅质岩的Al(Al Fe Mn)和Si/(Si Al Fe)比值分别在0.0023～0.0046和0.965～0.98之间,表明其形成于海底热水沉积环境,远离陆源区.富有机质沉积层段明显富集As、Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、P、V、Ba等微量元素,富集系数F(N)远大于1.Ba/Sr比值远远大于1,与现代海底热水沉积物中的Ba/Sr比值相似,具有明显的海底热水沉积特征;Th/U和V/Sc比值显示其形成与海洋缺氧事件有关,而导致缺氧事件发生的主要原因则是海底火山作用及其与之相伴的海底热水流体活动.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂岩储集层控制因素分析

同沉积期火山作用、物源条件、构造作用、气候条件、沉积作用及成岩作用,是控制鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂岩储集层发育的主要因素。同沉积期火山作用提供的易溶火山碎屑组分（包括颗粒和凝灰质填隙物）,对区内中高渗次生溶孔型储集层的形成起决定性控制作用。盆地北部物源区巨厚的、富含中粗粒石英颗粒的风化母岩层集中剥露,是导致盆地内山西—石盒子期中粗粒砂质沉积物集中堆积、形成厚层砂岩沉积的主要原因。局部构造的控制主要表现为：奥陶系被下切较深的继承性洼陷,往往是河流长期作用的厚砂层发育区。气候因素主要通过影响母岩的化学风化作用强度来控制岩石的成分成熟度,盆地二叠系山西组煤系地层中石英砂岩的形成与该区二叠纪潮湿的气候条件有密切的关系。沉积控制包括沉积相带控制和沉积微相控制两方面,前者主要表现在对砂体分布的宏观控制上,后者主要表现为不同砂体微相的物性差异。成岩作用的控制是多方面的,主要分析了该区砂岩在成岩早期的碳酸盐矿物的充填交代和胶结作用对储集层致密化的影响,其形成可能与砂层长期处在近地表潜水面附近的暴露环境有关。     

Petrography,provenance, diaganesis and depositional environment of Murree Formation in Jhelum Valley,Sub Himalayas,Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Pakistan

The clastic sediments of the Murree Formation of Miocene age are exposed in Jhelum valley areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Field observations revealed the cyclic deposition in the Murree Formation. The sandstone, siltstone, and shale constitute a single cycle within the formation. This single unit is divided into five different lithofacies which constitute the Bouma sequence in the Murree Formation. The Murree Formation shows faulted contacts with Panjal Formation and Nagri Formation in the study area. The modal mineralogy data obtained from the petrography of sandstone indicates that sandstone is litharenite and lithic greywacke. The mineralogical and textural data suggests that sandstone is compositionally mature and poorly to moderately sorted. The dominantly angular to sub angular quartz grains show nearness of the source area. Fractured and sutured quartz grain reveals tectonodiagentic changes that occurred in Murree Formation. The sandstone experienced diagenetic changes. The pressure solution and cementation reduced the primary porosity of sandstone. However, alteration of feldspar and fractures in grains have produced secondary porosity. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the shale samples indicates that shale of the Murree Formation is argillaceous and dominated by illite clay mineral. The illite crystallinity values indicate very low grade metamorphism of Murree Formation in core of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. The petrographic data suggests that the provenance of sandstone is recycled orogen. Quartz is of igneous and metamorphic origin. Feldspar (albite and microcline) composition suggests its derivation from acidic igneous rocks. The rock fragments of volcanics, slate, phyllite, and schist suggest igneous and metamorphic provenance. The petrographic data suggests that at the time of deposition of Murree Formation, igneous and low grade metamorphic rocks were exposed. However, presence of some clasts of carbonates indicates that sedimentary rocks were also exposed in the source region. The quartz content and clay minerals in the shale revealed that source region was igneous and metamorphic rocks. Cyclic deposition, lithofacies, and various sedimentary structures like cross bedding, ripple marks, and calcite concretions suggest that deposition of Murree Formation occurred in fluviatile environment by meandering river system having decreasing turbidity current.     

山东临朐山旺组火山集块岩和辫状河道沉积物发现的意义——对李泰来等论点的质疑,兼述山旺化石的早期研究历史

山东临朐解家河盆地山旺组底部发现火山集块岩,下部有一层岩屑质长石砂岩,具清楚的板状交错层理.证明解家河盆地附近虽有火山活动,而解家河盆地本身并非天池式封闭型古火山口.为澄清山旺组建立的年代,简述了山旺组的早期研究历史.     

滇黔桂卡林型金矿区水系沉积物和岩石金含量与时空分布

为研究滇黔桂卡林型金矿区水系沉积物和岩石中金的地球化学时空分布及其与金矿规模的对应关系,系统收集了该区1:20万区域化探全国扫面计划水系沉积物和全国地球化学基准计划岩石金的地球化学数据,绘制了水系沉积物和岩石金的地球化学分布图。滇黔桂卡林型金矿区以水系沉积物金地球化学异常面积大于1000 km^2为准,共圈定5处金的地球化学省,这些金的地球化学省同时也是矿床大规模产出的部位。区内右江盆地水系沉积物金背景值(1.94×10^–9)高于扬子克拉通(1.68×10^9),其内以泥岩、页岩、砂岩、灰岩为代表的容矿岩石金背景值(0.51×10^–9)也高于扬子克拉通(0.39×10^–9)。研究区不同构造单元及沉积相中水系沉积物金背景值受岩石金背景值的制约。金的地球化学省是地壳演化过程中不均匀分布的高金背景岩石、金矿化作用及金矿床次生风化作用相互叠加的结果。该研究有助于有效判断异常成因、识别成矿作用存在,对研究金的区域成矿规律和聚焦找矿靶区具有重要意义。     

白云凹陷北坡珠江组陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体储层特征及控制因素

采用铸体薄片、岩石薄片、扫描电镜和压汞实验、物性分析等测试资料,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡珠江组陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体储层特征及控制因素进行研究。结果表明,该储层主要为灰色中细粒岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度、结构成熟度均较低。储集空间以次生孔隙为主,其次为剩余原生粒间孔、原生孔隙等。储层具有排驱压力较高、配位数较高、孔喉半径小和孔喉分选性较差的孔隙结构特点,为中-低孔、中-低渗型储层。储层发育受沉积相和成岩作用的复合控制,水下分流河道砂体储集物性明显优于其它微相砂体。成岩作用过程主导储层物性变化,砂岩储集体中的原生储集空间因机械压实作用、胶结作用而大幅降低,后期溶蚀作用产生较多的次生储集空间,尤其是长石的溶蚀极大改善了本区储层物性,导致储集体中溶蚀性次生孔隙为主要的储存空间。     

Arsenic and mercury contamination in 31 cores taken in 1965, St. Anna Trough, Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean

 Several cores of 31 collected in 1965 in the St. Anna Trough, Kara Sea, have very high concentrations of Hg and As in surface/near-surface samples. Mercury contents range from 94 to 3915 ppb with a mean of 444 ppb and a baseline value of 314 ppb. Arsenic contents range from 5 to 710 ppm with a mean of 51 ppm and a baseline value of 23 ppm. The Hg and part of the As loading is likely anthropogenic from industrial activities in Siberia via atmospheric emission and deposition onto catchments. This is followed by mobilization into fluvial systems and is added to by industrial effluent discharge. Post-depositional diagenesis from depth in the cores contributes to high As values. A north-flowing bottom current transports Hg- and As-bearing suspended material from the Ob River sea discharge zone to depositional environments in the St. Anna Trough. Dumping of military materials and other wastes into the Kara Sea from the late 1940s to 1991 has likely added to Hg and As loading in the trough sediments. The bioavailability of mercury from suspended materials may be the reason why higher than normal levels of these potentially toxic elements are found in European Arctic seabirds, ringed seal and polar bear. Received: 12 December 1999 · Accepted: 23 May 2000     

中国汞的地球化学空间分布特征

20世纪80年代以来中国积累了岩石、土壤和水系沉积物中的大量可靠的汞分析数据和图件,为分析汞的地球化学空间分布特征提供了依据.从空间分布上看,从中国北部到南部,从西部到东部,土壤和水系沉积物中汞的含量背景值逐渐增高,汞在以干旱荒漠区、半干旱荒漠区、黄土地区和高寒山区为主的西部和北部呈低背景,在东部的森林沼泽区和半湿润低山丘陵区为中等背景,在南部的湿润低山丘陵区、热带雨林区和高山峡谷区为高背景,尤其在以云南东南部、贵州、广西西部、湖南西部岩溶区为中心的低温成矿域内,无论岩石、土壤还是水系沉积物,汞含量背景值达到最高.一般情况下,岩石、土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有继承性,在地理空间分布上呈明显的对栽应关系,并且土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有相近性,土壤和水系沉积物较岩石更为富集汞.     

Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin,Baroševac,Serbia

Diatomite associated with the Kolubara Coal Basin was studied to better understand early stage silica diagenesis of shallow water deposits. The Kolubara Basin consists of Neogene siliciclastic rocks, diatomite, marlstone and rare carbonates. Palaeozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous basement rocks are transgressively overlain by Upper Miocene sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. This Upper Miocene section is transgressively overlain by the Pontian section, which contains diatomite and coal beds. White and grey diatomite forms beds 0.7-2.2 m thick that are continuous over an area of about 2 km². Siliceous rocks vary in composition from diatomite (81-89 per cent SiO₂) to diatom-bearing shale (58-60 per cent SiO₂). Siliceous deposits are laminated in places, with the laminae defined by variations in clay minerals, organic matter and diatoms. Diatomite shows only incipient diagenesis characterized by the fragmentation of diatom frustules, the minor to moderate corrosion of frustules and the formation of minor amounts of opal-A' (X-ray amorphous inorganic opal) cement. The low degree of diagenesis results from the young age of the deposits, low burial temperatures and possibly also from the presence of abundant organic matter and the dissolution of kaolinite. The presence of only weak diagenesis is also reflected by the characteristically poor consolidation of the rocks and low rank of the associated coal.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统古老碱湖成因探究：来自全球碱湖沉积的启示

碱湖沉积在全球范围内均有分布,在特定的构造背景、火山活动、热液作用及气候条件下形成。我国准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组发育的碱湖沉积形成年代老且埋藏较深,在完整的沉积-成岩演化研究中具有独特优势。此外,风城组碱湖沉积的分布与页岩油藏的分布具有密切关系,其形成演化对碱湖页岩油藏研究提供重要支持。通过全球尺度下碱湖及碱湖沉积主要特征分析,总结碱湖沉积特征和成因,为准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖沉积成因分析提供借鉴。综合分析表明,同期火山活动和特定气候条件均可主控碱湖沉积的形成。此外,碱湖沉积形成需湖盆水文封闭、充足的溶质供给、低硫酸盐占比及强蒸发环境条件。汇总分析全球碱湖沉积矿物种类与埋深关系,发现成岩作用下矿物转变规律:单斜钠钙石随成岩作用增强依次转变为钙水碱、碳钠钙石,苏打石和天然碱转变为碳酸氢钠石。通过与全球碱湖沉积实例对比分析可知,玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖沉积中碳酸氢钠石和碳钠钙石经成岩作用形成,钠硅酸盐矿物和特征矿物与火山活动及热液作用有关。碳酸氢钠石生长形态及磁黄铁矿指示玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖沉积中心为高盐度分层且底部缺氧的常年生湖泊。下二叠统风城组碱湖沉积形成与周缘火山岩及同沉积火山活动密切相关,受气候、构造背景、火山活动和后期成岩作用的共同控制。     

Lithofacies associations and structural evolution of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt,Quadrilátero Ferrífero,Brazil: A review of the setting of gold deposits

The Rio das Velhas greenstone belt is located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, in the southern extremity of the São Francisco Craton, central-southern part of the State of Minas Gerais, SE Brazil. The metavolcano–sedimentary rocks of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup in this region are subdivided into the Nova Lima and Maquiné Groups. The former occurs at the base of the sequence, and contains the major Au deposits of the region. New geochronological data, along with a review of geochemical data for volcanic and sedimentary rocks, suggest at least two generations of greenstone belts, dated at 2900 and 2780 Ma. Seven lithofacies associations are identified, from bottom to top, encompassing (1) mafic–ultramafic volcanic; (2) volcano–chemical–sedimentary; (3) clastic–chemical–sedimentary, (4) volcaniclastic association with four lithofacies: monomictic and polymictic breccias, conglomerate–graywacke, graywacke–sandstone, graywacke–argillite; (5) resedimented association, including three sequences of graywacke–argillite, in the north and eastern, at greenschist facies and in the south, at amphibolite metamorphic facies; (6) coastal association with four lithofacies: sandstone with medium- to large-scale cross-bedding, sandstone with ripple marks, sandstone with herringbone cross-bedding, sandstone–siltstone; (7) non-marine association with the lithofacies: conglomerate–sandstone, coarse-grained sandstone, fine- to medium-grained sandstone. Four generations of structures are recognized: the first and second are Archean and compressional, driven from NNE to SSW; the third is extensional and attributed to the Paleoproterozoic Transamazonian Orogenic Cycle; and the fourth is compressional, driven from E to W, is related to the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano Orogenic Cycle. Gold deposits in the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt are structurally controlled and occur associated with hydrothermal alterations along Archean thrust shear zones of the second generation of structures.Sedimentation occurred during four episodes. Cycle 1 is interpreted to have occurred between 2800 and 2780 Ma, based on the ages of the mafic and felsic volcanism, and comprises predominantly chemical sedimentary rocks intercalated with mafic–ultramafic volcanic flows. It includes the volcano–chemical–sedimentary lithofacies association and part of the mafic–ultramafic volcanic association. The cycle is related to the initial extensional stage of the greenstone belt formation, with the deposition of sediments contemporaneous with volcanic flows that formed the submarine mafic plains. Cycle 2 encompasses the clastic–chemical–sedimentary association and distal turbidites of the resedimented association, in the eastern sector of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. It was deposited in the initial stages of the felsic volcanism. Cycle 2 includes the coastal and resedimented associations in the southern sector, in advanced stages of subduction. In this southern sedimentary cycle it is also possible to recognize a stable shelf environment. Following the felsic volcanism, Cycle 3 comprises sedimentary rocks of the volcaniclastic and resedimented lithofacies associations, largely in the northern sector of the area. The characteristics of both associations indicate a submarine fan environment transitional to non-marine successions related to felsic volcanic edifices and related to the formation of island arcs. Cycle 4 is made up of clastic sedimentary rocks belonging to the non-marine lithofacies association. They are interpreted as braided plain and alluvial fan deposits in a retroarc foreland basin with the supply of debris from the previous cycles.     

西昆仑赛力亚克混杂堆积中砂岩块体的主要特点

西昆仑赛力亚克混杂堆积由形态、颜色和大小各异的沉积岩块体以及黑色泥质粉砂岩夹灰紫绿色钙质页岩、泥灰岩和层凝灰岩的基质组成。露头上块体和基质界线一般清楚，岩块主要是岩屑石英砂岩、凝灰质杂砂岩、长石质杂砂岩、石英质杂砂岩和碳酸盐岩类等。它们分布受麻礼－康西瓦－木孜塔格构造带的控制，是在残留海沟带，通过碎屑流、重力流的作用形成一套特殊的沉积混杂体。     

塔中西北部上泥盆统东河砂岩与志留系砂岩中重砂矿物特征与地质意义

沉积物中重矿物分布受物源区、构造抬升与剥蚀作用、古地貌以及沉积古气候、古环境等多种因素影响,因此沉积重砂矿物的研究可应用于物源区、沉积环境的分析,阐明构造旋回与沉积作用的响应关系。本文通过对塔中地区中1井等6口探井上泥盆统东河砂岩和志留系柯坪塔格组砂岩中重砂矿物分析,提出了塔中东河砂岩重砂矿物主要来自稳定的基底再沉积及花岗岩来源,但受近源的基性火山岩及岩浆期后热液作用影响较大;志留系下砂岩重砂矿物主要来自下覆碳酸盐岩、花岗岩和搬运再沉积物,总体形成于稳定的、多物源的构造-沉积环境,物源方向可能是东南至西北方向。     

青岛八仙墩海相碎屑岩的岩石地球化学特征及其油气研究意义

青岛八仙墩剖面出露了一套海相陆源碎屑沉积层序。这套碎屑岩受崂山花岗岩侵入已经发生变质,岩性以硬砂岩为主,夹有页岩、含锰细砂岩、长石砂岩,富含白云质。这套地层保留了各种原生的沉积构造,发育有浊积岩的底模构造,同沉积变形,水平层理、微粒序层理。岩石地球化学分析结果表明:碎屑岩的SiO_2含量在59.6%～71.6%之间,含量的多少与岩性无相关性;而黑色页岩的Al_2O_3含量变化于12.31%～16.39%之间,多在15%以上,高于灰白色砂岩的含量(普遍小于14.5%)。镜下特征和Al203含量都表明砂岩的成熟度低。除一个样品外,碎屑岩的∑REE含量高,在146.75×10~(-6)～245.78×10~(-6)之间,La在30.35×10~(-6)～61.39×10~(-6)之间,对球粒陨石标准化的(La/Yb)_N在8.68×10~(-6)～21.89×10~(-6)之间。对PASS标准化碎屑岩的(La/Ce)_N值为1.07～1.18,显示了陆源碎屑物质的主要贡献。该地层弱的Ce/Ce*负异常和富含白云质岩层指示了海相沉积环境。主量元素判别图解和微量元素判别图解表明这套碎屑岩具有活动大陆边缘背景和大陆岛弧的共同特征,但高的∑REE含量、La和Ce丰度支持了活动大陆边缘的沉积环境,但有待于采用更准确的重矿物分析来确定其物源区的大地构造性质。这套碎屑岩的出露指示了南黄海盆地深部应有奥陶统盆地相浊积沉积体系的存在,可能具有良好的浊积砂岩油气储层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上三叠统延长组物源与沉积体系特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组为例,通过对野外露头沉积特征、骨架颗粒、重矿物组合等分析,讨论了研究区物源与沉积体系特征。研究表明:早期沉积物源主要来自盆地西南方向,南部也有贡献。中、晚期沉积物源除来自西南方向和南部物源外,还受到来自盆地北东方向次要物源的影响。延长组长8之上与之下物源性质发生明显变化。延长组长8砂岩的岩屑以变质岩为主,少量沉积岩和火成岩;而延长组长6砂岩岩屑则以沉积岩为主,少量变质岩和火成岩,这表明长6沉积期盆地周缘、特别是盆地西缘抬升加剧,地层的剥蚀更强烈,致使大量较年轻的地层被剥蚀并加入源区母岩中。鄂尔多斯盆地延长期湖盆为北西—南东向展布,西南区主要发育辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积体系,东北区主要发育曲流河三角洲沉积体系,在深湖区发育浊积扇沉积体系。     

The Arunta Inlier: a complex ensialic mobile belt in central Australia. Part 1: Stratigraphy,correlations and origin

The Arunta Inlier is a 200 000 km² region of mainly Precambrian metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rock in central Australia. To the N it merges with similar rocks of lower metamorphic grade in the Tennant Creek Inlier, and to the NW it merges with schist and gneiss of The Granites‐Tanami Province. It is characterized by mafic and felsic meta‐igneous rocks, abundant silicic and aluminous metasediments and carbonate, and low‐ to medium‐pressure metamorphism. Hence, the Arunta Inlier is interpreted as a Proterozoic ensialic mobile belt floored by continental crust. The belt evolved over about 1500 Ma, and began with mafic and felsic volcanism and mafic intrusion in a latitudinal rift, followed by shale and limestone deposition, deformation, metamorphism and emergence. Flysch sedimentation and volcanism then continued in geosynclinal troughs flanking the ridge of meta‐igneous rocks, and were followed by platform deposition of thin shallow‐marine sediments, further deformation, and episodes of metamorphism and granite intrusion.