连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中钙铁钾镁钠

1仪器及工作条件Contr AA 300连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱仪(FAAS,德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司),配有SFS 6分段流动注射和AS 52 s自动进样器,用于直接测定井水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg和Na。仪器工作条件见表1;元素测量条件见表2。表1仪器工作条件元素测λ量/n波m长火类型焰(燃流L/气量h)助燃燃气气/比燃(宽m烧m度头)燃θ角/烧(度°头)燃(高m烧度m头)Ca 239.8559 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 7Fe 248.3270 Air/C2H265 0.135 50 0 8K 404.4140 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 8Mg 202     

连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中钙铁钾镁钠

Contr AA 300连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱仪（FAAS,德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司）,配有SFS6分段流动注射和AS52S自动进样器,用于直接测定井水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg和Na。仪器工作条件见表1;元素测量条件见表2。     

Compositions and textures of relic forsterite in carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

Several percent of the olivine in the C2, C3 and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOC) can be distinguished by blue cathodoluminescence (CL) and an unusual composition for forsterite. This olivine has the following textural features:

• 1.(1) forms cores in single olivine grains;
• 2.(2) shows subhedral to euhedral boundaries against rim olivine;
• 3.(3) rarely contains inclusions;
• 4.(4) has embayments containing olivine like that of the rim;
• 5.(5) occurs within chondrules especially in UOC meteorites.

The blue olivine is always Fe-poor (0.25 < FeO < 1.0%) and shows the following average and maximum values (%): Al₂O₃ (0.25, 0.5), TiO₂ (0.05, 0.09), CaO (0.5, 0.8), Cr₂O₃ (0.15, 0.5), and MnO (0.02, 0.15); vanadium is present. Within a single olivine and within all blue olivines Al, Ca and Ti are strongly positively correlated as are Mn, Fe, and Cr in olivine surrounding the blue. The blue cores are not zoned but each element shows a marked change at the boundary of the blue with Al showing the most rapid change. These are interpreted as diffusion profiles between rim and core olivine.Textures suggest initial free growth probably from a gas and later addition of olivine by liquid crystallization to form single crystals or chondrules. The unusual olivine composition indicates high temperature growth from a refractory-rich reservoir with Al entering olivine in tetrahedral coordination. Vapor growth is suggested as the process allowing the high minor element levels. The occurrence of blue olivine in all primitive meteorites indicates that it is relic material which was widespread prior to chondrule and hence meteorite formation. Similarities in composition exist between this relic olivine and olivine of cosmic dust and Deep Sea Particles pointing to this olivine being a common component in all primitive extraterrestrial material.     

An Fe isotope study of ordinary chondrites

The Fe isotope composition of ordinary chondrites and their constituent chondrules, metal and sulphide grains have been systematically investigated. Bulk chondrites fall within a restricted isotopic range of <0.2‰ δ⁵⁶Fe, and chondrules define a larger range of >1‰ (−0.84‰ to 0.21‰ relative to the IRMM-14 Fe standard). Fe isotope compositions do not vary systematically with the very large differences in total Fe concentration, or oxidation state, of the H, L, and LL chondrite classes. Similarly, the Fe isotope compositions of chondrules do not appear to be determined by the H, L or LL classification of their host chondrite. This may support an origin of the three ordinary chondrite groups from variable accretion of identical Fe-bearing precursors.A close relationship between isotopic composition and redistribution of Fe during metamorphism on ordinary chondrite parent bodies was identified; the largest variations in chondrule compositions were found in chondrites of the lowest petrologic types. The clear link between element redistribution and isotopic composition has implications for many other non-traditional isotope systems (e.g. Mg, Si, Ca, Cr). Isotopic compositions of chondrules may also be determined by their melting history; porphyritic chondrules exhibit a wide range in isotope compositions whereas barred olivine and radial pyroxene chondrules are generally isotopically heavier than the ordinary chondrite mean. Very large chondrules preserve the greatest heterogeneity of Fe isotopes.The mean Fe isotope composition of bulk ordinary chondrites was found to be −0.06‰ (±0.12‰ 2 SD); this is isotopically lighter than the terrestrial mean composition and all other published non-chondritic meteorite suites e.g. lunar and Martian samples, eucrites, pallasites, and irons. Ordinary chondrites, though the most common meteorites found on Earth today, were not the sole building blocks of the terrestrial planets.     

连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中钙铁钾镁钠

1仪器及工作条件Contr AA 300连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱仪(FAAS,德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司),配有SFS 6分段流动注射和AS 52 s自动进样器,用于直接测定井水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg和Na。仪器工作条件见表1;元素测量条件见表2。表1仪器工作条件元素测λ量/n波m长火类型焰(燃流L/气量h)助燃燃气气/比燃(宽m烧m度头)燃θ角/烧(度°头)燃(高m烧度m头)Ca 239.8559 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 7Fe 248.3270 Air/C2H265 0.135 50 0 8K 404.4140 Air/C2H260 0.130 50 0 8Mg 202     

Inter-element relationships between trace elements in primitive carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

The results of a search for significant (95 % confidence level) inter-element relationships among 13 trace elements in carbonaceous chondrites and 26 elements and the disequilibrium parameter for silicate phases in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOC) indicate pronounced differences in the formation processes of these two sorts of primitive chondrites. Twenty-six pairs of elements are correlated in carbonaceous chondrites and these correlations lend support to a model involving mixing in different ratios of material differing in thermal history.Comparison of the 26 elements in UOC shows that 39 pairs of elements are significantly related and only very volatile elements are correlated with the disequilibrium parameter. Each of the inter-element relationships can be specifically ascribed to a metal-silicate fractionation in the solar nebula or to a thermal fractionation. These relationships are about equally consistent with the metamorphism, two-component condensation and simultaneous accretion-condensation models for the origin, of the ordinary chondrites, each requiring adoption of specific ad hoc assumptions for complete consistency.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定井水中的钙铁钾镁钠

实验在德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司的Contr AA@300火焰原子吸收光谱仪上进行,仪器配有SFS6分段流动注射和AS52s自动进样器,测定井水中的ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na。在井水样品中加入2mLφ=65％的HNO3和2mL100g/L的LaCl3溶液,以水定容至100mL。待分析样品用Contr AA@300火焰原子吸收光谱仪进行测定。     

Abundance patterns of thirteen trace elements in primitive carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

A neutron activation analysis technique was used to determine Au, Re, Co, Mo, As, Sb, Ga, Se, Te, Hg, Zn, Bi and Tl in 11 carbonaceous chondrites, 12 unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOC), and 4 equilibrated ordinary chondrites. The first 6 elements are ‘undepleted’, the next 3 ‘normally-depleted’ and the last 4 ‘strongly-depleted’. Except for Hg, ‘depleted-element’ abundances in carbonaceous chondrites lead to mean relative ratios of C1:C2:C3 = 1.00:0.53:0.29, i.e. those predicted by a two-component (mixing of high-temperature and low-temperature fractions) model. The last 4 nominally ‘undepleted’ elements are somewhat depleted in ordinary chondrites, As and Sb showing partial depletion in C3 and the latter in C2 chondrites as well. This requires a modification of the two-component model to indicate that deposition of elements during condensation of high temperature material was not an all-or-nothing process.Apart from Bi and Tl, the elements studied have similar abundances in unequilibrated and equilibrated ordinary chondrites and only the former are unquestionably correlated with the degree of disequilibrium in silicate minerals. Only some ‘strongly-depleted’ elements exhibit at least one of the following—proportional depletion in UOC, progressive depletion in petrographic grades 3–6 ordinary chondrites and enrichment in the gas-containing dark portion of gas-rich, light-dark meteorites—indicating that such depletion does not ensure that an element will exhibit these trends. Partly or completely siderophile As, Au, Co, Ga, Mo, Re and Sb vary with chemical type in the same manner in both unequilibrated and equilibrated ordinary chondrites and doubtless reflect a process involving fractionation of metallic iron.     

ICP-AES法同时测定钛铁矿中钾钠钙镁钡锶锌

采用HCl—HNO3-HF—HClO4,HCl—HNO3-HF—H2SO4敞口和HCl-HNO3-HF—HClO4,HCl-HNO3-HF—H2SO4微波消解4种方法溶矿,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP—AES）测定,建立了钛铁矿中钾、钠、钙、镁、钡、锶、锌等元素的同时测定方法。对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定的最佳仪器条件及分析谱线进行了选择,并对钛、铁基体的影响、溶矿提取酸度以及溶矿残渣进行了研究。实验结果表明：采用HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4敞口溶矿,具有检出限低、灵敏度高,操作简便、快速等突出优点。该方法测定值与推荐值基本吻合,分析方法的精密度满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定叶腊石中的铝铁钾钠

采用同一矿区已知成分含量的叶腊石配制标样系列，克服了粉末法测定叶腊石中Ａｌ２Ｏ３，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３，Ｋ２Ｏ，Ｎａ２Ｏ的矿物和粒度效应。分析结果准确度满足出口材料的检测要求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定白云石中铁铝钙镁钾钠硫

采用微波消解白云石样品，电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定其中铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、硫的氧化物，对微波消解条件和等离子体发射光谱仪的工作条件进行了选择，克服了常规化学分析方法步骤繁琐、耗时长、工作量大的不足。利用所建立的方法快速分析了白云石中铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、硫的含量，结果与标准值或化学法相符，10次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）7种元素均小于1％，可以满足生产和科研的要求。     

Lithium,sodium and potassium abundances in carbonaceous chondrites

Concentrations of lithium, sodium, and potassium in 18 carbonaceous chondrites were determined in the same sample solution by atomic absorption. Mean abundances in carbonaceous Type I chondrites are, in atoms 10⁶ Si: Li = 60.1, Na = 5800, K = 3700. Relative to Type I carbonaceous chondrites, abundances in Type II's are: Li = 0.87, Na = 0.61, K = 0.58; and in Type III's Li = 0.82, Na = 0.49, K = 0.36. Evidently there is a differential depletion of potassium relative to sodium in Type III's, suggesting a fractionation after accretion.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定玻璃中铝钙铁钾镁钠钛硫

通过选择分析谮线、处理样品方法和消除干扰因素等实验,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定玻璃中的Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、TiO2和SO3的方法,克服了利用常规化学法测定玻璃中各氧化物步骤繁琐、耗时长、工作量大的不足.方法的回收率为95.0%～103.0%,精密度(RSD,n=10)为0.20%～1.72%.方法具有快速、简便、线性范围宽等优点,分析误差满足常规化学分析法的要求.用于钠钙硅玻璃及其制品的分析,结果令人满意.     

Crystallization of chondrules in ordinary chondrites

The process of crystallization and the origin of chondrules are discussed, in terms of the phase relations of the minerals in chondrules in six ordinary chondrites of the Yamato-74 meteorites, especially the Yamato-74191 (L3).Chondrules are classified into six types. The bulk compositions of chondrules projected onto the MgO-FeO-SiO₂ system show that the compositions of chondrules vary widely. Investigations by means of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system indicate that porphyritic chondrules can be regarded as products of supercooling crystallization. The growth rates of crystals in porphyritic chondrules were fairly small. The difference between types of chondrules is interpreted in terms of the compositions of chondrules and the nucleation temperatures of the supercooled droplets.All these observations and estimations must be taken into account for discussing the origin of chondrules. The impact and dust fusion theories do not appear to be plausible. Molten droplets due to these mechanisms will be glassy spherules, or crystallize at equilibrium. Only a liquid condensation theory can well explain the characteristic features and the process of the crystallization of chondrules.     

Abundance of 17 trace elements in carbonaceous chondrites

Seventeen trace elements (Ag, Au, Bi, Br, Cd, Cs, Ge, In, Ir, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U and Zn) were measured by neutron activation analysis in 8 C1 samples (1 Alais, 3 Ivuna, 4 Orgueil) and in 3 C2 samples (one each of Mighei, Murchison, Murray). The results show far less scatter than earlier literature data. The standard deviation of a single measurement from the mean of 8 C1 samples lies between 2 and 14 per cent, except for the following 4 elements: Au ±18 per cent, Ag ±22 per cent, Rb ±19 per cent and Br ±33 per cent. The first two probably reflect contamination and sample heterogeneity, the last two, analytical error. Apparently C1 chondrites have a far more uniform composition than some authors have claimed.The new data suggest significant revisions in cosmic abundance for the following elements (old values in parentheses): Zn 1250 (1500), Cd 1.51 (2.12), Ir 0.72 (0.43) atoms/10⁶ Si atoms. The Br value is also lower, 6.8 vs 20.6, but may be affected by analytical error.Relative to C1 chondrites, the C2 chondrites Mighei, Murchison and Murray are depleted in volatile elements by a factor of 0.508 ± 0.038, much more constant than indicated by oldor data. Ordinary chondrites also show a more uniform depletion relative to the new C1 data. The mean depletion factor of Sb, F, Cu, Ga, Ge, Sn, S, Se, Te and Ag is 0.227 ± 0.027 in H-chondrites. This constancy further strengthens the case for the two-component model of chondrite formation.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定膨润土中的交换性阳离子钙镁钾钠

对膨润土交换性阳离子和阳离子交换容量的测试是评价膨润土矿的主要指标之一,传统的测定膨润土交换性阳离子通常采用原子吸收光谱法或容量法,操作手续复杂繁琐。本文用氯化铵-乙醇交换液交换出试样中的可交换性阳离子钙、镁、钾、钠,分取蒸至湿盐状,制备成盐酸介质的溶液,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定。通过正交试验确定了最佳实验条件为交换1次,加入25 mL交换液,搅拌30 min,沉淀洗涤2次。分别选择315.887 nm、279.079 nm、766.490 nm、589.592 nm作为钙、镁、钾、钠的分析谱线,绘制的标准曲线中钾、钠的浓度在0～0.6 mmol/L,钙、镁的浓度在0～3.0 mmol/L呈良好的线性关系。方法检出限为0.012～0.048 mmol/100 g。经国家标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合,精密度为0.5%～2.5%(RSD,n=11),准确度为-6.1%～10%,加标回收率为97.0%～100.0%。本方法样品处理方法程序简单快速,分析重现性好,克服了传统分析方法测定手续繁琐、时间冗长且成本高等缺点,适用于批量样品的分析。     

基于Apollo15月壤和普通球粒与碳质球粒陨石模拟实验的太空风化特征产物成因分析

月球、小行星等无大气行星体具有独特的反射光谱太空风化改造特征,其成因主要被归结于纳米级—亚微米级不透明颗粒等太空风化特征产物.本研究结合Apollo 返回月壤样品、普通球粒和碳质球粒陨石样品的模拟实验结果,综合分析了太空风化特征产物的来源和成因,并讨论了其可能的光谱效应.研究结果表明,np-Fe0 (纳米级单质金属铁)...     

Alkylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbonaceous chondrites

Using microprobe laser-desorption, laser-ionization mass spectrometry (μL²MS), we measured the distributions of alkylated and unalkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the free organic material of 20 carbonaceous chondrites. These meteorites represent a variety of meteorite classes and alteration histories, including CI, CK, CM, CO, CR, CV, and Tagish Lake. This work provides information on free organic compounds that is complementary to studies of the structure and composition of meteoritic macromolecular content.For the nine CM2 meteorites analyzed, we observe that higher relative abundances of alkylated PAHs correlate with more intense aqueous activity. We attribute this correlation to the differences in solubility and volatility between unalkylated and alkylated PAHs. Naphthalene and its alkylation series are more susceptible to the effects of aqueous exposure than the less-soluble PAH phenanthrene and its alkylated derivatives. These observations are consistent with the possibility of chromatographic separations on the meteorite parent bodies. We identify six CM2 meteorites with similar PAH distributions that may represent the original, unaltered organic composition of the parent body.Increased metamorphic intensity reduces the abundance of all PAHs. The thermally metamorphosed CK chondrites had no detectable levels of typical meteoritic PAHs. This observation might be explained either by a loss of PAHs caused by volatilization or by a significantly different organic content of the CK parent body.