从海陆对比探讨东海南部中生代油气勘探前景

为探讨东海南部中生代油气勘探前景,开展了东海及邻近陆域中生代油气勘探现状、区域构造和烃源岩条件等对比分析。结果显示,海陆中生代深部地质结构存在较大差异,二者在中生代地层分布的面积与厚度、岩浆岩的分布与强度以及烃源岩条件等方面均表现出明显的不同。综合分析认为,海域中生代构造更稳定、地层分布更广、厚度更大、烃源岩条件更好,因而推测其具有好的油气勘探前景。     

Review of Methodologies for Offshore Wind Resource Observation and Assessment

Observation and assessment of wind resources is a prerequisite for wind farm construction. Due to the investment cost of offshore wind farm is very expensive, more accurate assessment of wind resources is needed to reduce their investment risks. From traditional field observation to multi-platform remote sensing and from ordinary mathematical statistics to coupled numerical model simulation, abundant offshore wind data and evolving assessment methods make the results of offshore wind resource assessment more and more reliable. Poor station observations and rich remote sensing data are distinct characteristics of offshore wind data. Technology integration of applying multi-scale coupled models to assimilate multi-source remote sensing and station data is a mainstream development direction of offshore wind resource assessment methods. The wind resource assessment for offshore wind farm should focus on data quality and method selections of data interpolation, wind speed calculation of return period and wind energy parameters adjusted for a long term condition because these factors can significantly affect the operating efficiency of future wind farm.     

中国不同类型盆地油气资源丰度统计特征及预测模型

油气资源丰度是油气资源评价的一项关键参数,取准资源丰度对于客观评价资源潜力十分重要。本文立足于类比刻度区进行统计分析,探索建立资源丰度预测模型的思路并开展研究;统计表明我国主要含油气盆地的常规油气资源普遍为中低丰度,并以特低丰度和低丰度资源为主,仅局部优越区块为高丰度。据此筛选刻度区数据,并按照裂谷、克拉通、前陆3种基本盆地类型分析常规油气资源丰度与相关地质参数的关系。不同类型盆地的油气资源丰度均与烃源岩生烃强度、圈闭面积系数、区域不整合次数3项主控地质参数具有显著的相关性,但不同类型盆地油气资源丰度与3项主控地质参数之间关系的变化趋势存在差异,拟合的单参数地质模型能够较好描述3项主控地质参数单独与不同类型盆地油气资源丰度的定量关系。由此建立了基于烃源岩生烃强度、圈闭面积系数、区域不整合次数3项主控地质参数的油气资源丰度预测模型,能够快速、准确求取不同类型盆地的常规油气资源丰度。预测模型在实际应用中效果较为理想,具有易操作、易推广的优点,实用价值较高。     

Petroleum prospects of Lamu Basin,South-Eastern Kenya

The hydrocarbon potential of the sub-surface Lamu basin (SE Kenya) offshore sedimentary rock sequences of Mesozoic age formed the premise of this study. Major similarities and some differences in structural styles can be seen between the offshore Lamu and the Gondwana basins along the margins of Indian Ocean and Carnarvon basin along Australia’s North West Shelf, where oil pools have been discovered. The existing well results and recent 2-D seismic data have been interpreted to identify various structural styles and play fairway segments, which bolster the possibility that the Karroo to late Tertiary sedimentary mega-sequences (～3000–13000 m thick), suitable for hydrocarbon exploration, could be visualized in both the onshore and offshore Lamu basin areas. Similarly, major reservoir-seal and potential source intervals have been identified in the present study. The hydrocarbon indicator from the well-log data shows that oil potential in complex multiple petroleum systems, ranging in age from Triassic to Tertiary, have tested gas deposits. Well control of only one exploratory well per 25,000 sq km in the offshore Lamu basin shows evidence of the existence of at least two active petroleum systems. The Lamu basin has evolved consequent to a complex tectonic activity related to continental rifting and block faulting of the Lamu-Anza and Central African rift systems. An attempt has been made to recommend the probable prognostic structural leads, which are controlled by NW-SE trending faults sympathetic to the Anza-Lamu rift systems, for future essential sub-surface features of source rocks, reservoir rocks and the cap rocks in the Lamu basin.     

近海油气藏渗漏烃的检测方法综述

主要总结了海域油气藏渗漏烃的航空遥感和地球化学检测方法.遥感测量可以从宏观上圈定海面油膜的分布范围,是海上油气藏勘探前期常用的廉价方法;海底沉积物取芯测量和海水嗅探器现场分析是海域油气藏渗漏烃地球化学检测的主要手段,海水样品的脱气处理是海水介质中渗漏烃地球化学检测的关键环节;海水和海底沉积物取样设备与脱气技术的不断完善,为海域油气藏渗漏烃的检测提供了基本保障;目前,底层水采样分析与海底沉积物取芯分析已成为一种有效且相对经济的海域油气藏渗漏烃检测技术组合,与一些地球物理方法结合应用,可有效地圈定海底下方渗漏源的位置.     

层序地层格架下烃源岩地球化学研究:以尼日尔Termit盆地为例

如何利用有限的烃源岩样品的实验分析数据和地质资料尽可能地提高烃源岩评价和预测的精度,是当今烃源岩地球化学研究亟需解决的问题.采用层序地层学与油气地球化学相结合的方法,研究了非洲尼日尔Termit盆地基于层序地层格架下,上白垩统Yogou组烃源岩空间分布特征及有机质地球化学性质,初步展示了层序地层格架下烃源岩地球化学研究的方法、应用效果及优势.Termit盆地上白垩统Yogou组海相泥页岩是该盆地主要的烃源层,自下而上可划分为YSQ1、YSQ2和YSQ3共3个三级层序.根据层序/体系域发育特征、岩性录井和测井曲线响应特征,识别出外陆棚、内陆棚、三角洲、滨岸相泥岩及煤/炭质泥岩共5种不同沉积类型的烃源岩,不同层序与体系域具有不同的烃源岩纵向叠置关系和横向分布特征.不同类型的烃源岩有机质具有明显不同的地球化学性质:外陆棚和内陆棚泥岩有机质丰度中等-好,有机质生物来源中,低等水生生物贡献高,沉积于偏还原的沉积环境.滨岸和三角洲相泥岩有机质丰度高,具有低等水生生物和高等植物来源的双重贡献,沉积于偏氧化的沉积环境.三级层序或其体系域控制下的沉积相分布和演化导致不同类型烃源岩的发育和横向分布特征,同一沉积相类型的烃源岩具有相似的地球化学性质.与传统的以组、段为单元的烃源岩地球化学研究相比,层序地层格架下的烃源岩评价可以刻画不同层序、不同体系域和沉积相带烃源岩有机质地球化学性质的差异,提高资源评价和油-源对比的精度.      

东海陆架盆地形成演化及油气成藏关键地质问题

东海陆架盆地是中国近海规模最大的边缘海盆地,历次资源评价均认为其具有丰富的油气资源潜力,但迄今为止,其油气探明程度仍相对较低.因此,有必要对东海陆架盆地从区域构造背景、盆地形成机制到烃源潜力、沉积储层等油气成藏关键问题展开全面的重新研究和认识.通过对东海及其周缘构造单元基础地质资料、研究现状及存在问题的梳理,提出东海陆架盆地中生代盆地原型及其与周边区域构造演化、晚中生代-新生代裂谷盆地差异演化及其成因、沉积充填特征及其控制因素是研究东海陆架盆地形成演化的3个关键的科学问题.因各次级沉降单元差异演化,造成各区域油气成藏的关键地质要素也存在明显差异,其中储层因素是以始新统-渐新统沉积为主的东部坳陷带油气成藏的关键,而烃源岩条件是解答古新统-始新统沉积为主的西部坳陷带油气成藏的基础性问题.      

Onshore–offshore structure and hydrocarbon potential of the South Yellow Sea

Recent high-resolution airborne gravity data taken over the South Yellow Sea and its western onshore–offshore transition zone, combined with ground gravity data taken over the onshore area (Subei Basin), China, show that the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea and the Subei Basin correspond to the same gravity low anomaly. Magnetic data also support our interpretations. Both areas have similar strata, structures and hydrocarbon potential, and form a large Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin controlled by the Tanlu Fault. Cenozoic terrestrial strata are well developed in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea, and thick Meso–Paleozoic marine strata are preserved in the Central uplift area. Future hydrocarbon exploration in the South Yellow Sea should focus on the Cenozoic continental sequence, especially the Paleogene in the South Basin, as well as the Meso–Paleozoic marine rocks in the Central uplift area. The western part of the middle depression and middle and western parts of the north depression in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea have the greatest potential for hydrocarbon accumulation.     

Heavy Oil and Oil Sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.     

Heavy Oils and Oil Sands: Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Gl obal recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show: (1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy-oil basins and 32 oil-sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins. (2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs. (3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults. (4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy-oil development.     

页岩气资源评价方法与技术:概率体积法

页岩气资源评价方法不同于常规油气资源评价方法。基于我国页岩气勘探开发现状,结合《全国页岩气资源潜力调查评价及有利区优选》工作要求,针对页岩气聚集机理和特点,提出了适用于我国现阶段的页岩气资源评价方法,即概率体积法。在统计分析我国泥页岩和页岩气相关参数基础上,建立了页岩气远景区、有利区和目标区优选参数体系,提出了不同类型页岩气选区标准和页岩气资源评价主体工作流程。结合国内外数据统计,确定了页岩气资源评价时的起算条件。根据离散型和连续型参数分布特点,研究了参数获取和概率赋值方法。研究成果为我国系统地页岩气资源评价提供了基础和依据。采用该方法对全国页岩气资源进行了评价,获得了地质资源量、可采资源量及有利选区结果,取得了良好效果。     

二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区二叠系油气信息及其意义

在总结二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区钻遇地层与烃源岩发育特征的基础上,通过对揭示二叠系的钻井油气显示与油气层测试情况,以及对不同井区原油物性与地球化学特征的分析,认为YH3井天然气、YH8井区轻质原油与中生界烃源岩无关,探讨了与石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存信息,为二连盆地石炭系—二叠系油气地质调查与勘探提供重要信息。     

近海陆架盆地优质烃源岩的测井评价展望

优质烃源岩的分布对油气成藏具有控制意义,在潜在烃源岩发育层段中找出优质烃源岩,是进一步提高我国近海盆地油气勘探水平的关键环节之一。海上勘探取岩心困难,制约了对烃源岩的优选。目前已建立了利用测井信息评价烃源岩的方法,并在陆上的渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷和柴达木盆地取得了较好的应用效果。我国近海盆地与这些陆上盆地具有相似的地质特征,所建立的测井评价方法也将同样适用。已知东海、珠江口、莺歌海以及渤海等浅海盆地的烃源岩非均质性都比较严重,在厚度巨大、分布很广的暗色泥页岩中找出优质烃源岩,将有效提高我国近海盆地的油气勘探成功率。     

南黄海海域生储盖层特征及油气远景评价

根据近年来新取得的资料,结合前人的研究成果,对南黄海海域的生储盖层特征进行了综合研究。古生界、中生界海相地层为南黄海海域的主力烃源岩,从构造运动和沉积发育情况分析,将南黄海海域的古生界、中生界海相地层生成油气的成藏过程划分为三叠纪印支运动前、侏罗纪—白垩纪、古近纪和新近纪4个阶段。通过对生储盖层的特征分析,说明南黄海古生界、中生界海相地层油气资源具有开发前景。在对南黄海盆地海相中生界、古生界烃源条件和后期保存条件研究的基础上,预测了盆地内海相油气资源的有利运聚区,为南黄海海域的油气勘探及研究工作提供了依据,对我国新的海上油气开发及部署作出了贡献。     

油气资源评价中成因法分析与运聚系数取值模型研究

成因法是油气资源评价中常用的方法,能较好地体现含油气盆地的生烃、排烃、运聚等过程,具有明确的地质意义,可用来计算油气资源量的"上限值"。其中运聚系数取值是成因法计算的重难点,因此有必要建立一个简单有效并能体现出成因法计算特点的运聚系数取值模型。本文从成因法的自身特点出发,分析了目前运聚系数取值存在的问题,初步建立了运聚系数取值模型。该模型将计算过程分为排烃过程、运移过程、聚集过程、储存过程、破坏过程、资源比例过程这6个过程,并分别设立了6个过程中各项参数的取值依据。最后通过2个刻度区的实例验证,证明该取值模型准确度较高,在中-低勘探程度地区适用性较高,在高勘探程度地区适用性中等。     

中国萤石矿预测评价模型与资源潜力分析

中国萤石矿资源较丰富,探明资源量居世界前列。我国的萤石矿研究工作主要围绕大中型萤石矿床的地质特征、物质来源、成因、区域成矿规律和少数省级萤石矿成矿远景区划、区域萤石矿资源潜力评价展开。为摸清萤石矿资源家底,制定科学合理的经济产业政策,亟需开展系统的、全国性的萤石矿成矿规律和资源潜力评价。依据中国萤石矿资源潜力评价报告数据和成果,文章分析了中国萤石矿矿床类型、矿床地质特征和时空分布特征,划分了成矿区带;在各省区建立的典型矿床预测模型和区域预测模型基础上,以成矿系列理论为指导,突出总结萤石矿成矿要素和预测要素,归纳、汇总、提出了热液充填型和沉积改造型萤石矿矿床预测评价模型;以各省区圈定的最小预测区、归并的2级预测区和估算的资源量为基础,依据预测要素和区域预测模型,归并、圈定了198个3级预测区,汇总估算了全国萤石矿预测资源量,提出了中国萤石矿预测远景区。中国萤石矿资源丰富,找矿潜力大,预测资源量（CaF2）约9.5亿t,其中单一萤石矿预测资源量约4.3亿t,以热液充填型预测资源量为主。预测远景区主要分布于中国东部,四子王旗、冀北-辽西、豫南、皖南-浙西、浙中、闽北-粤东等地区成矿条件好,资源潜力大,是萤石矿预测资源量较大的地区。     

Submarine hydrocarbons in Southeast Asia resources,environment, and policy

This paper reviews some issues related to the existence, ownership, and development of SE Asia's offshore oil and gas resources. First, the resource potential in submarine areas of the region and the rate at which this potential will be developed is discussed. Some environmental concerns that arise from the development of these resources are then reviewed. The international dimension of those environment-related problems is pointed out. Application of benefit/cost analysis in addressing these complex issues is then discussed, in the context of economic development.     

日照市近海海域灾害地质类型及特征分析

日照近岸海域灾害地质类型主要为埋藏下切谷、海底侵蚀、冲刷沟槽和冲刷陡坎及海底抛泥区等。通过对日照海岸带近岸海域的浅地层剖面和水深测量资料,开展主要地震地层界面的追踪和对比,结合沉积物粒度和地球化学特征,对近海海域潜在灾害地质因素进行分析对比,探讨了日照近海海区的灾害地质类型、特征和分布规律,为半岛蓝色经济区的海洋开发提供基础地质资料。     

中国近海富烃凹陷油气成藏特征

富烃凹陷是当今油气勘探的主战场,中国近海已发现的油气储量主要集中在14个富烃凹陷中。利用钻井、测井、地震及化验测试等资料,结合最新油气勘探成果,从温压系统、储盖组合、热流体活动及油气输导与聚集等方面分析、总结了中国近海典型已证实富烃凹陷的油气成藏特征。研究表明:中国近海富烃凹陷深层超压普遍发育,地温梯度高,复合型温压系统构成,为油气成藏提供了充足的动力;主力储层物性好,发育1～2套优质的区域性盖层,至少存在2套有利的储盖组合;发育多种类型的烃类包裹体,油气主成藏期集中,并存在快速幕式充注现象;发育高效优势输导体系、多种圈闭与油气藏类型,存在多种油气成藏模式,油气呈带状差异富集与分布。     

阿富汗-塔吉克盆地含油气系统特征与资源潜力

阿富汗-塔吉克盆地是中亚地区常规油气具有良好勘探潜力的前陆叠合盆地之一。基于最新的数据资料,应用石油地质综合评价和含油气系统分析的方法,本文研究了阿富汗-塔吉克盆地的油气分布规律及主控因素,以成藏组合为评价单元,评估了油气待发现可采资源量,并探讨了油气资源潜力和未来勘探领域。研究表明,盆地发育2套主力含油气系统,分别为中下侏罗统-卡洛夫牛津阶含油气系统和始新统/下白垩统-古新统Bukhara含油气系统。区域上,盆地的油气主要分布于西南吉萨尔隆起和苏尔汉坳陷,盆地总体表现为"贫油富气"特征。其中,74.0%的天然气储量分布在西南吉萨尔隆起,71.5%的石油储量分布在苏尔汉坳陷,几乎所有凝析油都分布于西南吉萨尔隆起。层系上,油气在侏罗系、白垩系以及古近系分布,但集中分布于侏罗系。油气分布整体表现出"盐上构造圈闭富油,盐下地层圈闭聚气"的特征,有利生储盖组合和局部构造控制盐下层系油气分布,新生代构造运动等控制盐上层系油气分布和富集程度。资源评价结果表明,阿富汗-塔吉克盆地待发现可采石油、天然气和凝析油的资源量分别为202.74 MMbbl、8680.15 Bcf和126.65 MMbbl,合计油当量1776.09 MMboe,最具有勘探潜力的成藏组合为中上侏罗统卡洛夫-牛津阶成藏组合。