Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition by Mosses in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites

At four industrial regions, heavy metal concentrations and calculated depositions were investigated by sampling and analysing mosses. In each region, a special spatial pattern of heavy metal concentrations was detected, reflecting the industrial processes. Metals most likely originating from the industrial sites showed an exponential decrease of concentrations and depositions with increasing distance from the pollution source. The exponential deposition pattern was in some cases modified by a series of natural factors, like the main direction of winds or orographic conditions. The distance at which deposition dropped to background values was up to 20 km. Beside the fact that the moss-metho is a useful tool for deposition measurement in the vicinity of stationary sources, some improvements for using this method are discussed, highlighting factors such as a proper calculation of deposition from concentrations, or the better knowledge of correlations between heavy metal concentrations in mosses and effects on human health.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements in Romania Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique

The first systematic study in Romania of atmospheric pollution from heavy metals and other toxic elements based on moss analysis was undertaken as a Romanian–Russian–Norwegian collaboration, primarily in order to assess the general state of heavy metal pollution in Romania. An additional goal was to contribute to the European heavy metals in mosses survey, conducted under the auspices UNECE ICP Vegetation which reports to the Working Group of Effects of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention. Samples of the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens and Brachytechium salebrosum and B. rutabulum were collected during the period 1995–2001. A total of 40 elements were determined using NAA and AAS. The total concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc are presented in the form of contour maps. Generally, the observed concentrations in Romania are markedly higher than those observed in most other countries of Europe using the moss technique.     

Biomonitoring of Element Deposition Using Mosses in the 2000 French Survey: Identifying Sources and Spatial Trends

In the year 2000, the elemental composition of mosses collected from 528 French sites has been studied as part of the 2000 European Moss Survey. Five moss species were collected: Scleropodium purum (56%), Pleurozium schreberi (18%), Hypnum cupressiforme (18%), Thuidium tamariscinum (4.5%.) and Hylocomium splendens (3.5%). Mosses were kept whole for analysis, including green and brownish parts. Summary statistics on element concentrations (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zn), and comparisons made with data from the other 27 participating European countries are shown here. The sources of these elements are identified using calculations of enrichment factors (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the spatial distribution in France of 10 elements is also shown, using maps underscoring areas showing highest concentration levels for each metal.     

Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Content in Meadow Plants and Mosses Along the M3 Motorway (Hungary)

The heavy metal content was investigated in meadow plants located in a cultivated area and situated along the M3 motorway (Hungary). In addition to the meadow plants used as passive bioindicators, active bioindicators were also exposed to examine the accumulation rate of air pollutants. Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Geartn. ssp. ruralis was applied to monitor the status of the environment. Meadow plant samples were collected at distances of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 m from the motorway and moss samples were exposed at the same distances. The zinc, lead and cadmium content of meadow plants and moss samples were analysed by ICP spectrophotometry. It was found that the zinc, lead and cadmium contents of the meadow plants decreased as the distance increased from the motorway. There was a significant difference even between values measured at the distances of 5 m and 10 m. The heavy metal contents in the moss samples exceeded those of the meadow plants. The heavy metal content in moss samples decreased with distance from the motorway. On comparing the data with Hungarian standards, it was found that measured values did not exceed the maximum allowed concentration levels.     

对包头市九原区温室大棚蔬菜的一些思考

文章基于1980—2009年包头市九原区气温和降水数据,分析了温室大棚在此区域的适应性、必要性和作物效益。同时,针对在温室生产过程中存在的问题,提出了应对措施,为包头市九原区温室大棚生产提供了参考。     

Spatial Variability of Sampling: Grid Size Impact on Atmospheric Metals and Trace Elements Deposition Mapping with Mosses

This paper deals with the spatial heterogeneity structure and the influence of the precision of moss data on results interpretation as real spatial variations of atmospheric heavy metal deposition. Different sizes of map mesh net (unit I of 30 × 30 km, unit II of 10 × 10 km, unit III of 3 × 3 km) have divided an area of 90 × 90 km. The protocol used is a nested design with three levels and random draws. The statistical method of components of variance analysis estimates the associated variability for each mesh size. Our results show the poor precision of this biological tool for map purposes on a little scale (unit III). Furthermore, the high residual variance of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, La, Ti, and U hides the spatial variations associated with mesh sizes. In order to obtain useful maps, it should be reasonable to use a 30 × 30 km mesh size, or even larger, to build spatial variation maps of Pb, Sb and with more caution for Cu, Sr, Rb and Zn. For V, As and Cd, the residual variability of moss data was too important to guarantee any spatial origin to the mapped variations. The cost–benefit study shows that the sampling effort has to be concentrated on unit I of 30 × 30 km to optimize future campaigns, and with a particular stress on the sampling repetitions for Cu, Pb, and Sb.     

Current Atmospheric Deposition Loads and Their Trends in the Czech Republic Determined by Mapping the Distribution of Moss Element Contents

Biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition loads of 13, 14 and 35 elements and their compounds through moss analysis was carried out in the Czech Republic (CZ) in 1991, 1995 and 2000, respectively. The last biomonitoring campaign revealed very high contents of typical soil elements and lanthanides in southern Moravia. The variations in current element contents in moss, which can be explained by the action of six factors, were correlated with altitude, with total biennial precipitation, and with the bedrock types in the sampling plots. The element contents in moss samples repeatedly collected from the identical plots showed a steady decrease in atmospheric deposition loads in the CZ in the last decade of the 20th century. The main reasons for this phenomenon are listed. The results of cluster analyses and PCAs have found no substantial changes in the qualitative element composition of atmospheric deposition in CZ in recent years. Isoline maps are presented, which document changes in the distribution of Cd, Pb and S contents in moss in 1995 and 2000. An estimate of absolute deposition loads (g m^–2 year^–1) for given areas of the CZ can be made, using the list of bulk deposition indices.     

Air Pollution Studies in Central Russia (Tver and Yaroslavl Regions) Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

Data of 34 elements, including heavy metals, halogens, rare earth elements, U, and Th in 139 moss samples, collected in Central Russia in 2000–2002 in the Tver and Yaroslavl regions and in the northern part of the Moscow region, are presented. Factor analysis with VARIMAX rotation was applied to identify possible sources of the elements determined in the mosses. The seven resulting factors represent crust, vegetation and anthropogenic components. Some of the factors were interpreted as being associated with ferrous smelters (Fe, Zn, Sb, Ta); combination of non-ferrous smelters and other industries (Mn, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, W); an oil-refining plant, and oil combustion at the thermal power plant (V, Ni). The geographical distribution patterns of the factor scores are also presented. Dependency equations of elemental content in mosses versus distance from the source were derived.     

蔬菜作物需水与节水灌溉气象服务

应用联合国粮农组织推荐的计算作物蒸散量的公式,计算了张家口坝上地区蔬菜作物的需水量;通过田间示范得出,膜下滴灌节水效果最好,其次是喷灌、再就是管灌。给出了蔬菜作物的平均需水灌溉量和不同节水模式下的灌溉量,并进行了节水灌溉调控气象服务。结果表明,按照作物需水和气象服务调控灌溉,不用投入资金可节水40%左右;工程节水加作物需水气象服务调控灌溉节水40%~70%。工程节水结合作物需水调控灌溉为最有效最经济的节水灌溉途径。     

甘肃三种特色作物气候生态适应性分析与适生种植区划

在田间试验，调研考察，资料分析的基础上，研究了黄花菜、百合、啤酒大麦等特色作物气候生态适应性，确定了3种特色作物的气候生态区划综合指标体系。即：黄花菜取4—8月上旬≥0℃积温、降水量、6—7月日照时数作主导指标及产量作辅助指标；百合选取年≥0℃积温、无霜冻期和花期至鳞茎膨大期(6月中旬至8月上旬)降水量作主导指标，平均产量作辅助指标；啤酒大麦选取年≥0℃积温、幼穗分化期(5月下旬至6月上旬)和灌桨期(6月下旬至7月中旬)平均气温作主导指标，以及产量和品质作辅助指标。对3种特色作物分别进行最适宜、适宜、次适宜、可种植和不宜种植共5级气候生态适生种植的区划，并提出提高气候生态资源利用途径，为种植基地建设、发展规模生产、提高经济效益提供科学的决策依据。     

黄淮平原不同土壤类型不同作物的土壤墒情指标研究

利用多年多点高密度、大样本,不同土壤类型、不同作物和不同发育阶段10~50 cm土壤测墒资料及多年冬小麦、夏玉米生理观测资料,用建立回归方程、最优分割法、点图法、保证率法、平均值法等多种统计方法集成,并考虑土壤水分对作物生理的影响,得出6种土壤类型冬小麦和夏玉米2种作物4个主要发育阶段的重旱、轻旱、适宜、偏湿4个土壤墒情等级指标。把确定的指标,输入到卫星遥感墒情监测系统的指标模板中,可提供更接近实际、宏观的遥感土壤墒情分布情况和作物受旱面积。     

我国主要旱地作物水分供需状况分析及改善对策

建立了一个农田水分计算和评价模型,并利用1961～2000年月平均气候和有关作物资料,计算分析了我国5种主要旱地作物(春小麦、冬小麦、春玉米、夏玉米和棉花)的理论需水量及其时空分布,利用水分订正系数为指标评价作物需水量的满足程度.结果表明,气候条件对不同作物生产影响不同,比如小麦生育期内普遍严重缺水,玉米生育期水分供应比较充足,但在山西、陕西等地,夏玉米的播种期、出苗期及拔节期(6～8月)也存在明显的水分亏缺现象.作者针对我国北方农田干旱严重、水分供需很不平衡的情况,提出了相应的改善建议.     

适用于大中尺度污染物输送模式的粒子干沉降参数化方案

用“二层”模式给出一个适用于污染物输送模式的粒子干沉降参数化方案,它比较详细地考虑了近地面层的气象条件,地表特性和气溶胶粒子的物理、化学特性等。从计算值与观测值的比较来看,计算值的离散范围能涵盖所有的观测结果,因而从总体上看此参数化方案是合理的,能够描述粒子总污染物干沉降的主要物理过程及机制。       

10—11月海南省瓜菜苗期湿涝风险评估与区划

为了评估海南省冬种瓜菜苗期生长阶段容易遭受的湿涝灾害,基于1998—2011年海南省18个气象站气象资料、各市县西瓜、豇豆、辣椒、丝瓜4种冬种瓜菜产量及苗期湿涝灾情资料,以降水量、降水日数等因子建立主成分分析综合指标,通过灾情反演构建苗期湿涝致灾等级指标,结合孕灾、灾损和防灾能力进行瓜菜苗期湿涝灾害综合风险分析与区划。结果表明:瓜菜苗期湿涝危险性从西南至东北增加,轻度与重度湿涝风险概率分布趋势相反,苗期湿涝孕灾敏感性从中西部山区向沿海和平原地区增加,瓜菜苗期湿涝灾损风险和防灾能力分布存在差异,且不同瓜菜差异明显;4种瓜菜苗期湿涝综合风险总体分布趋势一致,从西南至东北地区风险等级加重,降水、地势、土地等因素综合导致东部和北部部分地区苗期湿涝的风险高。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的北方作物低温冷害监测评估系统

针对易受气候变化引发的低温冷害灾害,总结常用低温冷害监测、评估方法和指标,结合统计模型,利用地面气象观测数据、气象预报数据和卫星遥感数据,以Microsoft SQL Server 2005数据库作为支持,应用ArcGISEngine开发工具包,在Visual Studio 2005开发环境下,完成了以玉米、水稻为主要粮食作物的北方地区低温冷害监测评估系统的设计与开发,实现了玉米延迟型低温冷害、水稻障碍型低温冷害、年度低温冷害和遥感低温冷害监测,以及玉米、水稻低温冷害影响评估及预测.     

鸡毛菜叶龄估算模式及其应用

根据对不同播种期鸡毛菜的抽样测定资料,采用植物生长模型结合鸡毛菜生产期间９￣２５℃的有效积温对叶龄进行估算,叶龄估算的绝对误差在０．５叶之内。