末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期毛乌素沙地的空间变化

沙漠/沙地边缘和内部的古风成沙层、砂质古土壤是重建晚第四纪以来地表变化的直接地质证据.位于我国北方半干旱区的毛乌素沙地,其地表过程对气候变化响应敏感.在对毛乌素沙地进行野外拉网式调查以及前人研究的基础上,我们在沙地南部和东部的沙漠-黄土过渡带发现了大量的埋藏古风成沙丘沉积,指示了干冷期沙漠扩张的最南、东界限;沙地内部广泛发育的砂质古土壤则表明在气候相对暖湿期地表植被生长,土壤发育,沙丘基本被固定.对14个典型风成沙/黄土/古土壤沉积剖面进行了光释光年代学样品的采集和测试,结合空间分析和他人研究结果,发现在末次盛冰期(约26 ～ 16ka),毛乌素沙地的流动沙丘向南、东扩张,扩张距离现代边界约30～ 50km,面积扩大至少约10000km2,占现代沙地面积的25％;在全新世大暖期(约9～5ka),毛乌素沙地大部分被固定,发育了较厚的砂质古土壤.研究结果揭示了毛乌素沙地的地表过程对末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期气候变化的直接响应.     

全新世以来毛乌素沙地东南缘成壤环境演变研究——以榆林镇北台为例

古土壤是重建古环境重要的信息源。毛乌素沙地东南缘的古土壤在发育程度上尚未有明确解释。陕西省榆林市的镇北台地区位于毛乌素沙地东南边缘,对气候响应敏感。本文选取厚度为524 cm的镇北台(ZBT)剖面,按照古土壤2 cm、风成砂5 cm的间隔共采集古土壤样品156个,风成砂样品58个。基于6个AMS14C和3个OSL年代样品,推测剖面古土壤底部年龄为10 cal.ka B.P.,顶部年龄为3.2 cal.ka B.P.;并结合土壤微形态特征,对镇北台剖面沉积物中常量元素特征与成壤强度进行分析探讨。结果表明,镇北台(ZBT)剖面常量元素组成以SiO2、Al2O3和Na2O为主。CIA指数指示剖面处于脱Ca、Na为主的初级风化阶段,反映了毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世以来可能以相对干旱的气候环境为主,风化成壤作用较弱,但其中也不乏幅度较小的冷暖气候旋回。土壤微形态特征也表明ZBT剖面风化程度较弱,主要矿物由石英、长石、云母和岩屑矿物构成,可见胶结物和泥岩岩屑等土壤形成物。其成壤强度变化与化学元素特征表现一致:10.0~8.1 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤较弱,气候向暖湿转变;6.9 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤作用稍有加强;5.5~3.7 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤作用最强,气候相对暖湿,化学、生物风化加强,但此阶段具有明显的不稳定性.     

末次盛冰期以来科尔沁沙地古气候变化及其边界重建

利用光释光测年技术,获得了覆盖科尔沁沙地内部及外围的20个风成沙-砂质古土壤沉积序列的年代.在分析前人研究的基础上,结合地层和气候代用指标重建了末次盛冰期以来科尔沁沙地的演化过程.结果表明:科尔沁沙地的气候变化和沙丘的固定与活化主要经历了4个阶段,即:26 ～ 12ka,气候极端干冷,沙地大面积活化;12.0 ～9.5ka,气候趋于暖湿,但仍比较干冷,沙地由大规模沙化向固定成壤过渡;9.5～2.5ka,气候暖湿,沙地基本固定;2.5ka以来,气候呈干冷与暖湿交替状态,沙地亦存在多次固定与活化,其中,从1.5ka开始,沙丘活化明显.基于风沙沉积序列的空间分布和光释光测年结果,末次盛冰期科尔沁沙地同时向南和北扩展:南至翁牛特-库伦旗一线,至少扩张了26km;北至霍林河一带,至少扩张了30km;东界受东辽河限制,与现代边界几乎一致.沙地面积较现代扩张了至少2.05×104km2,扩大了37.7％.全新世大暖期,沙丘大面积固定.研究表明,科尔沁沙地气候与环境演变受东亚季风影响,也是全球气候变化的区域响应.     

毛乌素沙漠东南缘全新世剖面光释光年代及古气候意义

在毛乌素沙漠东南缘锦界地区发现的具有3层深棕色至黑色古土壤的全新世剖面,记录了至少3次大型沙地固定与活化的交替演化.在锦界剖面厚约5m的全新世地层中采集了10个光释光样品,利用石英光释光测年单片再生法(SAR),建立了锦界剖面全新世(>7.5-0.2ka)年代格架.结合粒度、磁化率气候变化代用指标和光释光年龄序列,得到...     

内蒙古中部全新统沉积特征与地层划分

文章对内蒙古中部辉腾锡勒湖相沉积剖面及好鲁库风成砂-古土壤剖面全新世地层的沉积特征及~(14)C、OSL测年结果进行了综合论述,根据岩性特征及测年结果确定了全新统的底界。对内蒙古中部全新统沉积序列进行了系统分析,并将其划分为3段:全新统下部(开始于12.5~11.4 ka,结束于8.2~7.0 ka)辉腾锡勒为灰黑色黏土、粉砂质黏土,沉积特征指示由冲积相转变为湖相沉积,湖面开始上升;好鲁库沙丘主要为中粗砂,为风成砂堆积。全新统中部(开始于8.2~7.0 ka,结束于4.5~2.3 ka)辉腾锡勒为灰褐色粉砂质黏土,富含有机质及双壳和螺类化石,为典型湖泊相发育阶段;好鲁库沙丘发育黑色砂质古土壤,气候温暖湿润。全新统上部(开始于4.5~2.3 ka)辉腾锡勒为黏土质粉砂,含植物碎屑,为湖滨相沉积,指示湖泊开始退缩;好鲁库沙丘为灰黄色中粗砂,沙丘重新活化,气候干旱。     

末次冰期毛乌素沙地湖泊消涨过程:沉积证据

毛乌素沙地位于东亚季风边缘区,对于气候变化响应敏感.基于沙地的侵蚀-堆积关系,在侵蚀作用为主的沙地西北部和中部很难找到沉积相对连续且分辨率较高的地层剖面,因此已有的末次冰期古气候环境研究多集中于堆积作用为主的沙地东南缘的萨拉乌苏河河谷地区.本文选取位于沙地腹地,厚度为3.5 m的风成砂-河湖相沉积序列——神水台(SSTG)剖面为研究对象,基于AMS 14C和OSL年代数据,推测得出剖面中湖相层的上界和下界分别为约24.2 ka B.P .和42.7ka B.P.,依据沉积地层和环境代用指标分析结果,针对末次冰期毛乌素沙地湖泊消涨的一般过程进行了探讨.结果表明,自约5万年以来,由神水台(SSTG)剖面指示了两次明显的湖泊主要发育期,时间分别约为42.7~34.3 ka B.P.和31.1~24.2 ka B.P.,期间粘土含量、有机质、红度均表现为低值,为含淡水螺壳化石的典型湖泊相沉积,且与毛乌素沙地已有湖泊发育的年代结果基本一致.在两期湖相层之间的砂层,平均粒径、砂含量表现为峰值,指示了一次明显的湖泊消退的过程,其时间约为34.3~31.1 ka B.P.;在湖相层上下可能均为风力作用为主导的风沙沉积.通过区域对比并初步探讨其可能的驱动机制,结果表明SSTG剖面记录的湖泊消涨过程主要受控于东亚季风强度的变化.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES DURING THE MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD AND THE LITTLE ICE AGE IN OTINDAG SANDLAND BY OSL DATING

为了深入了解中世纪暖期和小冰期浑善达克沙地环境变迁与人类活动的关系,对沙地5个具有代表性的风成砂——砂质土剖面序列进行了光释光测年研究.结合粒度、磁化率、烧失量等气候替代性指标及地层中的文化遗存分析,得到了浑善达克沙地近2ka来的环境变迁记录:距今1.45～1.10ka和0.83 ～0.58ka,浑善达克沙地发育砂质土层,气候温暖湿润,与中国唐朝暖期和元朝暖期相对应,欧洲此时经历了中世纪暖期,该地自然环境条件比较优越,旱作农业文化发展.距今1.10～0.83ka和0.58 ～0.20ka,浑善达克沙地发育浅黄色砂层,气候干旱寒冷,沙丘活化,分别与我国宋辽和清朝冷期相对应,其中宋辽冷期是中世纪暖期的气候波动,清朝冷期则对应千欧洲小冰期,游牧文化发展.浑善达克沙地地层序列、气候替代性指标及其所保存的人类文化遗存揭示了自然环境与人类活动的相互关系.2ka以来,气候经历了暖湿与冷干的交替变化,自然环境变化影响了人类生产生活方式.沙地气候事件可能对我国相应时期朝代的兴亡产生过重大影响.     

若尔盖风成砂-古土壤序列的古气候与古环境记录研究

通过对若尔盖盆地中部辖曼地区风成砂-古土壤沉积序列的粒度分析、孢粉鉴定、磁化率测定以及AMS 14C年代测定,探讨了该地区末次冰消期以来古气候与古环境的演化过程。研究结果表明,若尔盖地区的土地沙化现象至少在距今16 ka余年的末次冰消期就已经出现。地层结构、粒度、磁化率皆指示该区古气候在末次冰消期以来经历了多次冷暖交替变化,沙地也经历了多次的固定与活化过程,其中16130~6460 aB.P.、3445 aB.P.前后以及700 aB.P.前后气候较为温暖湿润,在8170~6460 aB.P.期间有一次极暖事件。自11.3 kaB.P.开始,古土壤中的喜暖型乔木花粉含量明显降低,草本植物、尤其是狐尾藻属和莎草科等沼泽植物孢粉含量明显增多,指示该区古环境发生明显变化,开始发育沼泽泥炭。      

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期呼伦贝尔沙地的环境变化

呼伦贝尔沙地保存的风沙层-古土壤沉积序列,是认识过去环境变化的重要地质记录.沙地沉积具有速率快、沉积与侵蚀并存的特点,因此,通过大量独立的光释光年代控制对不同的剖面进行拼接,可以重建沙地在千年尺度上干湿变化过程以及特征时期的边界.本文获得了呼伦贝尔沙地8个沉积剖面的47个光释光年代和近200个样品的环境代用指标数据,结合已发表文献资料,揭示了16ka以来呼伦贝尔沙地千年尺度的干湿变化,并估算了末次盛冰期(LGM)和全新世大暖期(HO)沙地流沙的边界.初步认为,LGM期间,呼伦贝尔沙地相对于现代沙带边界,最远向北移动了约60km,向东移动了约50km,并且南北沙带之间的区域全部沙化;LGM期间沙漠化面积达到22337km2,相对现代沙漠化面积扩大了约2.7倍.而在HO期间,整个沙地被植被所固定,发育砂质古土壤层,只在局部区域存在短暂的风沙活动.     

毛乌素沙地晚第四纪地层特征与沙漠化研究综述

毛乌素沙地保存着晚第四纪以来的多种沉积序列,记录了过去数十万年以来的古气候变化信息。其在地层发育上过渡性明显,以神木、榆林、横山、靖边及定边一线的沙漠-黄土边界带最为典型,主要有风成沉积和河湖相沉积2种类型,其中古风成砂是这2类沉积剖面的典型地层特征。随着地层记录、精确测年技术等现代沉积学方法的进步以及与历史地理、环境考古、遥感技术相结合的综合研究,晚第四纪以来毛乌素沙地的沙漠演变研究精度不断提高,毛乌素沙地进退在不同的时空尺度下与冷暖期的多旋回变化相适应,经历了沙丘固定与活化的多次转变。毛乌素沙地沙漠化研究在指标运用上多直接沿用黄土区的环境代用指标,有必要建立适合沙漠-黄土过渡地区的环境代用指标,且将气候环境物理替代性指标与元素地球化学以及生物学指标相结合。毛乌素沙地内部沉积速率快、受人类活动干扰较小的湖泊沉积物,对于提高沉积物的分辨率、恢复短时间尺度的环境变化过程也具有显著优势。     

五十万年来毛乌素沙漠的变迁

对沙漠-黄土边界带的古风成砂-黄土-古土壤序列的研究表明，毛乌素沙漠至少在0.5MaB.P.就已出现，但也并非从其出现之初就持续至今。沙漠-黄土边界带的风成沉积所记录的沙丘活化和固定的多次转变是第四纪时期毛乌素沙漠对气候振荡响应的结果。五十万年来，沙漠-黄土边界带的石峁剖面记录了13层古风成砂，代表了13次沙漠大规模的南侵。沙漠的南侵不仅可以发生在冰期鼎盛之时，同样也可以发生在间冰期中的寒冷气候幕出现之时。此外，鉴于沙漠-黄土边界带具有气候敏感性的特点，石峁剖面的地层记录还表明了第四纪时期不仅有冷期与暖期的多次旋回，而且冷期和暖期发生时还有次一级的气候波动。     

Age,origin and climatic controls on vegetated linear dunes in the northwestern Negev Desert (Israel)

The stabilized northwestern (NW) Negev vegetated linear dunes (VLD) of Israel extend over 1300 km² and form the eastern end of the Northern Sinai – NW Negev Erg. This study aimed at identifying primary and subsequent dune incursions and episodes of dune elongation by investigating dune geomorphology, stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Thirty-five dune and interdune exposed and drilled section were studied and sampled for sedimentological analyses and OSL dating, enabling spatial and temporal elucidation of the NW Negev dunefield evolution.In a global perspective the NW Negev dunefield is relatively young. Though sporadic sand deposition has occurred during the past 100 ka, dunes began to accumulate over large portions of the dunefield area only at ～23 ka. Three main chronostratigraphic units, corresponding to three (OSL) age clusters, were found throughout most of the dunefield, indicating three main dune mobilizations: late to post last glacial maximum (LGM) at 18–11.5 ka, late Holocene (2–0.8 ka), and modern (150–8 years). The post-LGM phase is the most extensive and it defined the current dunefield boundaries. It involved several episodes of dune incursions and damming of drainage systems. Dune advancement often occurred in rapid pulses and the orientation of VLD long axes indicates similar long-term wind directions. The late Holocene episode included partial incursion of new sand, reworking of Late Pleistocene dunes as well as limited redeposition. The modern sand movement only reactivated older dunes and did not lengthen VLDs.This aeolian record fits well with other regional aeolian sections. We suggest that sand supply and storage in Sinai was initiated by the Late Pleistocene exposure of the Nile Delta sands. Late Pleistocene winds, substantially stronger than those usually prevailing since the onset of the Holocene, are suggested to have transported the dune sands across Sinai and into the northwestern Negev.Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of vegetated linear dunes located along the (northern) fringe of the sub-tropical desert belt to climate change (i.e. wind) and sediment supply.     

风成沉积地层化学元素记录的毛乌素沙地气候变化

毛乌素沙地位于东亚季风边缘区,是研究全球气候变化和沙漠变迁的理想场所。选取沙地东缘风成砂/古土壤/湖沼相沉积序列,以常量化学元素含量及比值变化揭示了全新世的气候变化。结果表明：常量化学元素氧化物含量在全剖面上呈SiO₂ > Al₂O₃ > K₂O > Na₂O > Fe₂O₃ > MgO > CaO,且在不同沉积相中含量存在差异;常量化学元素氧化物与<63 μm粉黏组分及磁化率的相关性分析显示,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、MgO三者之间呈显著正相关性,且与粉黏组分、低频磁化率（X_lf）也呈显著正相关性,表明<63 μm粉黏组分、X_lf可以反映夏季风的强弱;全新世气候变化存在多次暖湿冷干波动,10.39 ka BP之前出现3次快速的气候颤动,表现为3层风成砂与3层湖沼相互层沉积,指示存在3次冬夏季风交替变化;10.39~9.34 ka BP、8.68~8.29 ka BP、2.72~1.34 ka BP为3次明显的冬季风势力增强、风沙活动加剧的相对冷干气候;在9.34~8.68 ka BP、8.29~2.72 ka BP、1.34~0.62 ka BP为3次明显的夏季风盛行、降水增多、生草成壤的相对暖湿气候;0.62 ka BP之后与现代气候状况相近。化学元素及其比值反映出毛乌素沙地具有千百年尺度的气候波动,并与北半球其他地区气候变化有着良好的对比。     

The onset of dune formation in the Strzelecki Desert,South Australia

This study is concerned with the Late Quaternary climatic chronology of the Strzelecki Desert dunefields in central Australia. The sand ridges comprise layers of quartz sand, some of which include palaeosol horizons with carbonated rootlets providing excellent opportunity for dating of alternations of dune building and stability by using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Deduced from the OSL age of the oldest aeolian layer dated, we conclude that the onset of aridity dates back to at least ∼65 ka. Older phases of aeolian activity though, following a fluvial depositional phase 160 ka ago, cannot be excluded, although no aeolian layers giving evidence for this have been found in the two dunes dated here. Unconsolidated dune sands in the upper part of one section with Late Holocene (4 ka to modern) depositional ages indicate a reactivation of the dunefield in recent times.From the crosscheck of ¹⁴C ages of the carbonated rootlets with OSL results it is concluded that under the given environmental conditions radiocarbon dating of the calcareous rootlets is not able to provide reliable ages for the phase of soil development.     

内蒙巴丹吉林沙漠成因的粒度分析和热发光测年新证据

巴丹吉林沙漠位于中国内蒙古自治区的西部,是中国第三大沙漠。过去通常认为该沙漠中沙丘的可能沙源来自附近的各种沉积物和岩石,包括弱水河扇的沉积物,弱固结的二叠纪页岩、白垩纪砂岩和砾岩以及戈壁阿尔泰的古老岩石。根据对风成砂的粒度观测,有证据表明在沙漠内部的风成砂沉积朝东南方向具有较弱的但又确实的变细趋势。这与沙丘横脊线的SW-NE向排列以及坡面的南东指向是一致的。因此,可以认为西北部的弱水河冲积扇是巴丹吉林沙漠风成砂的最可能的沙源。在西北部风成床沙覆盖了较老弱水河扇起源的冲积物。这种沉积物的热发光测年范围在190～100 ka BP之间。由于测量中对沉积物漂白可能不完全以及对其中平均古水含量估算均存在不确定性,同时由于对沙漠该地区风成作用开始之前堆积的沉积物进行了测年,这一数据范围代表了最大的年龄。另外三个风成砂测年结果分别接近133.66和22 ka,代表有关巴丹吉林沙漠西北部风成作用开始的最小年龄。沙漠的沙丘高度平均为200～300m,但在东南部偶尔可达450m。一些学者曾提出风成床沙覆盖了一个陡峭岛山突起的假说,来解释这些异常的空间。本次研究发现,在研究区之下是一个产状水平的白垩纪扇砾岩和砂岩的台地,可以断定在沙漠东南部呈现台地地貌,但进一步向北该台地明显延伸到这些沙丘之下。因此现在可以认为巴丹吉林沙漠中高的沙丘是不同区域气候和地貌因素相互作用的结果,而不是覆盖一个陡峭的岛山突起。对弱水河冲积扇作为巴丹吉林沙漠的主要源区的证实强调区域环境的重要性。在全新世,沿河流的绿洲植被在某种程度上阻碍了冲积扇提供沙源。现在,河西走廊的农业用水量极大地危及沿河森林,因此沿着作为天然拦沙阱的弱水河,维持足够的河水流量来保护区域性密集的沙丘植被,一定会避免具有重大威胁的沙的活动性增加。     

Luminescence dating of sand–loess sequences and response of Mu Us and Otindag sand fields (north China) to climatic changes

The sand–loess transition zone in north China is sensitive to climate change, and is an ideal place to investigate past environmental changes. However, past climate change at millennial–centennial timescales in this region has not been well reconstructed because of limited numerical dating. Alternations of sandy loam soils with aeolian sand layers in the Mu Us and Otindag sand fields, which lie along the sand–loess transition zone, indicate multiple intervals of dune activity and stability. This change is probably a response to variations of the East Asian monsoon climate during the late Quaternary. The single aliquot regeneration (SAR) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating protocol, which has been successfully applied to aeolian deposits worldwide, is applied to these two sand fields in this study. The OSL ages provide reliable constraints for reconstruction of past climate changes at suborbital timescale. Sections in both sand fields contain aeolian sand beds recording millennial‐scale episodes of dry climate and widespread dune activation, including episodes at about the same time as Heinrich Event 5 and the Younger Dryas in the North Atlantic region. These results demonstrate the potential of aeolian sediments in semi‐arid north China to record millennial‐scale climatic events, and also suggest that dry–wet climate variation at the desert margin in China may be linked to climatic change elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, through atmospheric circulation. This article was published online on 27 November 2008. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected (16 December 2008). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chronologies for Late Quaternary barchan dune reactivation in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula

The Liwa region of the United Arab Emirates contains some of the largest and most areally extensive megabarchanoid sand dunes on a global scale. Here we present optical dating results on samples of aeolian sediment from deep drill cores extracted from the largest dune field of the Liwa area. Optical dating of these core sediments using the single aliquot regeneration protocol indicates Mid–Late Holocene phases of rapid dune deposition, the most recent period of reactivation began at ca 2.8 ka. This event was preceded by a period of deposition at ca 5 ka. These results suggest that the dune systems of the southeastern Arabian Peninsula are closely linked to changes in Late Quaternary global climate, particularly linked to the intensity and spatial extent of palaeomonsoon rainfall. Since the last precessional maxima at ca 9 ka, at which time a peak in monsoonal rainfall has been recognised, a significant environmental transition to widespread desert conditions occurred in an apparently abrupt fashion. During the initial period of aridification, large quantities of sand were transported and deposited in the form of large and very large (up to 160 m high) scale aeolian bedforms. Following the initial phase of aeolian accumulation, the system appears to have remained in stasis.     

中国北方晚第四纪气候变化的沙漠与黄土记录* ——以光释光年代为基础的直接对比

中国北方有约200×10⁴km²的面积被黄土、沙漠和荒漠戈壁沉积物覆盖,这些地区堆积物的形成变化与第四纪气候变化密切相关。关于中国北方沙漠与黄土记录晚第四纪古气候变化的研究不少,但是,由于受到方法和条件等限制,系统的(高密度的)和独立的年代学工作比较薄弱,从而使诸多已经发表的关于沙漠-黄土记录的亚轨道时间尺度气候变化的结论受到质疑。文章通过对黄土高原代表性的4个末次冰期以来的黄土剖面以及毛乌素、浑善达克和科尔沁沙地的20多个末次冰期-全新世的沙-砂质古土壤剖面的研究,获得了150多个独立的光释光年龄数据。在此基础上,结合200多个样品的粒度、有机质含量和磁化率数据,重建末次冰期以来中国北方气候变化过程,对比分析沙地与黄土古气候记录的联系。结果表明,中国北方古气候在57.5~52.5kaB.P.相对干旱,41.5~37.3kaB.P.相对湿润,26~22kaB.P.逐渐干旱,22~18kaB.P.极端干旱,15~10kaB.P.干旱,10~8kaB.P.为干旱减弱的时期,8.0~2.4kaB.P.相对湿润,而2.4kaB.P.以来气候为相对干旱。其间,在8.0~2.4kaB.P.的湿润时期有几次干旱事件,而2.4kaB.P.以来气候变化频繁。具有独立年代控制的黄土和沙漠记录表明,中国北方的气候变化对轨道时间尺度的太阳辐射变化有大约3~4ka的滞后。