Cyclic sedimentation of the Barren Measures Formation (Damuda Group), Talchir Gondwana basin: Statistical appraisal from borehole logs

The succession of lithofacies of a part of the Barren Measures Formation of the Talchir Gondwana basin has been studied by statistical techniques. The lithologies have been grouped under five facies states viz coarse-, medium-, and fine-grained sandstones, shale and coal for statistical analyses. Markov chain analysis indicates the arrangement of Barren Measures lithofacies in the form of fining upward cycles. A complete cycle consists of conglomerate or coarse-grained sandstone at the base sequentially succeeded by medium-and fine-grained sandstones, shales and coal at the top. The entropy analysis puts the Barren Measures cycles into A-4 type cyclicity, which consists of different proportions of lower, upper and side truncated cycles of lithologic states. Regression analysis indicates a sympathetic relationship between total thickness of strata (net subsidence) and number of cycles and an antipathic relationship between average thickness and number of sedimentary cycles. The cyclic sedimentation of the Barren Measures Formation was controlled by autocyclic process which occurred due to the lateral migration of streams triggered by intrabasinal differential subsidence. In many instances, the clastic sediments from the laterally migrating rivers interrupted the cyclic sedimentation resulting in thinner cycles in areas where the number of cycles are more. Principal component and multivariate regression analyses suggest that the net subsidence of the basin is mostly controlled by the thickness of sandstones, shale beds and coal stringers.     

Facies pattern of the middle Permian Barren Measures Formation, Jharia basin, India: The sedimentary response to basin tectonics

In the Lower Gondwana succession of the Jharia basin of eastern India, the Barren Measures Formation is characterized by the cyclic disposition of fine-grained lacustrine deposits and relatively coarse-grained fluvial deposits. The cyclic variation in the rate of coarse clastic input is attributed to the sedimentary response to basin tectonics. The sandstone-shale alternations of the Barren Measures succession can be correlated with the tectonic cyclothems developed on the hangingwall dip-slope and adjoining trough in a continental half-graben setting. Enhancement of the gradient of the hangingwall dip-slope during reactivation of the basin margin faults led to progradation of the existing fluvial system towards the half-graben trough and deposition of the coarser clastics on the fine-grained lacustrine deposits of the trough. Peneplanation of the hangingwall slope and slow increase in the lake level caused lacustrine transgression and retrogration of the fluvial system on the hangingwall block. The fluvial sediments were onlapped by the fine-grained lacustrine deposits. Episodic rejuvenation of the basin margin faults thus caused development of tectonic cyclothem on the hangingwall block. The paleocurrent pattern indicates that a persistent northward paleoslope was maintained during Barren Measures sedimentation. The inferred depositional settings were much more extensive than the present limit of the outcrop. The faults, presently defining the northern limit of the Barren Measures Formation, were possibly emplaced after Barren Measures sedimentation. The final movement along these fault planes caused preservation of the downthrown hangingwall block and the Barren Measures sediments on the footwall block were eroded during subsequent denudation. The Southern Boundary Fault came into existence after the deposition of the Barren Measures sediments.     

Comparative Study of Cyclicity of Lithofacies in Lower Gondwana Formations of Talchir Basin, Orissa, India: A Statistical Analysis of Subsurface Logs

Cyclic characters of Karharbari, Barakar and Barren Measures Formations of the Talchir Gondwana basin have been studied in the subsurface logs statistically using first order Markov chain and entropy analyses. Results strongly suggest that the sediments of these formations were deposited by Markovian mechanism and all the three formations represent cyclic sedimentation. The complete cycles of all the three formations are identical and exhibit fining-upward character. Each complete cycle starts with a thin conglomerate or pebbly to coarse-grained sandstone at the base and successively followed by medium- and fine-grained sandstones, interbedded sandstone-shale, shale and terminates with a coal seam at the top. There are, however, minor variations of facies transition in different formations. Entropy analysis also corroborates these findings. The upward sequence of facies states, which is stationary at individual localities, is non-stationary over the entire area. Broad regional variations in the depositional environment, that are not significant at the local scale, may be the plausible explanation. The Karharbari, Barakar and Barren Measures sediments of the Talchir Gondwana basin fit suitably into the concept of fluvial cycles.     

基于测井资料的辫状河三角洲沉积储层精细描述

通过岩心观察、常规测井和成像测井等资料,对库车坳陷大北克深地区白垩系巴什基奇克组辫状河三角洲沉积储层特征进行了精细研究。结果表明辫状河三角洲前缘发育的水下分流河道、河口坝等构成了主要的骨架砂体类型。通过岩心刻度测井建立了一套较完整的岩性和沉积构造识别模式。在此基础上建立了不同沉积微相的测井识别与划分标准,并探讨了不同沉积微相对储层物性的控制。然后根据粒度中值和成分成熟度指数将沉积微相进一步细分为水下分流河道中砂岩、水下分流河道细砂岩等不同的岩性岩相类型,并分别建立了粒度中值和成分成熟度指数的测井评价模型。在此基础上以成像测井为主,辅以常规测井和岩心资料及粒度参数和成分成熟度指数,实现单井连续的岩性岩相识别与划分。研究成果可为后续沉积储层精细评价乃至天然气勘探开发综合研究奠定基础。     

华北陆块东南缘凤台组岩相古地理分析

对华北陆块南缘凤台组的沉积相和沉积微相研究表明,凤台组具有海底扇的沉积模式。根据凤台组的沉积分布特征,其总体为海底扇的水道沉积。这一水道相似于陡倾大陆边缘的海底峡谷,其产生可能与断裂作用有关。     

广西来宾铁桥剖面中上二叠统沉积微相

对广西来宾铁桥剖面中二叠统茅口组和上二叠统吴家坪组进行了详细的沉积相研究,共识别出4个沉积相和10个微相,分别为:盆地相（含层状硅质岩微相、含透镜状灰岩的层状硅质岩微相）、下斜坡相（含与灰岩互层的层状硅质岩微相、夹层状硅质岩的灰岩微相、浊流沉积的灰岩微相）、上斜坡相（含夹硅质条带或薄层的灰岩微相、夹硅质团块或条带灰岩微相、灰岩微相、碎屑流等重力流沉积的灰岩微相）和台地边缘相（钙质海绵礁灰岩微相）。野外观测表明,茅口组和吴家坪组各为一个向上变浅的沉积旋回,但两个旋回的演化具有明显的差异,茅口组整体上是由盆地相向斜坡相演化的过程,以发育浊流、碎屑流等重力流沉积为特征,而吴家坪组是由盆地相到斜坡相至台地边缘相,再到斜坡相的演化过程,沉积微相变化频繁。该剖面的沉积微相交替记录了海平面变化过程,表现为茅口期持续下降,吴家坪早期快速上升,中期逐步下降,晚期又升高的特征。     

Palyno-petrographical facet and depositional account of Gondwana sediments from East Bokaro coalfield,Jharkhand

Palynological and petrological studies have been undertaken on the Gondwana coal and associated lithologies encountered in borehole EBM-2 of East Bokaro coalfield of Damodar Basin, India. The palynological investigation resulted in the recognition of Assemblage–III (Densipollenites, 27.9 m–214.30 m), Assemblage–II (Striatopodocarpites + Faunipollenites, 225.00 m–297.60 m) and Assemblage–I (Faunipollenites + Scheuringipollenites, 307.00m–433.00 m). Lithofacies study was also done for better understanding of the preservation and abundance/paucity of the spores and pollen in different lithologies as the current borehole has significant thickness of mudstones, shales and siltstone. Palynofacies study and Petrographical studies of coal samples encountered in the borehole were used to determine the depositional environment of the coal precursor peat swamp. Palynological data has revealed the presence of younger Raniganj palynoflora between 27.00-214.30 m depth that is lithologically defined as Barren Measures Formation. This spore pollen study has proved that these sediments were deposited during late early Permian to late Permian period. Further the maceral analysis of organic sediments as well as the Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) has revealed that the coaly shale at 336.5 m depth has hydrocarbon generation potential.     

广北地区沙四段滨浅湖微相的垂向演化及其地震相解释

笔者通过关键井的岩性,测井相和地震相的研究,认为东营凹陷广北地区的下第三系沙四段为滨湖亚相的砂坝,砂泥混合滩,泥滩等微相以及浅湖亚相的远砂坝,席状砂,浅湖泥等微相构成的滨湖沉积体系,由老到新的垂向上沉积演化为浅湖亚相（ES^64）－滨湖亚相（ES^34,ES^44,ES^54)－浅湖亚相（ES^14,ES^24),反映出水进－水退－水进的沉积旋回,通过地震剖面的对比和地震相的解释,建立和各沉积微相与地震相对应关系,探索不同沉积微相砂体中油气的富集规律。     

内蒙古贺兰山煤田二道岭矿区直罗组成煤环境分析

二道岭矿区侏罗系的成因属鄂尔多斯中生代盆地西缘的陆相碎屑沉积,岩石地层自下而上为富县组、延安组、直罗组和安定组。以往认为鄂尔多斯盆地的侏罗系延安组为含煤岩系,其他均为不含煤的地层,在近几年来的勘查中,发现直罗组也存在具有一定分布面积的可采煤层,笔者通过直罗组岩石露头、钻孔岩心和测井曲线的分析研究,划分了直罗组沉积相,并探索了直罗组的聚煤规律,对煤层进行了预测。研究认为,直罗组属典型的河流相沉积,进一步可细分为河床亚相、河漫滩亚相和漫滩沼泽亚相。煤层形成于漫滩沼泽亚相,富煤带的展布受控于河床亚相砂体。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘上三叠统延长组沉积相特征研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部汝箕沟剖面、南部阎家庄剖面和中部环78、环52、演40井岩芯的详细观察,并结合前人的研究资料及岩性和岩相组合、沉积相分析,探讨了研究区延长组沉积相特征与演化过程。研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西缘延长组发育12种岩相类型,7种岩相组合。延长组时期为扇三角洲—湖泊、辫状河三角洲、冲积扇沉积体系,其中也充分发育筛状沉积、水上分流河道、分流河道间、水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、等沉积微相和亚相类型。北部汝箕沟地区在延长组沉积早期主要为扇三角洲相,进入中期由湖泊相过渡为扇三角洲相,晚期则发育深湖相;中部环县—演武地区在延长组早期为辫状河三角洲相,中期发育辫状河三角洲相和湖泊相,晚期过渡为三角洲相并受到抬升剥蚀作用;南部阎家庄在延长组则发育冲积扇相,随后便受到抬升剥蚀作用。     

冀东卢龙地区青白口系景儿峪组沉积相分析

前人对于燕山东段青白口系景儿峪组碳酸盐岩沉积相研究相对较少,而冀东卢龙地区处于燕山最东端,且青白口系景儿峪组碳酸盐岩发育良好,沉积类型比较稳定。本文依据野外实测剖面研究结果,结合部分室内薄片分析,将卢龙地区景儿峪组碳酸盐岩归纳出4种微相类型,分别为泥晶灰岩微相.白云质泥晶灰岩微相、泥粉晶白云岩微相,局部为砾屑灰岩微相,对比Wilson碳酸盐岩沉积相模式,确定了滦河两侧的桃园,阚各庄2条剖面的沉积亚相类型,将景儿峪组沉积相带厘定为潮坪相。     

南阳凹陷古近系核桃园组沉积微相研究

综合利用岩心、测井、录井及相关测试资料,对南阳凹陷东部核桃园组核二段沉积微相进行了系统研究。结果表明：该区核桃园组发育两套沉积相,北部为一套曲流河三角洲沉积,主要发育水下分支水道、河口坝、远砂坝、支流间湾4个微相;南部为冲积扇相,发育辫状沟道和辫状沟道间微相。其中水下分支水道、河口坝和辫状沟道砂体为储集层骨架砂体。认为油气的聚集受沉积微相的控制,水下分支水道和辫状沟道的储集性能最好,河口坝次之,远砂坝较差,为油田开发方案的调整和动态分析提供了可靠的地质依据。     

松辽盆地泰康地区青山口组沉积相及与油气分布关系研究

系统地研究了松辽盆地泰康地区青山口组沉积相类型及沉积特征,其中对青一段与青二、三段的沉积相平面分布与垂向演化规律做了较深入地探讨。研究表明,青山口组主要发育湖泊相与三角洲相2种沉积相类型,其中湖泊相包括2种亚相与4种微相,三角洲相包括2种亚相和2种微相。沉积演化分析表明,青一段以深湖、半深湖相泥岩沉积为特征,青二、三段以浅湖相与三角洲相砂泥岩互层为特征。区内青山口组主要存在三种类型的储层砂体,分别为三角洲前缘河口坝砂体、三角洲前缘远砂坝砂体和浅湖砂体,其中浅湖砂体是最好的含油砂体,浅湖砂体发育的优势区也即浅湖沉积亚相发育区是区内最重要的油气富集区,是今后油气勘探的有利地区。     

北部湾盆地乌石凹陷东区始新统流三段水进型扇三角洲沉积特征

北部湾盆地乌石凹陷东区流沙港组三段岩性相对复杂,沉积差异大,横向变化快,连通性差,深入研究流沙港组三段沉积物源和沉积特征对油气勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。在系统的岩心观察与精细描述基础上,结合测井、地震和分析化验资料,针对研究区流沙港组三段沉积物源、沉积相类型及展布特征展开研究。综合分析认为,流沙港组三段物源来自于北部高地势地区,发育相对近物源的水进型扇三角洲沉积,砂体厚度较大,相带窄,相变快,其中三角洲前缘可进一步划分为水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂、分流间湾等4种沉积微相;在物源分析、井震约束的基础上,依据井震结合含砂率等值线,同时结合测井平面相、地震反射结构、地震构型信息等,综合绘制研究区沉积微相平面展布图,确定了研究区流沙港组三段"大前缘小平原"的沉积特征,并最终建立了该区扇三角洲沉积模式,为乌石凹陷东区流沙港组三段油气勘探开发和储量计算提供了借鉴。     

The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation,western Salt Range,Indus Basin,Pakistan

The Lockhart Formation from a major carbonate unit of the Paleocene Charrat Group in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan represents a larger foraminiferal–algal build up deposited in a cyclic sequence of the carbonate ramp. The foraminiferal–algal assemblages of the Lockhart Formation are correlated here to larger foraminiferal biostratigraphic zone, i.e. Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ3) of the Thanetian Age. Inner ramp lagoon, shoal and fore shoal open marine are three main facies associations represented by wackstone and packstone foraminiferal–algal deposits. These facies are present in a cyclic order and displayed a retrograding carbonate ramp indicating the Thanetian transgressive deposits associated with eustatic sea level rise. The correlation of the microfacies of the Lockhart Formation (Upper Indus Basin) and facies of the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin) provide detailed configuration of the depositional setting of the Indus Basin during the time interval represented by the Thanetian Zone SBZ3.     

滇西云龙地区下白垩统南新组岩相分析及意义

实测了云南西部兰坪盆地云龙县城南沘江西岸下白垩统南新组剖面。通过野外实测资料以及岩石薄片的观察描述,综合分析了研究区南新组的岩石组合、沉积构造、剖面结构等特征,认为南新组自下而上主要为曲流河相和湖泊相,厚度较薄的土壤相常作为夹层与前两者交互出现。河流相可进一步识别划分出河道、边滩、河漫滩、天然堤等亚相;湖泊相则可分辨滨湖、浅湖、半深湖三种亚相;古土壤相可分为钙质土和潜育土两种类型。相序结构指示研究区在早白垩世南新组沉积期为一个由构造运动相对活跃到较为稳定的过程,岩相组合结合土壤相分析显示气候以亚热带干旱-半干旱为特征。     

冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷留楚油田古近系东营组沉积微相及油气开发意义

留楚油田位于冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷中南部留楚构造带善旺断鼻,是古近纪东营组复杂断块油藏,目前已处于中高含水期。通过对岩心描述、小层对比与划分、单砂体沉积微相描述及测井相的综合分析,总结了留楚油田河流相砂体的主要相标志,分析认为东二段、东三段沉积时期留楚地区以低弯度曲流河沉积为主,并将主力含油单砂体所在地层划分了河道、堤岸和河漫3个亚相,以及河床滞留沉积、边滩、天然堤、决口扇、河漫滩、泛滥平原6个沉积微相;结合动态资料分析,指出沉积微相对储集层物性的控制作用,探讨了不同微相砂体的渗流特征;认为应根据不同沉积微相砂体的空间展布和层内非均质性特征,进行油藏注采关系调整和确定目标潜力区,为制订合理的油气田开发调整方案提供可靠的地质依据,为同类油藏的研究与开采提供借鉴。     

高邮凹陷北斜坡戴二段辫状河三角洲沉积特征和演化

以岩心、录井、测井、分析化验和地震资料为基础,结合区域地质背景,对高邮凹陷北斜坡戴二段沉积相类型、展布及其演化规律进行研究。在总结、比较各类型三角洲特征的前提下,认定北斜坡戴二段主要发育辫状河三角洲相,局部发育曲流河三角洲和湖泊相。在此基础上,重点对戴二段辫状河三角洲各亚相、微相进行分析,划分出辫状河三角洲平原、辫状河三角洲前缘和前辫状河三角洲亚相,并针对各亚相对其包含的微相进行进一步划分。在综合考虑目标区域沉积背景和沉积特征的基础上,对沉积相展布和演化进行分析,并对辫状河三角洲形成机理进行了探讨。     

滇西洱源县军马场下三叠统青天堡组冲积扇-三角洲沉积体系研究

滇西洱源县位于扬子地块西南缘丽江拗陷盆地南侧。在详细野外剖面测量和室内分析的基础上,对研究区下三叠统青天堡组地层的宏观特征（颜色、原生沉积构造）、物质组分、岩石结构及古生物特征等进行了系统研究,划分出冲积扇、河流、三角洲3类沉积相,并进一步划分出河道充填、三角洲前缘和前三角洲3个沉积亚相及辨状河道、洪泛平原、水下分流河道、分流河道间、河口砂坝、席状砂6个沉积微相。研究表明,军马场下三叠统青天堡组垂向上表现为冲积扇—河流—三角洲的退积型沉积特征,表明在早三叠世青天堡时期盐源-丽江盆地发生了大规模海侵,盆地水体加深,军马场地区经历了由陆相到海相的沉积演化序列。     

珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷珠江组沉积相带与储层特征

陆丰凹陷珠江组发育的多套砂岩储层是珠江口盆地东部重要的产油层,但对这些储层沉积特征的研究程度不足制约了下一步的勘探部署。在岩心观察的基础上,结合测井资料、岩石学特征、矿物成分、沉积构造等对珠江组砂体储层沉积相类型和物性特征进行了分析。结果表明,研究区主要发育辫状河三角洲和滨岸两大沉积体系,并可进一步细分为分流河道、河口坝、远沙坝等10种沉积微相。不同的沉积相带控制不同砂体储集物性,按储层物性好坏,划分出3类沉积相带砂体储层。滩砂、滩砂水道、沿岸坝等砂体储层物性最好,上临滨、分流河道、河口沙坝次之,下临滨砂体最差。综合研究认为,寻找优质油气储层,应优先考虑最有利的形成优质储层的沉积相带。