江淮气旋暖锋上多条对流带的组织结构及成因分析

利用ARW-WRF模式对2014年7月4日12时—5日06时发生在安徽中南部的一次由江淮气旋引发的强降水过程进行模拟,得到暖锋上雨带的雷达回波结构,与实况有较好的一致性。对气旋暖锋上出现的多个小对流带的结构与成因进行了分析,发现暖锋小对流带的高度模拟和实况均在300 hPa以下,其生命史约2～3 h,最长100 km,宽10 km,带与带间距50～100 km,均随高度向东南方向倾斜。其环流特征为对流区东部从低层到高层多对应暖空气上升;对流区西部中上层多为冷区控制;近地面则有类似冷池存在,对流带南部的上升气流有利于对流云的后向新生和形成带状结构。小对流带上,800 hPa有0Ri1和I_(EPV)0区域,稳定层结内出现滚轴状流场分布,有重力波存在的结构特征;600～700 hPa为对流不稳定,对流带间I_(EPV)0。可见暖空气沿暖锋爬升时,在800 hPa附近,由于满足条件性对称不稳定条件,触发条件性对称不稳定和重力波,暖空气继续上升时触发700 hPa之上的对流不稳定,即影响本次暖锋小对流带形成的原因主要为对称-对流不稳定。     

陕西东南部一次伴有雷暴的暴雪天气分析

利用常规观测、多普勒天气雷达和ERA—Interim再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°),对2016年11月22日陕西东南部地区一次伴有雷暴的暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)此次暴雪是在低层东路回流冷空气与中层暖湿气流共同作用下形成的,700 hPa存在强的风向风速辐合,辐合区前部16 m/s的西南急流,为暴雪产生提供了有利的动力和水汽条件。急流加强是降雪增幅的主要原因。(2)冷季、强的锋区和低空急流、冷垫、逆温层、锋区之上湿的中性到条件不稳定层结、强切变低CAPE、雷达带状回波是此类天气预报中需要关注的特征。(3)整体层状云降水中,局地对流性云团旺盛发展,是此次暴雪的云系特征,暴雪发生在对流云团加强西伸、移速减缓的时段;与本地暖季相比,暴雪对流云团的面积较小,最大反射率因子所在的高度较高。(4)由动力锋生产生的次级环流上升支促使冷垫之上的暖湿气流快速上升,触发条件对称不稳定能量释放,使气块在逆温层之上获得正浮力,是暴雪发生并伴有雷暴的主要物理机制。     

Evolution of instability before and during a torrential rainstorm in North China

NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution mechanism of convective and symmetric instability before and during a heavy rainfall event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012.Approximately twelve hours before the rainstorm,the atmosphere was mainly dominated by convective instability in the lower level of 900-800 hPa.The strong southwesterly low-level jet conveyed the moist and warm airflow continuously to the area of torrential rain,maintaining and enhancing the unstable energy.When the precipitation occurred,unstable energy was released and the convective instability weakened.Meanwhile,due to the baroclinicity enhancement in the atmosphere,the symmetric instability strengthened,maintaining and promoting the subsequent torrential rain.Deriving the convective instability tendency equation demonstrated that the barotropic component of potential divergence and the advection term played a major role in enhancing the convective instability before the rainstorm.Analysis of the tendency equation of moist potential vorticity showed that the coupled term of vertical vorticity and the baroclinic component of potential divergence was the primary factor influencing the development of symmetric instability during the precipitation.Comparing the effects of these factors on convective instability and symmetric instability showed some correlation.     

Is the meander growth in the Brazil Current system off Southeast Brazil due to baroclinic instability?

Temporally-growing frontal meandering and occasional eddy-shedding is observed in the Brazil Current (BC) as it flows adjacent to the Brazilian Coast. No study of the dynamics of this phenomenon has been conducted to date in the region between 22° S and 25°S. Within this latitude range, the flow over the intermediate continental slope is marked by a current inversion at a depth that is associated with the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC). A time series analysis of 10-current-meter mooring data was used to describe a mean vertical profile for the BC-IWBC jet and a typical meander vertical structure. The latter was obtained by an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis that showed a single mode explaining 82% of the total variance. This mode structure decayed sharply with depth, revealing that the meandering is much more vigorous within the BC domain than it is in the IWBC region. As the spectral analysis of the mode amplitude time series revealed no significant periods, we searched for dominant wavelengths. This search was done via a spatial EOF analysis on 51 thermal front patterns derived from digitized AVHRR images. Four modes were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Modes 3 and 4, which together explained 18% of the total variance, are associated with 266 and 338-km vorticity waves, respectively. With this new information derived from the data, the [Johns, W.E., 1988. One-dimensional baroclinically unstable waves on the Gulf Stream potential vorticity gradient near Cape Hatteras. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 11, 323–350] one-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model was applied to the interpolated mean BC-IWBC jet. The results indicated that the BC system is indeed baroclinically unstable and that the wavelengths depicted in the thermal front analysis are associated with the most unstable waves produced by the model. Growth rates were about 0.06 (0.05) days⁻¹for the 266-km (338-km) wave. Moreover, phase speeds for these waves were low compared to the surface BC velocity and may account for remarks in the literature about growing standing or stationary meanders off southeast Brazil. The theoretical vertical structure modes associated with these waves resembled very closely to the one obtained for the current-meter mooring EOF analysis. We interpret this agreement as a confirmation that baroclinic instability is an important mechanism in meander growth in the BC system.     

从气象卫星资料揭示的青藏高原夏季对流云系的日变化

文中利用日本静止气象卫星观测的1981～1994年1天8次的TBB观测值和1978～1994年NOAA卫星观测的1天2次OLR观测值研究了青藏高原地区夏季对流云系季节变化以及对流云的日变化及其东西向移动规律,并对1994年的资料进行了个例分析。结果表明,青藏高原夏季对流云有极为明显的日变化,以00～05SUTC为最弱,15～17UTC最强。在季风雨爆发后的7月中旬到8月上旬在高原中部（30～32°N,90°E）、东部（30°N,97°E）和西部（30°N,85～87°E）有3个TBB低值中心,多年月平均对流中心区云顶高度可达9．6km,而旬对流中心个别地区平均可达13km。对流云区开始发展于东部地区,随后对流云中心逐步向西移动,并于7月中下旬达到最西,此时西部地区从多年平均而言可以有短暂的强对流发展。     

Airborne Lidar Observations of the Transition Zone Between the Convective Boundary Layer and Free Atmosphere During the International H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Project (IHOP) in 2002

Airborne, light detection and ranging (lidar) backscatter observations of the convective boundary layer from the International H₂O Project (IHOP) in 2002 are analysed to study the structure of the transition zone; the backscatter gradient between the convective boundary layer and free atmosphere. A new mathematical algorithm is developed and used to extract high-resolution (15 m) transition-zone boundaries from 6,500 km (flight legs) of airborne observations. The cospectra of transition-zone boundaries and its thickness indicate that thickness changes occur from boundaries moving in opposite directions (vertically) at small wavelengths (<1 km), while at longer wavelengths (>1 km) both boundaries move coherently, with the lower boundary changing altitude more rapidly. Daily probability distributions of the transition-zone thickness are positively skewed with a mode of 60 m. The structure of the transition zone shows no dependence on the “overall” Richardson number, unlike the entrainment zone. This study provides the first quantitative characterization of the structure of the instantaneous transition zone, a contribution towards an improved understanding of convective boundary-layer entrainment.     

2011年秋季河南省两个暴雨日特征对比分析

利用常规观测资料、加密观测资料及NCEP 1°×1°格点再分析资料,对2011年9月13-15日河南省连续两个暴雨日进行了对比分析,结果表明:这两次暴雨的落区均呈狭长带状,副热带高压与低槽的相互作用使冷暖气团在河南省上空交汇。第一个暴雨日为稳定性降水;第二个暴雨日对流性加强,有雷暴产生。第一个暴雨日中,锋面呈现出高低层基本一致的倾斜状态,暖湿气流沿着锋面倾斜上升;第二个暴雨日中,800-500 h Pa附近锋面陡立,产生了对流不稳定层结,强上升气流在750-500 h Pa附近接近于垂直发展,强度也显著增加。风场分析表明,第二个暴雨日,低层850 h Pa风速加强,而500、700 h Pa风速减弱,低层动力及热力作用的加强导致了不稳定因素增加。MPV1的演变表明,第一个暴雨日,锋区内部均为对流稳定;第二个暴雨日,MPV1正值带断裂,产生对流不稳定层结。MPV2的演变表明,第一个暴雨日,锋区存在着强斜压性及风垂直切变;第二个暴雨日,MPV2负值带断裂,斜压性加强,但风垂直切变有所减弱。     

高低空急流耦合对长江中游强暴雨形成的机理研究

对1998－07－22T08－14发生于武汉附近的一次强暴雨过程的分析发现，这次强暴雨发生于南方暖区与北方冷空气脱离的孤立系统中，副热带经圈环流上升支是暴雨发生的大尺度背景场，它的低空入流和高空出流对大尺度雨区的生成与维持具有重要作用。边界层南风急流、低空西风急流和高空西风急流上下的耦合作用理强暴雨发生的重要原因。925hPa上边界层偏南风急流是暴雨区所需水汽的最大提供者和暴雨区对流不稳定能量释放的触发者，850hPa上低空偏西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区中低空的对流不稳定，200hPa上中纬高空西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区高空的条件对称不稳定，三者上下耦合使得中低空对流上升运动得以向上发展和加强，从而产生强暴雨。     

Loop Current Eddy formation and baroclinic instability

The formation of three Loop Current Eddies, Ekman, Franklin, and Hadal, during the period April 2009 through November 2011 was observed by an array of moored current meters and bottom mounted pressure equipped inverted echo sounders. The array design, areal extent nominally 89° W to 85° W, 25° N to 27° N with 30–50 km mesoscale resolution, permits quantitative mapping of the regional circulation at all depths. During Loop Current Eddy detachment and formation events, a marked increase in deep eddy kinetic energy occurs coincident with the growth of a large-scale meander along the northern and eastern parts of the Loop Current. Deep eddies develop in a pattern where the deep fields were offset and leading upper meanders consistent with developing baroclinic instability. The interaction between the upper and deep fields is quantified by evaluating the mean eddy potential energy budget. Largest down-gradient heat fluxes are found along the eastern side of the Loop Current. Where strong, the horizontal down-gradient eddy heat flux (baroclinic conversion rate) nearly balances the vertical down-gradient eddy heat flux indicating that eddies extract available potential energy from the mean field and convert eddy potential energy to eddy kinetic energy.     

新疆西南部一次局地对流性暴雨成因分析

利用常规地面和探空气象资料、NCEP逐6h1°×1°的再分析资料和(CINRAD-CC)多普勒雷达探测资料,对2012年7月19日新疆阿图什罕见的短时对流性暴雨形成原因进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次天气是在南疆低涡有利的环流背景下、低层中尺度低涡促进上升运动及触发不稳定能量释放产生的;冷空气的入侵是造成对流扰动发展的重要原因,同时地面小尺度系统对触发不稳定能量释放也有一定的作用;涡散场的配置、垂直速度、低层偏东急流和强不稳定能量满足了对流发生的基本条件,而较强的垂直风切变则使风暴明显增强;从喀什探空订正图来看,修正后的探空资料中各要素对开展强对流潜势预报有很好的指示意义,有待进一步总结验证;对多普勒雷达资料的分析表明,此次强降水具有强回波、强的垂直风切变、大的垂直液态水含量和较高回波顶高等,与强对流天气的发生发展及落区有较好的对应关系。     

两次陕北暴雨过程热力动力机制诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料（水平分辨率为1°×1°,时间分辨率为6 h）,对2013年7月21-22日和2014年7月8-9日两次陕北暴雨过程成因进行热力动力诊断,结果表明:两次陕北暴雨与高低空急流关系密切,暴雨带位于低空急流左侧的水汽辐合区,“0721”过程低空急流更强,在高低空急流耦合的强上升运动区（延安）出现大暴雨。降水前期,两次过程大气均存在对流不稳定,切变线触发对流,产生强降水,而其释放的凝结潜热加热形成中低层大气的热力不连续面,湿斜压性及锋生增强,造成整层饱和大气的抬升,维持强降水。“0721”过程前期对流降水的潜热释放更大,由此反馈的低空急流及锋生更强,出现大暴雨天气。广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量很好地描述了两次暴雨过程高低空急流耦合作用以及凝结潜热释放增强的锋生作用,其变化趋势能够反映降水的发展和减弱过程。暴雨出现在湿热力平流参数垂直积分大值中心及南侧的高梯度区,大值中心出现后约6 h会产生强降水,这对于强降水落区的预报有一定指示意义。     

Analysis and simulation of mesoscale convective systems accompanying heavy rainfall: The goyang case

We investigated a torrential rainfall case with a daily rainfall amount of 379 mm and a maximum hourly rain rate of 77.5 mm that took place on 12 July 2006 at Goyang in the middlewestern part of the Korean Peninsula. The heavy rainfall was responsible for flash flooding and was highly localized. High-resolution Doppler radar data from 5 radar sites located over central Korea were analyzed. Numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were also performed to complement the high-resolution observations and to further investigate the thermodynamic structure and development of the convective system. The grid nudging method using the Global Final (FNL) Analyses data was applied to the coarse model domain (30 km) in order to provide a more realistic and desirable initial and boundary conditions for the nested model domains (10 km, 3.3 km). The mesoscale convective system (MCS) which caused flash flooding was initiated by the strong low level jet (LLJ) at the frontal region of high equivalent potential temperature (θ_e) near the west coast over the Yellow Sea. The ascending of the warm and moist air was induced dynamically by the LLJ. The convective cells were triggered by small thermal perturbations and abruptly developed by the warm θ_e inflow. Within the MCS, several convective cells responsible for the rainfall peak at Goyang simultaneously developed with neighboring cells and interacted with each other. Moist absolutely unstable layers (MAULs) were seen at the lower troposphere with the very moist environment adding the instability for the development of the MCS.     

伊犁河谷"7.31"极端暴雨过程不稳定性及其触发机制研究

2016年7月31日至8月1日新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品及国家基本地面观测站逐时降水资料,通过天气研究和预报（WRF）数值模拟和诊断分析强降水期间大气的不稳定性及其触发机制,证实了不同尺度系统相互作用以及复杂地形的影响是干旱、半干旱地区极端暴雨形成的重要因子,并得出以下结论:（1）降水前河谷低层高对流有效位能积累,低层锋面东移触发对流有效位能释放,造成河谷第一阶段短时强降水天气;前期对流性降水释放湿对流不稳定能量,低层大气对称不稳定性逐渐增强,在对称不稳定作用下维持和加强了伊犁河谷第二阶段强降水天气。（2）第一强降水阶段期间大气低层为对流不稳定性层结,降水初期和第二阶段强降水期间大气均为条件对称不稳定性层结,对称不稳定的产生主要来自于湿位涡斜压分量（M_pv2）,其中降水初期低层M_pv2变化由大气的湿斜压性和低层水平风的垂直切变所造成,第二阶段强降水低层M_pv2变化主要由大气湿斜压性造成。（3）第一阶段强降水期间,低层锋面和地形抬升,垂直运动迅速发展,造成河谷南、北部山前降水;河谷东侧中尺度气旋在地形阻挡下稳定少动,是东部地区短时强降水天气发生的直接启动机制。第二阶段强降水期间,中、低层锋区叠加爬坡,冷锋锋生,中、低层风场辐合区叠加,河谷东北部形成垂直环流圈,上升运动进一步发展,是造成河谷第二阶段暴雨的重要原因。     

Indication of shrinking atmosphere above Tromsø (69°N, 19°E)

At Tromsø (69°N; 19°E), ionospheric data from 1952 onwards indicate that the mean altitude of the F2 layer is dropping by 4 km per decade on average. This effect is thought to be attributable to middle atmosphere cooling due to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane.     

Interaction between an eddy and a zonal jet : Part II. Two-and-a-half-layer model

In a two-and-a-half-layer quasi-geostrophic model, a process study is conducted on the interaction between a vortex and a zonal jet, both with constant potential vorticity. The vortex is a stable anticyclone, initially located north of the eastward jet. The potential vorticity of the jet is allowed to have various vertical structures, while the vortex is concentrated in only one layer. The flow parameters are set to values characteristic of the Azores region.First, the jet is stable. Weak vortices steadily drift north of the jet without crossing it while strong vortices can cross the jet and tear off a cyclone with which they pair as a heton (baroclinic dipole). This heton often breaks later in the shear exerted by the jet; the two vortices finally drift apart. When crossed by deep anticyclones, the jet develops meanders with 375 km wavelength. These results exhibit a noticeable similarity with the one-and-a-half-layer case studied in Part I.Secondly, the jet is allowed to be linearly unstable. In the absence of the vortex, it develops meanders with 175 km wavelength and 25-day e-folding time on the β-plane. For various vertical structures of the jet, baroclinic instability is shown to barely affect jet–vortex interaction if the linear growth rate of unstable waves is smaller than 1/(14 days). Further simulations with a linearly unstable, nonlinearly equilibrated jet evidence its strong temporal variability when crossed by a deep vortex on the β-plane. In particular, long waves can dominate the spectrum for a few months after jet crossing by the vortex. Again in this process, the deep vortex couples with a surface cyclone and both drift southwestward.     

Transient convective waves in the tropical SW Indian Ocean

Summary Wave-organized convective features in the southwest Indian Ocean are described using Hovmoller composites of satellite imagery, OLR anomalies and ECMWF precipitable water departures during the southern summer. Westward movement of large convective elements is noted in the 10–20°S latitude band in about half of the years between 1970 and 1984. A study of 47 convective systems from satellite imagery establishes the climatological features, including zonal propagation speeds for maritime systems in the range –2 to –4 m s^–1, wavelengths of 25–35° longitude (3,000 km), lifespans of 10–20 days and convective areas of 7–10° longitude (800 km). Transient convective waves over the tropical SW Indian Ocean are slower and more diverse than their northern hemisphere counterparts. Interannual tendencies in the frequency and mode are studied. Wet summers over SE Africa correspond with an increased frequency of westward moving convective systems, whereas in dry summers convective systems tend to be quasi-stationary. INSAT data composites provide additional insight into the convective structure and show that tropical waves penetrated into southern Africa in February 1988. A more quantitative assessment of transient convective waves is provided by Hovmoller composites of OLR anomalies and precipitable water departures. Both display westward moving systems in 1976 and 1984 and highlight the wide variety and mixed mode character of convective waves. A case study is analyzed which illustrates the deepening of a moist, unstable layer coincident with the westward passage of a convective wave.With 12 Figures     

Kinematic features of a bow echo in southern China observed with doppler radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.     

闽中南罕见冬季锋前暴雨个例特征分析

利用福建省逐小时加密自动站资料、风廓线、S波段双偏振雷达与雨滴谱等新型探测资料以及NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°大气再分析资料,分析了2017年2月21—22日福建中南部一次预报失败的冬季暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程类似于锋前暖区暴雨,自2000年以来仅此一例,十分罕见,是在低空急流偏强并长时间维持的背景下产生的,并未受到南支槽和冷空气的影响。(2)闽中大到暴雨带和闽南暴雨区的对流系统相互独立,有多个对流系统影响闽中地区,仅两个对流系统影响闽南地区。降水有较明显对流特征,属暖云弱对流降水,容易导致预报员对雨强估计不足。(3)此次冬季暴雨过程的水汽主要来自南海地区,低层水汽条件与汛期暴雨相当,但整层水汽条件较汛期略差;低空急流对暖湿气流的输送使暴雨区趋于不稳定,但对流不稳定度较汛期弱。(4)高空辐散低层辐合的配置为冬季暴雨带来了有利的动力抬升条件,但暴雨区涡旋性不强,无明显正涡度柱。其中,闽中大到暴雨主要与条件性对称不稳定有关,是在湿斜压作用下倾斜上升运动中产生,而闽南暴雨区既存在对流不稳定,也存在条件性对称不稳定。     

Resolution effects on regional climate model simulations of seasonal precipitation over Europe

We analyze a set of nine regional climate model simulations for the period 1961–2000 performed at 25 and 50 km horizontal grid spacing over a European domain in order to determine the effects of horizontal resolution on the simulation of precipitation. All of the models represent the seasonal mean spatial patterns and amount of precipitation fairly well. Most models exhibit a tendency to over-predict precipitation, resulting in a domain-average total bias for the ensemble mean of about 20% in winter (DJF) and less than 10% in summer (JJA) at both resolutions, although this bias could be artificially enhanced by the lack of a gauge correction in the observations. A majority of the models show increased precipitation at 25 km relative to 50 km over the oceans and inland seas in DJF, JJA, and ANN (annual average), although the response is strongest during JJA. The ratio of convective precipitation to total precipitation decreases over land for most models at 25 km. In addition, there is an increase in interannual variability in many of the models at 25 km grid spacing. Comparison with gridded observations indicates that a majority of models show improved skill in simulating both the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of precipitation at 25 km compared to 50 km during the summer months, but not in winter or on an annual mean basis. Model skill at higher resolution in simulating the spatial and temporal character of seasonal precipitation is found especially for Great Britain. This geographic dependence of the increased skill suggests that observed data of sufficient density are necessary to capture fine-scale climate signals. As climate models increase their horizontal resolution, it is thus a key priority to produce high quality fine scale observations for model evaluation.     

北京“7.21”暴雨的不稳定性及其触发机制分析

本文利用WRF模拟的高分辨率资料对2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨过程的对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定性及其触发和维持机制进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:(1)在临近暴雨发生时刻及暴雨初期, 大气低层主要以对流不稳定为主, 随后对流触发, 不稳定性减弱, 而低空急流和湿斜压性的增强, 使得条件性对称不稳定加强, 维持和加强了暴雨的不稳定性。(2)分析表明, 在暴雨过程中主要由于较强的水平风的垂直切变造成湿位涡的斜压分量异常, 从而导致条件性对称不稳定的产生。(3)本文分别对暴雨发生过程中的对流不稳定与条件对称不稳定的触发机制进行了分析, 主要结论如下:暴雨初期对流性降水阶段, 切变线上有利的垂直上升环境与地形的强迫抬升相互配合, 触发了对流性降水。另外, 北京上空的干冷空气入侵, 也增强了大气的对流不稳定性, 更易触发对流;对称不稳定导致的降水阶段, 主要是由于北京上空冷暖空气的长期对峙, 冷空气逐渐深入到暖湿空气下方, 使得暖湿气团沿冷气团爬升, 从而触发对称不稳定, 造成持续性降水。此次暴雨过程中0900～1300 UTC时刻暴雨增幅的重要原因是0900 UTC北京风向突变, 转为偏东风, 且风速骤增, 北京西北侧的喇叭口状的地形的强迫抬升作用, 与上空750 hPa移来的切变线上的垂直运动相互叠加, 形成中尺度涡旋, 产生了强烈的上升运动, 触发不稳定, 产生大暴雨。