Evaluating water quality for Amazonian streams along the interoceanic highway in Peru using macroinvertebrates collected by hand and with leaf packs

We assessed water quality using physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in 37 streams between Puerto Maldonado and Cusco in Peru. Study sites ranged from ∼200 to 4000 m in elevation, with streams selected as pairs (control/natural vs. human impacted) along this gradient. In general, temperature decreased (R² = 0.82) and other parameters increased [dissolved oxygen (R² = 0.19), conductivity (R² = 0.17), pH (R² = 0.37)] with elevation. Macroinvertebrates were hand collected by professional entomologists and using leaf packs implemented by conservation workers. The professionals identified 213 unique taxa from the hand collections, with 80 species collected only one time. Data from control streams showed that as elevation increased, total richness (p = 0.008) and EPT richness (p = 0.050) decreased whereas Diptera richness increased (p = 0.002). NMS ordination indicated significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages when control streams from low and high elevations were contrasted. Hand collections also revealed significant differences between control and impact streams for total richness, EPT richness and % Diptera, but not for % EPT, % EPT richness, or % Diptera richness. The majority of the deployed leaf packs were successfully retrieved and contained many macroinvertebrates (Avg. = 141 individuals per pack). There were 98 unique taxa (family level or higher) identified from the leaf packs by the trained conservation workers. Fourteen of 15 macroinvertebrate community metrics (at the family level) were able to detect significant differences between control and impact sites. All of the family level metrics responded similarly across the elevation gradient except total richness, EPT richness, EPT count, and % Hydropsychids. Both the Costa Rica and the Virginia Save Our Stream Indexes were able to differentiate control from impacted streams using leaf pack data. Although the diversity of macroinvertebrates was higher for hand collections relative to leaf packs (due to greater habitats sampled and higher taxonomic resolution), leaf pack samples were better able to distinguish control from impacted streams. Specifically, leaf packs were able to discern impacts in streams at low elevation better than those at high elevation. Generally, macroinvertebrates indicated impact from urbanization to be worse than impacts from other human activities (i.e., gold mining and agriculture). Overall, hand collections will serve as an important reference of species diversity going forward while leaf packs processed by trained conservation workers are a viable method to monitor stream water quality in Peru and perhaps elsewhere.     

Temporal cycles of karst denudation in northwest Georgia,U.S.A.

Time patterns of karst denudation in northwest Georgia (U.S.A.) were investigated at three spring sites for 12 months and at five stream sites for 10 years. Rainfall was evenly distributed and showed no significant seasonality. At the springs, as well as the streams, water hardness was largely controlled by discharge. At the springs, soil pCO₂ and water pH were strongly correlated (r + -0·69 to -0·83). Solute transport in spring waters was highly seasonal, with two conduit flow springs removing more limestone in the winter, and the diffuse flow spring removing more during the growing season. At the stream sites, most denudation occurred during the winter and spring seasons, and least during the summer. Fourier analysis showed that variations in denudation occur on deterministic (long-wave) as well as stochastic (shortwave) time scales. As contributing variables, discharge varied in short-wave and long-wave cycles, whereas soil pCO₂ showed only a long-wave cycle. The 12 month deterministic cycles were the most important, with changes in discharge taking precedence over soil pCO₂. Time series regression explains up to 69 per cent of changes in denudation through rain and soil pCO₂. Time cycles in available water are the key controlling factor of denudation, and amounts of available soil CO₂ may not be as important in the temporal patterns of karst downwearing as has been believed previously.     

Etiology of Salinity and Water Origin,the Main Dilemma of Badab Sourt,a Unique Travertine Spring

Badab Sourt travertine‐depositing springs in the north of Iran, naturally create a unique surreal landscape containing a range of stepped travertine terraces, similarly found only in a few other places on earth. This site comprises of three travertine saline springs with different values of salinity and discharge (SP₁, SP₂, and SP₃) and one non‐travertine fresh karstic spring (SP₄) within a distance of about 300 m. The etiology behind this salinity and the water origin are the main research's dilemma that were investigated using geological, hydrochemical, and stable isotopic techniques. Based on the topography and isotopic results, the carbonate formations in northern (Khoshyeilagh and Mobarak) and southern (Cretaceous limestone) parts of the springs potentially provide the initial hydraulic gradient for deep circulation of the water and CO₂. However, geological studies indicate that the hydraulic connectivity of the Cretaceous formation to the travertine springs is interrupted by impermeable geological formations. Based on the proposed conceptual hydrogeological model and mass balance calculations, the SP₄ spring is locally recharged from the nearby karstic area of Khoshyeilagh formation through shallow, short and steep groundwater flow circulation that is completely different from the travertine springs. The travertine spring (SP₁) is recharged from more distant areas having higher altitudes on Mobarak and Khoshyeilagh limestone and circulate more deeply before emerging on the surface. The SP₂ and SP₃ springs can derive from the mixing of the saline water (SP₁) and fresh water (SP₄). The dissolution of interlayers of halite in Shemshak formation is concluded as the main source of salinity. This is the first research article in detail to survey hydrogeology of the travertine springs in Iran.     

Geochemistry of Quaternary travertines in the region north of Rome (Italy): structural, hydrologic and paleoclimatic implications

In the Tyrrhenian region of central Italy, late Quaternary fossil travertines are widespread along two major regional structures: the Tiber Valley and the Ancona-Anzio line. The origin and transport of spring waters from which travertines precipitate are elucidated by chemical and isotopic studies of the travertines and associated thermal springs and gas vents. There are consistent differences in the geochemical and isotopic signatures of thermal spring waters, gas vents and present and fossil travertines between east and west of the Tiber Valley. West of the Tiber Valley, δ¹³C of CO₂ discharged from gas vents and δ¹³C of fossil travertines are higher than those to the east. To the west the travertines have higher strontium contents, and gases emitted from vents have higher ³He/⁴He ratios and lower N₂ contents, than to the east. Fossil travertines to the west have characteristics typical of thermogene (thermal spring) origin, whereas those to the east have meteogene (low-temperature) characteristics (including abundant plant casts and organic impurities). The regional geochemical differences in travertines and fluid compositions across the Tiber Valley are interpreted with a model of regional fluid flow. The regional Mesozoic limestone aquifer is recharged in the main axis of the Apennine chain, and the groundwater flows westward and is discharged at springs. The travertine-precipitating waters east of the Tiber Valley have shallower flow paths than those to the west. Because of the comparatively short fluid flow paths and low (normal) heat flow, the groundwaters to the east of the Tiber Valley are cold and have CO₂ isotopic signatures, indicating a significant biogenic contribution acquired from soils in the recharge area and limited deeply derived CO₂. In contrast, spring waters west of the Tiber Valley have been conductively heated during transit in these high heat-flow areas and have incorporated a comparatively large quantity of CO₂ derived from decarbonation of limestone. The elevated strontium content of the thermal spring water west of the Tiber Valley is attributed to deep circulation and dissolution of a Triassic evaporite unit that is stratigraphically beneath the Mesozoic limestone. U-series age dates of fossil travertines indicate three main periods of travertine formation (ka): 220-240, 120-140 and 60-70. Based on the regional flow model correlating travertine deposition at thermal springs and precipitation in the recharge area, we suggest that pluvial activity was enhanced during these periods. Our study suggests that travertines preserve a valuable record of paleofluid composition and paleoprecipitation and are thus useful for reconstructing paleohydrology and paleoclimate.     

西藏拉鲁湿地浮游植物群落时空分布特征及其驱动因子

为了解西藏拉鲁湿地浮游植物群落时空分布特征及其驱动因子,于2021年7月、10月和2022年5月在拉鲁湿地主要水系进行定性和定量样品采集,共采集浮游植物水样126个,从不同季节和不同生境浮游植物种类组成、多样性等方面入手,探讨拉鲁湿地浮游植物群落时空分布特征及其驱动因子,为研究拉鲁湿地生态系统和稳定发展提供基础资料。结果表明:1)拉鲁湿地共鉴定出浮游植物532种(含变种和变型),隶属于8门13纲36目74科130属,物种组成表现为硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型。2)拉鲁湿地浮游植物群落特征参数在不同季节和不同生境之间存在差异。夏季浮游植物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于秋季和春季,Simpson优势度指数显著高于秋季。秋季浮游植物群落的Pielou均匀度指数显著低于夏季和春季。春季浮游植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数显著低于夏季和秋季。沼泽生境的浮游植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数显著高于湿草甸生境。3)季节是浮游植物群落组成差异的关键因素,生境对浮游植物群落组成的影响较弱,夏季的距离衰减模式比秋季和春季更强。4)拉鲁湿地不同的浮游植物群落参数与不同环境因子之间存在显著的关联。5)空间因素在解释浮游植物群落变异方面具有显著贡献,而快速变化的水质变量在决定浮游植物的季节变化中起着重要作用。季节和缓慢变化水质因子的解释能力相对较弱,但仍对浮游植物群落的变异有一定影响。     

Decline in the species richness contribution of Echinodermata to the macrobenthos in the shelf seas of China

Echinoderms play crucial roles in the structure of marine macrobenthic communities. They are sensitive to excess absorption of CO₂ by the ocean, which induces ocean acidification and ocean warming. In the shelf seas of China, the mean sea surface temperature has a faster warming rate compared with the mean rate of the global ocean, and the apparent decrease in pH is due not only to the increased CO₂ absorption in seawater, but also eutrophication. However, little is known about the associated changes in the diversity of echinoderms and their roles in macrobenthic communities in the seas of China. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of 77 case studies in 51 papers to examine the changes in the contribution of echinoderm species richness to the macrobenthos in the shelf seas of China since the 1980s. The relative species richness (RSR) was considered as the metric to evaluate these changes. Trends analysis revealed significant declines in RSR in the shelf seas of China, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea from 1997 to 2009. Compared with the RSR before 1997, no significant changes in mean RSR were found after 1997, except in the Bohai Sea. In addition, relative change in the RSR of echinoderms and species richness of macrobenthos led to more changes (decrease or increase) in their respective biomasses. Our results imply that changes in species richness may alter the macrobenthic productivity of the marine benthic ecosystem.     

蓄水后向家坝库区鱼类物种、分类和功能多样性变化

为了解向家坝水电工程对金沙江下游鱼类多样性的影响,基于2016—2018年邵女坪(库首)、绥江(库中)和桧溪(库尾)3个江段的鱼类群落调查数据,分析了向家坝库区鱼类物种、分类和功能多样性空间格局,结合蓄水前(2011年)和蓄水初期(2015年)的资料,探讨了蓄水后向家坝库区不同维度鱼类多样性的变化趋势。向家坝库区各江段以广适性的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)和静水性的(Hemiculter leucisculus)占优势,两者的数量百分比分别为30.15%±14.82%和13.91%±11.16%。非度量多维尺度分析显示,蓄水后向家坝库区库首邵女坪和库中绥江鱼类群落差异最小,库首邵女坪和库尾桧溪鱼类群落差异最大;库中绥江在蓄水前、蓄水初期和2016—2018年3个时期的鱼类群落差异均较大,表明蓄水后绥江江段鱼类群落经历了剧烈变化。库区不同江段鱼类Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为:桧溪>邵女坪>绥江,鱼类分类多样性指数和分类差异指数均表现为:桧溪>绥江>邵女坪。库区鱼类摄食、运动和繁殖等不同维度的功能多样性(功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度)空间格局不同,但总体上库中绥江鱼类功能丰富度最高,功能均匀度最低。与蓄水前相比,绥江江段鱼类物种、分类多样性呈下降趋势,鱼类功能丰富度和均匀度也有下降趋势。蓄水后绥江江段鱼类群落主要功能性状发生了明显变化,如蓄水前以下位口、纺锤形体型鱼类占优势,蓄水后以端位口、侧扁形体型鱼类占优势。不同维度多样性指数侧重于鱼类多样性的不同方面,结合多种指数分析有利于更全面地了解鱼类群落对环境变化和外界干扰的响应。研究结果有助于深入了解水电工程建设对金沙江下游鱼类多样性的影响,为鱼类多样性保护提供依据,也可为长江“十年禁渔”效果评估提供本底资料。     

The harpacticoid assemblages (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in the Western Carpathian spring fens in relation to environmental variables and habitat age

Harpacticoids are an important component of meiofaunal assemblages in springs. No information so far has been available on harpacticoid assemblages of the Western Carpathian spring fens, unique biotopes of high conservation value which cover a very long gradient of mineral content of groundwater, due to the variable geological background setting. Spring fens are isolated habitats of different age which can be assessed by radiocarbon dating of their basal sediment layers. This enables to test a possible effect of habitat age on species composition and species richness. In this study, we examined harpacticoid assemblages in 50 permanent tree-less spring fens (helocrenes) in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia and Czech Republic) in terms of species composition, total abundance, species density, and species richness. We tested mainly the effect of 12 explanatory variables describing water chemistry and temperature, climatic conditions, amount of nutrients, organic carbon, sediment structure, habitat age and size, using Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) with stepwise forward selection. For the computation of species richness rarefaction was used. In total, 20 harpacticoid species were recorded with the total median density of 950 individuals in m⁻². Three significant explanatory variables, Ellenberg Indicator Values of plant community for nutrients, in situ measured pH, and average January temperature, explained together 19.0% (adj. 13.7%) of the total variance in the species composition data. The relationships of harpacticoids to these three explanatory variables were species specific and no uniform response of the total assemblage to the environmental variables was found (in terms of total abundance and number of species). The only exception was the influence of overall unfavourable conditions in the mineral-poor acidic Sphagnum-fens. Pilocamptus pilosus was significantly associated with a higher amount of nutrients and warmer climate. Nutrient enrichment was clearly indicated by a decrease or absence of crenophile Bryocamptus cuspidatus, and accompanied by an increase in ubiquitous Attheyella crassa. Moraria brevipes was confined to low pH, B. cuspidatus showed a high tolerance for low pH, whereas Bryocamptus echinatus preferred alkaline conditions. Despite a significant correlation between habitat age and species density we found no clear evidence that any colonisation driven process could influence the number of harpacticoid species within the tested time scale. We hypothesize that rather other habitat characteristics connected with age, i.e. habitat heterogeneity and stability, may be determinant for species richness. The occurrence of some species (e.g. P. pilosus, B. cuspidatus) was clearly geographically limited, but due to the spatial structuring of significant environmental variables no conclusion on dispersal limitations could be made.     

Fluid geochemistry of natural manifestations from the Southern Poroto–Rungwe hydrothermal system (Tanzania): Preliminary conceptual model

The South Poroto–Rungwe geothermal field, in the northern part of the Malawi rift, Tanzania divides in two main areas. The relatively high altitude northern area around the main Ngozi, Rungwe, Tukuyu and Kyejo volcanoes, is characterised by cold and gas-rich springs. In contrast, hot springs occur in the southern and low-altitude area between the Kyela and Livingstone faults. The isotopic signature of the almost stagnant, cold springs of the Northern district is clearly influenced by H₂O–CO_2(g) exchange as evidenced from negative oxygen-shifts in the order of few deltas permil. In contrast, the isotopic signature of waters discharged from the hot springs of the Southern district is markedly less affected by the H₂O–CO_2(g) interaction. This evidence is interpreted as an effect of the large, permanent outflow of these springs, which supports the hypothesis of a regional-scale recharge of the major thermal springs. Measurements of carbon isotope variations of the dissolved inorganic carbon of waters and CO_2(g) from the Northern and Southern springs support a model of CO_2(g)-driven reactivity all over the investigated area. Our combined chemical and isotopic results show that the composition of hot springs is consistent with a mixing between (i) cold surface fresh (SFW) and (ii) Deep Hot Mineralised (DHMW) Water, indicating that the deep-originated fluids also supply most of the aqueous species dissolved in the surface waters used as local potable water. Based on geothermometric approaches, the temperature of the deep hydrothermal system has been estimated to be higher than 110 °C up to 185 °C, in agreement with the geological and thermal setting of the Malawi rift basin. Geochemical data point to (i) a major upflow zone of geothermal fluids mixed with shallow meteoric waters in the Southern part of the province, and (ii) gas absorption phenomena in the small, perched aquifers of the Northern volcanic highlands.     

广西武鸣盆地岩溶泉口浮游生物群落对水环境变化的响应

近年来我国西南岩溶地区一些岩溶泉出现水生生态系统由草型向藻型转变的问题,但水化学监测却显示泉水水质依旧良好.岩溶泉的水质变化与水生生态系统退化不同步,故探寻岩溶泉水环境的变化以及浮游生物群落的响应,对全面掌握和客观评价泉水的健康状况具有重要意义.于2016年7月、2020年7月两个时期对广西武鸣盆地内4个岩溶泉进行了浮...     

Hydrology and nutrient dynamics of spring of almora-binsar area, indian central himalaya: Landscapes, practices, and management

The study aims to measure the hydrological behavior and nutrients dynamics of the springs located in different landscapes of Kosi basin, Indian central Himalaya. A total number of eight springs were considered for the present investigation, each landscape represented by one spring. The monitoring for hydrological measurement was conducted in January 1998 to December 1999, the interval between two successive measurements was 10 days, i.e., 240 hr (total 72 observations were made). Water quality measurement was done in three main seasons, i.e., winter (Jan.), summer (June) and monsoon (Aug.) of 1998 and 1999, and the average value for measured parameters were calculated. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolve oxygen, Ca^2?, Mg^2?, Na^?, Cl^?, F^?, NO ₃ ^? , and SO ₄ ^2? . Hydrology of spring’s water showed that the reserve forest has a higher water retention capacity than the other landscapes, and the spring recharge capacity highly influenced by the settlements, open grazing, mismanaged agricultural and deforestation activities. The spring water chemistry shows that the springs located in forest and sparsely populated areas have lower EC, TDS, cationic and anionic concentration and are safe for drinking purposes, but those in irrigated land and densely populated areas feature higher EC, low dissolved oxygen concentration and higher NO ₃ ^? , which makes the water of these springs unsuitable for drinking. F concentration was higher in the springs located in the settlement area. In brief, the study indicates that the unmanaged drains, very poor and old pattern of sewage disposing system result in an increase in Na^?, Cl^?, F^?, NO ₃ ^? , and SO ₄ ^2? concentration as compared to the springs in agricultural and forested areas. All of the studied springs are badly managed which a is great threat for the longevity and quality of the water bodies, in particular, in Indian Central Himalayan region. This study suggests the ways of the constructional works, grazing. Forest resource extraction and agricultural activities in water bodies catchments area should also be controlled.     

Geochemistry, geothermics and relationship to active tectonics of Gujarat and Rajasthan thermal discharges, India

Most thermal spring discharges of Rajasthan and Gujarat in northwestern India have been sampled and analysed for major and trace elements in both the liquid and associated gas phase, and for ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, D/H (in water), ³He/⁴He and ¹³C/¹²C in CO₂ (in gas) isotopic ratios. Most thermal springs in Rajasthan are tightly associated to the several regional NE–SW strike-slip faults bordering NE–SW ridges formed by Archaean rocks at the contact with Quaternary alluvial and aeolian sedimentary deposits of the Rajasthan desert. Their Ca–HCO₃ immature character and isotopic composition reveals: (1) meteoric origin, (2) relatively shallow circulation inside the crystalline Archaean formations, (3) very fast rise along faults, and (4) deep storage temperatures of the same order of magnitude as discharging temperatures (50–90°C). Thermal spring discharges in Gujarat are spread over a larger area than in Rajasthan and are associated both with the NNW–SSE fault systems bordering the Cambay basin and the ENE–WSW strike-slip fault systems in the Saurashtra province, west of the Cambay basin. Chemical and isotopic compositions of springs in both areas suggest a meteoric origin of deep thermal waters. They mix with fresh or fossil seawater entering the thermal paths of the spring systems through both the fault systems bordering the Cambay basin, as well as faults and fractures occurring inside the permeable Deccan Basalt Trap in the Saurashtra province. The associated gas phase, at all sampled sites, shows similar features: (1) it is dominated by the presence of atmospheric components (N₂ and Ar), (2) it has high crustal ⁴He enrichment, (3) it shows crustal ³He/⁴He signature, (4) it has low CO₂ concentration, and (5) the only analysed sample for ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratio in CO₂ suggests that CO₂ has a strong, isotopically light organic imprint. All these features and chemical geothermometer estimates of spring waters suggest that any active deep hydrothermal system at the base of the Cambay basin (about 2000–3000 m) has low-to-medium enthalpy characteristics, with maximum deep temperature in the storage zone of about 150°C. In a regional overview, both thermal emergences of Rajasthan and Gujarat could be controlled by the counter-clockwise rotation of India.     

Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs,fumaroles and bubbling gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico–Guatemala): implications for volcanic surveillance

This study presents baseline data for future geochemical monitoring of the active Tacaná volcano–hydrothermal system (Mexico–Guatemala). Seven groups of thermal springs, related to a NW/SE-oriented fault scarp cutting the summit area (4,100m a.s.l.), discharge at the northwest foot of the volcano (1,500–2,000m a.s.l.); another one on the southern ends of Tacaná (La Calera). The near-neutral (pH from 5.8 to 6.9) thermal (T from 25.7°C to 63.0°C) HCO₃–SO₄ waters are thought to have formed by the absorption of a H₂S/SO₂–CO₂-enriched steam into a Cl-rich geothermal aquifer, afterwards mixed by Na/HCO₃-enriched meteoric waters originating from the higher elevations of the volcano as stated by the isotopic composition (δD and δ¹⁸O) of meteoric and spring waters. Boiling temperature fumaroles (89°C at ~3,600m a.s.l. NW of the summit), formed after the May 1986 phreatic explosion, emit isotopically light vapour (δD and δ¹⁸O as low as −128 and −19.9‰, respectively) resulting from steam separation from the summit aquifer. Fumarolic as well as bubbling gases at five springs are CO₂-dominated. The δ¹³C_CO2 for all gases show typical magmatic values of −3.6 ± 1.3‰ vs V-PDB. The large range in ³He/⁴He ratios for bubbling, dissolved and fumarolic gases [from 1.3 to 6.9 atmospheric ³He/⁴He ratio (R _A)] is ascribed to a different degree of near-surface boiling processes inside a heterogeneous aquifer at the contact between the volcanic edifice and the crystalline basement (⁴He source). Tacaná volcano offers a unique opportunity to give insight into shallow hydrothermal and deep magmatic processes affecting the CO₂/³He ratio of gases: bubbling springs with lower gas/water ratios show higher ³He/⁴He ratios and consequently lower CO₂/³He ratios (e.g. Zarco spring). Typical Central American CO₂/³He and ³He/⁴He ratios are found for the fumarolic Agua Caliente and Zarco gases (3.1 ± 1.6 × 10¹⁰ and 6.0 ± 0.9 R _A, respectively). The L/S (5.9 ± 0.5) and (L + S)/M ratios (9.2 ± 0.7) for the same gases are almost identical to the ones calculated for gases in El Salvador, suggesting an enhanced slab contribution as far as the northern extreme of the Central American Volcanic Arc, Tacaná.     

太湖水体和沉积物细菌群落分布格局及其驱动因素

水体和沉积物是湖泊生态系统中迥异但又紧密相连的两类生境,栖息在这两类生境中的细菌在维持生态系统平衡和驱动元素循环中起着关键性作用。为了探究湖泊水体和沉积物细菌群落的分布格局,本文对太湖四个湖区水体和沉积物中细菌群落进行调查,基于高通量测序技术和统计分析手段,分析这两类生境中的细菌群落组成和多样性水平、分布特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)是水体细菌群落中最主要的细菌门,而沉积物中Proteobacteria占据优势地位。在两类生境中,太湖西部区域细菌群落丰富度和独特性(LCBD)相对较高,各区域群落结构表现出显著性差异。对水体而言,电导率、pH值、PC1(重金属组成)和沉积物孔隙度是驱动细菌丰富度的重要因子,PC1、水温及pH值是影响细菌群落LCBD的重要因子,而细菌网络复杂性随pH值的增加而增加,且在高pH环境中占主导地位;对沉积物而言,其丰富度和LCBD的重要影响因子均是沉积物中总磷和锂,细菌网络复杂性随金属元素施加的环境压力增大而降低,但随总磷、磷酸盐和铵态氮浓度的...     

Forecast of volcanic eruptions by chemical methods

From the magmatic emanations differentiation point of view it is possible to calculate some ratios such as F/CO₂, Cl/CO₂, SO₂/CO₂, SO₂/H₂S, H₂S/CO₂ and CO₂/N₂ in the tumarolic gases for the forecasting of volcanic activity. In order to predict the cruptions of a volcano it is needed to select several fumaroles or hot springs having different regimes of variation of the above ratios. The study of some fumaroles composition at the Asama. Mihara, Kirishima and other volcanoes in Japan showed a close connection between volcanic gas compositions and state of the volcanoes.     

Himalayan metamorphic CO2 fluxes: Quantitative constraints from hydrothermal springs

Hot springs in the Marsyandi Valley, Nepal, vent CO₂ sourced from metamorphic fluids that mix with shallow groundwaters before degassing near the Earth's surface. The δ¹³C of spring waters ranges up to + 13‰, while that of the coexisting free gas phase is close to ? 4‰. Empirical and thermodynamic modelling of this isotopic fractionation suggests > 97 ± 1% CO₂ degassing. The calculated minimum total CO₂ degassing in the Marsyandi catchment is 5.4 × 10⁹ mol/yr from a Cl-based estimate of the spring water discharge to the Marsyandi River and the fraction of CO₂ degassed. Extrapolated to the whole of the Himalayas, this implies a probable minimum metamorphic CO₂ flux of 0.9 × 10¹² mol/yr, or ～ 13% of solid Earth CO₂ degassing. The calculated flux is a factor of three greater than the estimated CO₂ drawdown by silicate weathering in the Himalayas. Himalayan metamorphic degassing contributes a significant fraction of the global solid Earth CO₂ flux and implies that metamorphism may cause changes in long-term climate that oppose those resulting from the orogenic forcing of chemical weatherability.     

Distribution of the surface partial pressure of CO2 in the southern Yellow Sea and its controls

Surface partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a (Chl a) at grid stations were measured in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS; 32–37°N to 120–125°E) during four cruises conducted in March 2005 (winter), April 2006 (spring), May 2005 (late spring), and July 2001 (summer). Factors influencing pCO₂ spatial and seasonal variations are explored.Surface seawater pCO₂ during winter was oversaturated with respect to the atmosphere in the entire study area (380–606 μatm), primarily due to the complete mixing of the water column in winter which brought CO₂-enriched bottom water to the surface. However, during spring, surface pCO₂ in the central SYS was undersaturated relative to the atmosphere with a low range between 274 and 408 μatm. The net CO₂ sink in the central SYS was mainly due to the consumption of CO₂ by the strong phytoplankton activity and to the weak water stratification, whereas surface pCO₂ in the nearshore area was oversaturated for the atmosphere owing to vertical mixing and terrestrial inputs. During summer, surface pCO₂ varied between 125 and 599 μatm over the entire sampling area. In the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Diluted Water (CDW) area, surface pCO₂ was undersaturated because of the nutrient inputs via the Changjiang, triggering strong phytoplankton activity, whereas surface pCO₂ was oversaturated in other areas. We conclude that the nearshore area behaves as a source of atmospheric CO₂ during the entire investigated periods owing to vertical mixing and terrestrial inputs as well as upwelling, whereas the central region generally shifts from a source of CO₂ in March to a sink in the remaining time of the investigation.     

环境因子对浮游甲壳动物群落功能多样性的影响

基于功能性状的生物多样性分析是当前生态学研究中的常用方法之一.浮游动物作为水生态系统食物网的重要组成成分,其功能多样性受关注的程度远不如其重要性.本文通过对14个水体浮游甲壳动物群落结构的研究,分析了环境因子对其功能多样性指数,包括功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)和功能分散度(FD...     

Environmental drivers of biotic traits and phenology patterns of Diptera assemblages in karst springs: The role of canopy uncovered

Springs are stable environments with constant abiotic factors and therefore of use in variety of ecological experiments. We investigated the influence of canopy coverage on abundance, diversity, phenology and feeding guilds among Diptera assemblages at two rheocrene karst springs located near each other. The springs differed by canopy coverage while physicochemical characteristics of the water were similar. We set six emergence traps for one year at each spring covering all available microhabitats proportionally. We hypothesized that canopy coverage will have a strong effect on assemblage composition of Diptera as well as on diversity, abundance, phenology and feeding guilds composition between sites and that it will have a stronger effect than microhabitat characteristics. Similarity of species composition among springs was only 37.5%, with 23 common species/taxa out of 74 species/taxa. Abundance of Diptera was 8.5× higher at the open canopy spring, while diversity and number of species/taxa was higher at closed canopy spring. Emergence started earlier at open canopy site and was prolonged even in winter months. The majority of species were detritus feeders followed by collectors and there was no substantial difference among sites. We conclude that at springs with similar water characteristics, canopy coverage is the main driver of Diptera assemblage structure, with water velocity as a complementary factor. Substrate and other physicochemical factors seem less important.     

Seismo-Geochemical Variations in SW Taiwan: Multi-Parameter Automatic Gas Monitoring Results

Gas variations of many mud volcanoes and hot springs distributed along the tectonic sutures in southwestern Taiwan are considered to be sensitive to the earthquake activity. Therefore, a multi-parameter automatic gas station was built on the bank of one of the largest mud-pools at an active fault zone of southwestern Taiwan, for continuous monitoring of CO₂, CH₄, N₂ and H₂O, the major constituents of its bubbling gases. During the year round monitoring from October 2001 to October 2002, the gas composition, especially, CH₄ and CO₂, of the mud pool showed significant variations. Taking the CO₂/CH₄ ratio as the main indicator, anomalous variations can be recognized from a few days to a few weeks before earthquakes and correlated well with those with a local magnitude >4.0 and local intensities >2. It is concluded that the gas composition in the area is sensitive to the local crustal stress/strain and is worthy to conduct real-time monitoring for the seismo-geochemical precursors.