Sensitivity of a numerical wave model on wind re-analysis datasets

Wind is the dominant process for wave generation. Detailed evaluation of metocean conditions strengthens our understanding of issues concerning potential offshore applications. However, the scarcity of buoys and high cost of monitoring systems pose a barrier to properly defining offshore conditions. Through use of numerical wave models, metocean conditions can be hindcasted and forecasted providing reliable characterisations.This study reports the sensitivity of wind inputs on a numerical wave model for the Scottish region. Two re-analysis wind datasets with different spatio-temporal characteristics are used, the ERA-Interim Re-Analysis and the CFSR-NCEP Re-Analysis dataset. Different wind products alter results, affecting the accuracy obtained. The scope of this study is to assess different available wind databases and provide information concerning the most appropriate wind dataset for the specific region, based on temporal, spatial and geographic terms for wave modelling and offshore applications. Both wind input datasets delivered results from the numerical wave model with good correlation. Wave results by the 1-h dataset have higher peaks and lower biases, in expense of a high scatter index. On the other hand, the 6-h dataset has lower scatter but higher biases. The study shows how wind dataset affects the numerical wave modelling performance, and that depending on location and study needs, different wind inputs should be considered.     

2008年7月14—15日川西暴雨过程的温度层结变化分析

2008年7月14-15日,四川盆地西部"5.12"汶川大地震重灾区在非典型热力条件下出现了一次暴雨天气过程.本文利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对其天气形势及温度层结变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明:(1)暴雨发生在副热带高压不断西伸的环流背景下,低层偏南气流及其风速脉动对暴雨产生具有重要作用.(2)暴雨开始于850hPa θse下降及大气层结为弱稳定的非典型热力条件下,但700 hPa θse突增使得700-500 hPa对流性不稳定层建立,从而利于对流运动发展;暴雨过程后期,因850 hPa和700 hPa θse急剧下降和大气层结稳定度增大,对流上升受到明显抑制.(3)低层θse锋区和水汽辐合对强降水具有指示意义,暴雨落区位于850 hPa和700 hPa θse锋区前沿,降水中心位于水汽汇合中心附近.     

On the Role of Wind Direction in ERS SAR Signatures of Internal Waves on the Iberian Shelf

The relationship between internal wave (IW) signatures in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and wind velocity is investigated. The effect of the wind velocity relative to the IW propagation direction on the IW signature is studied by means of a defined signature mode parameter ( S m ). S m is the parameter that quantifies the signature of the IW intensity profile in relation to the mean backscatter of the image background.

A wind contrast model based on a simple first-order Bragg scattering theory is combined with hydrodynamic modulation theory to explain the modulation of IW signatures. It takes into account the modulation of short-scale surface waves by the effect of the relative variations of wind velocity and the surface currents generated by the IWs.

It is shown that the signature mode parameter increases with the angle between the wind velocity and the IW propagation direction so that IWs propagating against the wind direction are imaged mostly as positive sign signatures, while those propagating in the wind direction are mostly negative sign signatures.     

一次罕见飑前强降雹超级单体风暴特征分析

2009年6月5日,受一个飑线前超级单体雷暴的影响,上海部分地区出现了直径25—30mm的冰雹,随后,飑线尾随该超级单体扫过上海,造成大风、雷电和强降水天气。基于常规天气观测、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪和自动气象站等资料分析发现,该超级单体发生在东北冷涡西南侧的高空强冷平流与低空暖平流形成的强不稳定层结背景下,超级单体风暴发生、发展在飑线前的暖区中,经过由"热岛效应"和海陆风锋共同形成的低空辐合线时明显加强发展;该风暴呈现出"指"状、"楔"状、弱回波区(WER)等超级单体雷达反射率特征,"指"状回波处出现了中气旋的径向速度特征,具有标志大冰雹的三体散射长钉(TBSS)特征回波,通过三体散射长钉多普勒速度发现了大冰雹的下降区和增长区。分析还表明:东北冷涡西南侧横槽南摆导致中空降温,0℃层和-20℃层高度明显下降,为冰雹的空中增长提供较好的温度环境条件,较低的0℃层也保证冰雹在空中下落中融化较少。双风廓线仪对比观测表明,超级单体发展的低空风场环境中具有较大的垂直风切变和风暴相对螺旋度,中尺度对流系统与环境场的相互作用形成了有利于风暴发展和维持的正反馈机制。飑线前超级单体雷暴与飑线主体关系密切,起到类似"箭"与"弓"的引导作用,飑线主体的一部分进入超级单体所遗留下的"冷"区后明显减弱,东侧入海后也逐渐减弱,其余部分仍在发展加强;最终,强风暴逐渐减弱,超级单体特征也开始消失,飑线与之合并形成新的"人"字型中尺度对流系统,新的"弓"形回波带与原回波带相比移动方向发生右偏,因此,飑前超级单体在飑线主体移动和演变的临近预报中有重要指示意义。     

Impact Of Dominant Waves On Sea Drag

The impact of air-flow separation from breaking dominant waves is analyzed.This impact results from the correlation of the pressure drop with theforward slope of breaking waves. The pressure drop is parameterized via thesquare of the reference mean velocity. The slope of breaking waves isrelated to the statistical properties of the wave breaking fronts describedin terms of the average total length of breaking fronts. Assuming that thedominant waves are narrow and that the length of breaking fronts is relatedto the length of the contour of the breaking zone it is shown that theseparation stress supported by dominant waves is proportional to thebreaking probability of dominant waves. The breaking probability of dominantwaves, in turn, is defined by the dominant wave steepness. With thedominant wave steepness increasing, the breaking probability is increasedand so does the separation stress. This mechanism explains wave age (youngerwaves being steeper) and finite depth (the spectrum is steeper in shallowwater) dependence of the sea drag. It is shown that dominant waves support asignificant fraction of total stress (sea drag) for young seas due to theair-flow separation that occurs when they break. A good comparison of themodel results for the sea drag with several data sets is reported.     

全球海洋海浪要素季节变化研究

本文使用欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting,ECMWF）近30年（1982～2011年）全球再分析资料（ECMWF 40 Year Re-analysis Interim）中的风场及海浪场资料,对全球海表10 m风场、有效波高、平均周期和平均波向进行了统计分析,并定义了一种计算季节变率的方法。研究发现,有效波高和平均周期均存在明显的季节变化,且北半球大洋比南半球大洋季节变化更为明显,印度季风区则例外。另外尝试用波龄揭示风浪、涌浪的分布特征,证实了全球海洋为涌浪占主导及太洋东部存在涌浪强化,同时发现了涌浪的分布在春夏季变化明显的特征。     

Numerical Modelling Of Turbulent Airflow Over Water Waves

A nonlinear numerical model is developed for turbulent boundary-layer flowover a train of water waves of finite amplitude or slope. The airflow isassumed to be steady, two-dimensional, and neutrally-stratified. The wavesurface is assumed to be aerodynamically rough and flow conditions at thewave surface are prescribed. The numerical model used in this study adoptsthree turbulence closure schemes with different degrees of physicalcompleteness. Two of these are second-order schemes, whichare believed to describe turbulent flow more completely than thesimpler closures used in most previous studies. Although models with all turbulence closures agree qualitatively in the prediction of the amplitude of the surface normal stress perturbation, the lower- and higher-order closures differ significantly in predictions of phase, and hence the form drag and energy transfer rate between wind and waves. Our model results are in reasonable agreement with field and laboratory measurements, although predicted energy transfer rates are generally at the low end of the range of experimental values. Cases with airflow at various angles to the wave direction are also considered.     

孟加拉湾风暴对高原地区降水的影响

利用卫星遥感数据TRMM(3B42)与地面观测数据变分订正后的降水量资料、TBB资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1998 2010年25个孟加拉湾风暴的登陆路径、强度、冷空气入侵及大气季节变化对高原地区降水的影响进行了分类统计分析,结果表明:(1)孟加拉湾风暴是造成高原地区降水的重要天气系统,最活跃的时段集中在5月和10 11月,对高原地区的影响主要以降水为主;(2)在孟加拉湾风暴登陆的3条路径中,东北路径对云贵高原和青藏高原东南部地区影响最大,西北路径登陆风暴主要影响青藏高原南部地区,偏西路径登陆风暴对高原地区影响最小;(3)东北路径登陆风暴,热带风暴强度比飓风强度给高原地区带来更强的降水,而西北路径飓风强度风暴的影响较大;(4)当东北路径孟加拉湾风暴与云贵高原地区冷空气相遇时,其降水量比无冷空气配合时大2个等级;(5)孟加拉湾风暴活动时段存在5月和10 11月两个峰值,因季节性的大气环流(引导气流)和水汽输送(强弱)以及热带气旋生成基本条件的不同,导致了高原地区降水程度的差异。     

2008年10月的一次寒潮天气过程分析

文章选择常规天气以及物理量资料,利用天气学原理分析了2008年10月21—23日发生在包头地区的寒潮天气过程,从中寻求一些有物理意义的预报指标,为今后的预报提供可靠的预报依据。     

相似环流背景下海南两次不同类型强对流天气对比研究

2016年6月5日和6日海南岛处在类似的环流背景下,5日海南出现了大范围8级以上阵风且伴有EF2级龙卷,而次日以短时强降水为主。为了研究两日产生不同类型强对流天气的原因,基于常规地面-高空观测、海南逐10 min的地面加密观测、海口多普勒雷达观测、NCEP-GFS 0.5°×0.5°分析资料进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)5日整层大气相对较干(可降水量为49 mm)且中层干层尤为清晰(700—500 hPa平均相对湿度41%),925—700 hPa温度垂直递减率为7.25℃/km,有利于产生强下沉气流及冷池形成,从而产生雷暴大风天气,而6日气层高湿,可降水量为60 mm,环境风弱,风暴移速慢,有利于产生强降水;(2)两日均属于弱的环境背景气流下的对流,相对而言,5日0—3 km风垂直切变均较6日大,有利于形成飑线;(3)结构分析表明5日对流风暴伴有较强阵风出流,较强的风垂直切变加之多个单体阵风出流合并抬升下,产生了持续1.5 h的飑线,并出现了弓形回波,而6日为低质心一般单体且阵风出流相对弱,尽管多个单体合并成了准线性的风暴,其持续时间亦与一般单体生命史相当;(4)5日对流抑制能量相对较大,需较强的地面辐合抬升和午后强烈升温触发雷暴,雷暴触发后强烈发展;6日对流抑制能量近乎为0,弱的海风锋辐合及热力作用均触发对流;(5)此次龙卷过程的风垂直切变与典型超级单体龙卷差异显著,产生龙卷的低层中气旋出现时间与龙卷发生时间仅差3 min,故提前预警龙卷的可能性极小。      

暴雨信号发布思路

深圳2000年4月份出现了4次暴雨和大暴雨，其中“4.14”为打破历史纪录的特大暴雨。深圳市气象台所发布的黄、红、蓝色暴雨信号是历史上次数最多，最频繁之一。本文通过对这几次不同量级的暴雨过程中暴雨信号发布情况以及短期天气预报和云图、雷达和自动站等中尺度资料在暴雨预警信号发布中所发挥作用的分析，总结发布暴雨信号的发布思路；并得到十分有益的经验。     

Group Velocity of Anisotropic Waves-Part Ⅱ: Conservative Properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical expression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may derive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for     

Group velocity of anisotropie waves—Part II: Conservative properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical ex-pression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may de-rive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for isotropic waves.     

卫星云图,雷达数字化回波图在预报徐州暴雨中的应用

本文使用历史暴雨天气过程的卫星云图资料,进行数字处理,统计归纳,并结合雷达数字化资料和天气分析、数值预报产品、能量场分析,总结出一些以卫星资料为主,能使用于日常短期到短时预报暴雨的结论。     

龙卷型强风暴——1995年4月19日洪奇沥龙卷风剖析

1995年4月19日13:00至21:00，一次范围较广的强对流天气过程波及了肇庆、佛山、顺德、南海、番禺、中山市等地。广州雷达站探测了这一过程，并取得了较为完整的雷达资料。该文主要对受灾严重的番禺市万顷沙地区龙卷风进行剖析，所得结果表明:（1）该龙卷是反气旋式龙卷，实属罕见；（2）尺度属微尺度—小尺度范围（120～4000 m）（3）与该龙卷伴随的风暴单体生命史长达4～5小时；（4）计算出的该龙卷风的破坏力以及龙卷环流等参量与Dellas、Fargo等龙卷风所得出的参量的量级比较一致。     

Influence of enso event on the maintenance of pacific storm track in the northern winter

l.Intr0ductionItiswellkn0wnthatthereisanobviousinteractionbetweencirculationsin-andextra-tropics,whichusuallyexhibitsauniquefeatureduringENSOPeriod(Bjerknes,l969;Huang,l99l;H0skinsandKaroly,l98l;HorelandWallace,l981famongothers).There-searchrevealsthataneddyfluxcausedbyatransientdisturbanceinthemiddlelatitudedur-ingthePeriodofENSOeventplaysanimPOrtantroleinthemaintenanceofanomalousat-mosphericcirculationpattern,triggeredbyseasurfacetemPeratureanomalyatequator,inthePacificOceanandtheNor…     

An ocean wind-wave climatology for the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Part II: Variability in space and time

Previously validated model results were used to characterize the wave climate over the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS). The low mean significant wave height over the western South Atlantic shelves was shown together with examples of cyclone-induced extreme wave fields and other typical wave conditions. The mean offshore spectra showed a bimodal shape with a predominance of S/SSW and ENE/E waves with distinctive interannual rising periods in wave energy density. Along-shelf wave energy gradients were seen near the coast with higher energy located off capes and coastal projections and energy minima between them. A considerable drop in wave energy suggests the 40 m depth as the mean wave base and consequently the lower limit of the SBS shoreface. The upper shoreface mean wave energy density varied abruptly along the shelf in response to differences in bottom declivities. The large and shallow shoreface was responsible for an intense refraction of the waves and hence very small angles of attack. Additionally, it was shown the sheltering effect caused by capes and coastal projections and a remarkable north/south energy asymmetry between them, caused by a windowing on the wave propagation to the shore. Altogether, it was possible to state that bottom friction plays a major role in wave differentiation along the SBS shoreface, thus suggesting that shelf morphology might indeed be more important to generate wave variability than the offshore wave variation itself.     

An Idealized Mean Wind Profile for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

We test a flexible, idealized mean wind profile for the loweratmosphere that can easily be matched to whatever windobservations may be available. Its intended function is to providea `best guess' wind profile from limited observations, e.g., foruse in dispersion models, and to this end, following earlierauthors, we have matched a Monin–Obukhov layer to a baroclinic Ekman layer.To demonstrate the flexibility of the two-layer wind profile, weoptimize its free parameters to provide best interpolative fits toa sample of multi-level wind profiles. These include model windprofiles extracted from the Canadian Global EnvironmentalMulti-scale weather model (GEM), as well as experimental profilesfrom the Wangara experiment, and from an over-ocean dispersionexperiment (LROD). In most cases the two-layer profile fit issatisfactory.     

塔中一次强沙尘暴过程边界层风场变化特征

利用风廓线雷达探测资料对2010年4月19日塔中一次强沙尘暴过程中的边界层三维风场进行分析研究。沙尘暴爆发前,塔中1 000 m高度内空中风主导风向由偏东风转为偏西风;沙尘暴爆发时,地面至1 500 m高度内为偏东风。近地面风速在沙尘暴爆发初期迅速增大至18.3 m/s,中后期逐渐变小,但依然保持10 m/s左右的较大风速;300～1 000 m高度,沙尘暴爆发时段的风速小于过程前后;1 000～2 000 m高度内,沙尘暴爆发前风速达到最大,然后随时间变化呈递减趋势;3 000 m以上高空风在沙尘暴爆发期间风速可达20 m/s。沙尘暴过程中塔中上空存在明显的沙尘颗粒沉降运动,平均下沉速度为1.2 m/s。     

2004年安徽省梅汛期三次暴雨过程的大气低频振荡背景

对2004年夏季安徽省降水以及850 hPa涡度、水汽通量散度场进行Morlet小波分析，结果发现:6月中下旬，三者都存在着2~6 d，7~15 d以及18~30 d的振荡周期，并且三者的各频带的低频分量与实际降水距平的对应关系较好。其中18~30 d低频涡旋系统和水汽通量散度具有源自孟加拉湾和中南半岛自西南向安徽省传播特征；7~15 d低频涡旋系统主要是沿着中纬度地区自西向东传入安徽省，低频水汽通量散度则由低纬度地区自南向北传入安徽省。6月中下旬赤道西太平洋地区沿东南-西北向移动的7~15 d低频气旋和反气旋波列，以及安徽省附近低层流场的2~6 d高频变化，为其6月中下旬的三次强降水过程提供了有利条件。