Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of Northwest China

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region’s water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed: first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.     

Does land use matter in an arid Environment? A case study from the Hoanib River catchment, north-western Namibia

The effect of intensive grazing and browsing of domestic stock and wildlife on the number of species and abundance of vegetation was investigated in the Hoanib River catchment, north-western Namibia. The seasonal abundance of ground cover, bare earth, canopy cover, annual grass, perennial grass and annual forbs were measured in each of the focus-study areas. In three of the focus areas where the ranges of both domestic stock and wildlife were restricted either by fencing or water availability, impact on the vegetation was greatest. The final focus area was a more ‘open range’ system that allowed for the free movement of wildlife. Under these conditions the species abundance and availability of browsing and grazing was greater than the other focus areas during both the wet and dry seasons. However, very little difference in abundance and availability of vegetation was observed between focus areas in both seasons regardless of landuse. There is generally a low abundance of perennial grasses and browse species affording the ecosystem little resistance and resilience to disturbance caused by grazing and drought.     

干旱区水资源约束下的生态退耕空间优化及权衡分析——以奇台县为例

干旱区耕地大规模扩张导致水资源超载、生态问题频发,亟须退地还水。因此,探索水资源约束下的生态退耕空间优化方案,不仅有助于解决干旱区面临的问题,还可为土地利用规划和决策提供参考。目前对退耕方案多效益矛盾的研究尚量化不足,有鉴于此,本文建立生态退耕空间优化配置及权衡分析模型,以新疆奇台县为研究区进行模型应用,构建了水资源约束下的生态退耕方案群,并设计保有耕地优先和保护生态优先等两种情景,利用蚁群优化算法实现了生态退耕的空间配置模拟与优化。结果表明:耕地面积在保有耕地优先情景将减至9.94万hm2,保护生态优先情景则为6.96万hm2;在此退耕过程中,河道内生态用水占水资源总量的比例从10%增加到30%,防固沙量由713.22万t增加至816.59万t,经济效益则由34.86亿元下降至24.75亿元。通过比较单位经济效益的减少比例可产生的生态效益增加比例,确定耕地面积退至8.35万hm2时是权衡生态和经济效益下的生态退耕最优方案。退耕还草主要发生在奇台县耕地集中区的东北、西北及西南部边缘,将有利于北部的沙漠化防控和南部的水源保护。本研究实现了干旱区水资源约束下生态退耕方案空间模拟和优化,对农...     

Water quality modeling and sensitivity analysis using Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) in the Shenandoah River watershed

This study used the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) to simulate nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll-a dynamics in the Shenandoah River basin and performed an uncertainty analysis to examine the complexity of these variables in water quality estimation and their influence on the Shenandoah River. Significant progress has been made; however, nutrient loads emitted into the Shenandoah River from nonpoint sources remain high. Modeling of three points on the Shenandoah River in Virginia and West Virginia provides an ideal case study since the river is classified by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality as being impaired. The results of a sensitivity test show that model error decreases with increasing model complexity and sensitivity. The model predicted DO values that tended to be close to the measured data, while total nitrogen and phosphorus tended to be overemphasized. Our results examine the importance of temperature, stream flow, and velocity in influencing water quality between seasons and levels on the different sections of the watershed.     

干旱区典型流域近30年土地利用/土地覆被变化的分形特征分析——以玛纳斯河流域为例

利用1976、1989、2005年三期遥感影像,运用GIS和分形理论研究干旱区典型流域——玛纳斯河流域近30年的土地利用/土地覆被变化的复杂性和稳定性。结果表明:玛纳斯河流域各时段的土地利用/土地覆被类型分布具有分形结构,土地利用/土地覆被类型形状复杂性和斑块的稳定性波动变化,1976、1989、2005年三时期的各种土地利用/土地覆被类型总平均分维值分别为1.394 0、1.363 4和1.389 9。总平均稳定性指数分别为0.606 0、0.636 6、0.610 1。三期土地利用/覆被类型平均稳定性排序为:沙地>未利用土地>居民点工矿用地>水域>林地>草地>耕地>盐碱地。耕地、林地、草地、盐碱地稳定性相对较差。通过对流域土地利用/土地覆被类型变化复杂性和稳定性的研究,可以为政府协调水土开发和调整土地利用结构提供支持。     

干旱区绿洲城市土地利用效益研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

对绿洲城市土地利用效益进行评价和研究有助于衡量绿洲城市土地利用水平,实现绿洲城市土地的高效协调利用.选取典型干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐,利用多时相TM影像数据,对乌鲁木齐1990-2005年土地利用的基本特征进行分析,在此基础上采用综合指标评价法、灰色关联度和相关数学方法从土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益三方面对1990-2...     

近50 a来黑河流域水资源问题与流域集成管理

 基于黑河流域器测水文等资料,分析了近50 a来黑河流域水资源形成区——上游山区水资源变化的历史背景和趋势、平原绿洲-荒漠耗水区3个循环带水资源时空变化及区域耗水特征,以及水资源管理政策变化下的流域中下游水环境问题和社会经济系统水循环过程中的水问题,探讨了解决内陆河流域水问题的水资源集成管理和区域可持续发展对策。     

水系统综合管理与模拟工具(WIM)的设计与开发

大规模的人类活动已经将不同流域连接为一个整体系统,针对跨流域复杂水问题的研究,从科研和管理的角度,迫切需要发展集多源数据集成、水循环过程模拟和决策支撑为一体的水系统综合管理与模拟平台。本文面向国家需求,采用面向对象设计方法,基于GIS平台创建了具有自主知识产权的WIM(Water system Integrated Modeling and Management Tool)系统。WIM是一个基于模块化结构的水系统综合管理与模拟工具,实现了水循环多源数据集成和多过程耦合模拟,具有数据动态加载、模型在线耦合和模块按需定制等功能。WIM提出为复杂水问题的研究,跨流域调水对陆地水循环影响与水安全分析提供了支撑,促进了中国在水循环综合模拟与系统集成等方面的科技发展。     

干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究——以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例

划定生态保护红线是构筑区域生态安全屏障的基础,是经济社会可持续发展的基本保障;干旱半干旱区水资源短缺是威胁区域生态安全的首要因素,生态保护红线划分应切实以保护水资源安全供给为根本。以干旱半干旱区“多规合一”试点地区榆林市为例,通过对关键生态系统服务功能评估和生态敏感性评价,以水资源约束为核心,提出了生态保护红线体系与划分方法。结果表明：① 榆林市生态保护红线总面积16998.59 km²,占到全市国土面积的39.60%;其中水源涵养功能红线面积5147.15 km²,秃尾河、榆溪河、芦河、无定河上游是水源涵养核心区域,产水总量高达34.57×10⁷ m³;丘陵沟壑区和风沙滩区植被覆盖较高的区域生态功能极为重要,其中12.38%和23.25%的国土面积分别提供了50%以上的水土保持功能和防风固沙功能。② 水源涵养、防风固沙、生物多样性维护功能红线和禁止开发区红线主要分布于西北风沙滩区;南部沟壑区以水土保持功能为主,红线类型较单一。因此,西北风沙滩区的生态保护对榆林市生态安全维护更重要。研究结果可为“多规合一”各类规划间相互矛盾的有效化解提供决策依据,同时为其他干旱半干旱区生态保护红线的划定提供参考。     

Water accounting for conjunctive groundwater and surface water irrigation sources: A case study in the middle Heihe River Basin of arid northwestern China

Oases in arid northwestern China play a significant role in the region's economic stability and development. Overexploitation of the region's water resources has led to serious environmental consequences. In oases, irrigated agriculture is the primary consumer of water, but water shortages resulting from dramatically growing human needs have become a bottleneck for regional sustainable development, making effective management of the limited available water critical. Effective strategies must be formulated to increase agricultural productivity while reducing its environmental impacts. To support the development of such strategies, water use patterns were analyzed during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons, from May to early October, to identify opportunities for improving water management using the Molden-Sakthivadivel water-accounting method, which combines groundwater and surface water into a single domain and can provide a good estimate of the uses, depletion, and productivity of water in a water basin context. The study area lies in Linze County, Gansu Province, China. In the study area, the inflow water resources consist of irrigation, precipitation, and soil water, which accounted for 89.3%, 8.9%, and 1.8% of the total in 2007, and 89.3%, 4.8%, and 5.9% in 2008, respectively. The irrigation depends heavily on groundwater, which accounted for 82.1% and 83.6% of the total irrigation water in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007 and 2008, deep percolation accounted for 50.1% and 47.9% of the water outflow, respectively, with corresponding depleted fractions of 0.51 and 0.55, respectively. For the irrigation district as a whole, the water productivity was only 1.37 CNY/m³. To significantly increase crop water productivity and prevent depletion of the region's groundwater aquifer, it will be necessary to reduce the amount of water used for irrigation. Several water-saving agricultural practices are discussed and recommended.     

水资产负债表编制中水资源资产核算账户的建立与分析——以黑河中游张掖市为例

探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计,是十八届三中全会提出的重要决定,国内外尚未见编制先例。基于模糊数学综合评价模型,以黑河中游张掖市为研究区,从水量、水质、人口、社会经济和生态环境5个方面选取18个指标,通过层次分析法确定指标权重,对核算期初2010年的水资源价格进行综合评价,建立了2010-2014年的水资源资产的实物型账户、价值型账户。结果表明:(1)核算期初2010年张掖市的水资源资产实物存量为1.288亿m³,核算期末2014年为5.157亿m³,2010-2014年水资源资产实物流量变化为3.869亿m³。(2)张掖市水资源资产价格为2.68元·m^-3,为实物型账户价值化转化提供数据支撑。(3)核算期初2010年水资源资产价值为2.731亿元,核算期末2014年水资源资产价值为10.933亿元,张掖市2010-2014年水资源资产价值变化量累计为8.2亿元,但考虑到水资源年度间的变化,可以认为5年间张掖市水资源资产价值基本持平。     

干旱区发展的资源环境基础评价:以新疆为例

作为生态脆弱的干旱地区,新疆的社会经济发展受到资源环境基础的极大制约.一方面,资源环境综合评价的结果表明,新疆的资源环境基础脆弱、要素结构的稳定性差.此种特征决定了新疆的现代化发展有赖于资源环境基础的稳定,其中尤以淡水资源来源和农用地(主要为草场和耕地)的稳定最为重要.另一方面,资源环境空间组合的分析结果表明,北疆和南...     

The study of artificial intelligence for predicting land use changes in an arid ecosystem

Journal of Geographical Sciences - During the 21st century, artificial intelligence methods have been broadly applied in geosciences to simulate complex dynamic ecosystems, but the use of...     

干旱区典型流域土壤微量元素的空间变异特征研究

采用地统计方法,以新疆三工河流域为例,研究了干旱区流域土壤微量元素的空间异质性特征。结果表明,四种微量元素为对数正态分布;流域内土壤微量元素的空间异质性明显,微量元素含量绿洲区普遍高于荒漠区;其中,有效铁和有效锌含量基本属正常范围,有效锰含量处于普遍缺乏状态,有效铜含量较高;微量元素变异系数在42.28%~83.24%;四种微量元素含量空间变异具有各向异性特征,为中等强度的空间自相关性,表现为二阶趋势效应。用简单克立格法进行最优内插,考虑各向异性及趋势效应,制作研究区土壤微量元素含量的等值线图,分析结果表明其具有明显的空间分布规律。利用地统计学方法,对认识本区土壤微量元素的空间变异结构,流域农业生产合理布局、土壤资源综合治理都具有重要的意义。     

西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考

 气候变化与水资源问题是各国政府部门、学术界和社会公众普遍关注的焦点,也是西北干旱区实现跨越式发展的重要瓶颈之一。在分析前人研究成果基础之上,指出制约西北干旱区社会经济发展和生态安全的关键因素和气候变化对西北干旱区水资源的影响;进而分析西北干旱区气候变化与水资源研究中的热点和难点问题;最后基于西北干旱区水资源研究的重要性和迫切性提出目前亟待解决的研究任务与核心内容,主要包括3个方面：(1)气候变化对西北干旱区水资源形成、转化及未来趋势的影响;(2)气候变化对西北干旱区水循环过程的影响;(3)气候变化对西北干旱区水资源安全的影响。     

干旱区工业共生网络优化研究——以新疆石河子市为例

立足资源和环境约束,对干旱区工业共生过程中链条的设计、水资源的优化利用进行了定性探讨,提出两个观点:干旱区需在确定支柱产业和重点行业的基础上再进行纵向主导产业链与横向耦合共生链的设计;通过促进农业节水用于工业、工业共生反哺农业、提高工业重复用水率来解决工业用水不足的矛盾。继而运用模糊数学建立了多目标模糊优化模型,对共生网络的优化进行了定量研究。所建模型以共生网络经济效益、社会效益、资源效益和环境效益的综合最优作为目标函数,以非线性的相对优属度作为权重系数,将资源瓶颈、环境污染排放总量控制目标等作为约束条件,来求解多目标问题,既科学表达了共生系统的复杂性,又充分体现了工业共生追求经济-环境双赢的内涵。实例应用则表明以上思路、模型与方法具有理论价值和实践意义。     

Current situation, problems and rational utilization of water resources in arid north-western China

From an analysis of the current situation of water resources and its development and utilization in arid areas of north-western China, the authors conclude that some major problems still exist, such as inadequate amounts, unbalanced distribution, serious wastage and a deteriorated water environment. Measures to solve these problems include strengthening management, enhancing scientific and technological levels in the utilization of water resources, and strengthening protection of water resources and the environment. Besides this, the fundamental and important measure is to strengthen studies of water-saving techniques, as discussed in the paper.     

西北干旱区气候变化对水文水资源影响研究进展

西北干旱区是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一,研究分析全球变暖背景下的西北干旱区水资源问题,对应对和适应未来气候变化带来的影响具有重要意义。本文通过对西北干旱区气候变暖影响下的水资源形成、转化与水循环等关键问题最新研究成果的总结分析,得出如下结论：(1) 西北干旱区温度、降水在过去的50年出现过“突变型”升高,但进入21世纪,温度和降水均处于高位震荡,升高趋势减弱;(2) 西北干旱区冬季温度的大幅升高是拉动年均温度抬升的重要原因,而西伯利亚高压活动和二氧化碳排放是引起冬季升温的重要影响因素;(3) 西北干旱区蒸发潜力在1993年出现了一个明显的转折变化,由显著下降逆转为显著上升的趋势。气候变暖、蒸发水平增大对西北干旱区生态效应的负作用已经凸显;(4) 西北干旱区冰川变化对水资源量及年内分配产生了重要影响,部分河流已经出现冰川消融拐点。在塔里木河流域,冰川融水份额较大 (50%),可能在未来一段时期,河川径流还将处在高位状态波动。全球气候变暖在加大极端气候水文事件发生频率和强度的同时,加剧了西北干旱区内陆河流域的水文波动和水资源的不确定性。     

干旱内陆河流域人居环境适宜性评价——以石羊河流域为例(英文)

The study employs slope,aspect,relief degree of land surface,land use,vegetation index,hydrology and climate,as evaluation indexes to set up the Human Settlements Environmental Index(HEI) model to evaluate the environmental suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin.By using GIS spatial analysis technology,such as spatial overlay analysis,buffer analysis and density analysis,the environmental suitability of the human settlement spatial situation and spatial pattern are established to analyze their spatial distribution.The results show that the index of suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin is between 17.13 and 84.32.In general,suitability for human settlements decreases from the southwest to the northeast.Seen from an area pattern,the suitable region is mainly distributed in the Minqin oasis,Wuwei oasis and Changning basin,which are about 1080.01 km 2 and account for 2.59% of the total area.Rather and comparatively suitable region is mainly distributed around the counties of Gulang,Yongchang and north of Tianzhu,which is about 1100.30 km 2.The common suitable region is mainly distributed outside the counties of Yongchang,Jinchuan and most parts of Minqin County,which are about 23328.04 km 2,accounting for 56.08% of the total area.The unsuitable region is mainly distributed upstream and to the north of the river,which is about 9937.60 km 2,accounting for 23.89% of the total area.Meanwhile,the least suitable region is distributed around the Qilian Mountains,which are covered by snow and cold desert and lie in the intersecting area between the Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert.The total area is about 6154.05 km 2,accounting for 14.79% of the total area.Suitable regions for human habitation are mainly distributed around rivers in the form of ribbons and batches,while others are scattered.The distribution pattern is identical to the residential spatial pattern.In addition,the relationships between HEI and other factors have been analyzed.There is a clear logarithmic correlation between the residential environment and population,that is,the correlation coefficient between the evaluation value and population density reaches 0.851.There is also a positive correlation between the residential environment and economy,which reaches an evaluation value of 0.845 between the residential environment and GDP.Results also show that the environment is out of bearing with the existing population in Shiyang River Basin.Spatial distribution of population is profoundly affected by severe environmental problems,such as the expanded deserts,the hilly terrain and the changing climate.Surface water shortage and slow economic growth are bottlenecks for suitable human settlement in the Shiyang River Basin.Combining these problems with planning for construction of new country and the exploitation of local land,some residential areas should be relocated to improve the residential environment.     

水资源管理模式评述与展望

导致我国水资源利用效率低下和水危机产生的根本原因,并不完全在于水资源的短缺及缺少节水技术和污水处理循环利用技术,而在很大程度上归因于缺乏一种能够有效地促进水资源高效配置和节约用水的水资源管理模式。因此,建立一种科学合理和高效的水资源管理模式是我国水资源管理制度改革与创新的关键所在,也是我国建设水资源节约型社会的一项重要任务和战略目标。本文重点对国内外常见的几种主要的水资源管理模式的内涵及其管理手段和功能特征等进行了比较分析和研究,在此基础上,探讨了我国水资源管理模式的创新与发展思路,初步提出：建立以流域为单元的水资源生态系统综合管理模式是我国未来水资源管理制度改革的重要发展方向。