塔里木盆地奥陶系形成大油气田地质条件

自１９８４年９月地矿部在塔北沙参２井奥陶系油气勘探首次取得重大突破后,又在塔北、塔中、塔西南相继获得发现或突破,形成了第一轮以奥陶系为重点的油气勘探热潮。虽在１９９１～１９９５年由于认识上的影响一度出现油气勘探低谷,但从１９９６年开始又迎来了新一轮塔里木盆地奥陶系油气勘探的新高潮。多年油气勘探实践和研究表明,塔里木盆地奥陶系油气资源潜力相当巨大,具备形成大油气田的条件,是塔里木盆地今后寻找大油气田的主要层位之一。     

中国陆上最深钻井--塔参1井的地层剖面及讨论

塔参1井是塔里木盆地腹地的一口探井,井深7 200m,是目前我国陆上最深的钻井.其揭露的地层包括(自上而下):第四系、第三系(未分)、白垩系、三叠系、二叠系、石炭系、泥盆系、志留系、奥陶系、寒武系和前寒武纪花岗闪长岩及其中的闪长岩捕虏体.该井钻遇的地层较齐全,取心系统,是地质研究中不可多得的珍贵资料.本文较系统地介绍了塔参1井所揭露的地层剖面,并就有关问题作了简单讨论.     

塔里木盆地瓦石峡凹陷下侏罗统康苏组生烃条件及与邻区的对比

塔里木盆地东南坳陷烃源条件制约了油气的勘探,至今尚未突破。目前证实侏罗系杨叶组和康苏组具备一定的生烃潜力。通过野外地质考察,进行了剖面测量、样品采集和地球化学测试,结合若参1井、若参2井和且地1井等3口钻井资料、样品分析数据,开展了塔东南瓦石峡凹陷下侏罗统康苏组烃源岩岩性、空间展布特征及地球化学特征研究。瓦石峡凹陷康苏组烃源岩主要为暗色泥岩和碳质泥岩,厚度为60～140 m,占地层厚度的25%,若参1井和红柳沟老煤矿一带有机质丰度较高,暗色泥岩的有机碳含量为1. 2%～4. 4%、碳质泥岩的为5. 0%～39. 6%,干酪根为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型,处于低成熟-成熟阶段。与盆地周缘同时期沉积烃源岩相比,塔北库车坳陷烃源岩生烃潜量相对高于塔东南瓦石峡凹陷,塔西南喀什凹陷库兹贡苏等剖面则较差。因此,研究认为瓦石峡凹陷具有较好的生烃潜力,其中若参1井东南部深凹区和红柳沟老煤矿-其格勒克山前洼陷区较为有利。     

塔北、塔中地区碳酸盐岩及其原油中的二苯并噻吩类化合物

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区四口井(库南1井,轮南46井,塔中12井和塔参1井)寒武-奥陶系12个碳酸盐岩烃源岩(泥灰岩,泥质灰岩和云岩)岩芯样品抽提物芳烃组分中的二苯并噻吩类化合物组成和丰度变化特征可分为三种类型:Ⅰ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩型;Ⅱ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩+三甲基芴混合物型;Ⅲ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型。研究的塔北、塔中隆起11个海相油二苯并噻吩类化合物分布类型均为二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型,和海相烃源岩二苯并噻吩类化合物第Ⅲ种分布类型完全相同。据此推断:塔北隆起8个海相油可能主要来源于塔北轮南地区下奥陶统;塔中隆起3个海相油可能来源于塔中地区中-上奥陶统。     

塔里木盆地中部志留-泥盆系沉积构造背景

我国陆上最深的钻井塔参1井位于塔里木盆地中央隆起,井深7200m,在井深3742～4001m钻遇志留泥盆系碎屑岩259m,包括下志留统125m,上泥盆统134m。在该段岩心采样23块(下志留统15块,上泥盆统8块),其全岩和微量元素地球化学分析表明,塔参1井的志留泥盆系碎屑岩均为稳定大陆克拉通内部的沉积,物源可能来自其底部以前震旦纪花岗岩为代表的古老陆壳基底。     

下古生界海相原油之中蜡的成因分析－－－－干酪根PY－GC分析提供的证据

塔里木盆地海相原油一般具有低－中含蜡的特征，油源对比表明其生油岩为下古生界寒武、奥陶系。下古生界海相干酪根主要由菌藻类无定形体组成，且具有较高的成熟度。干酪根热解气相色谱分析表明，热解产物中ｎＣ具有较高的含量。结合原油的运移效应，从而可以建立海相原油之中含蜡的成因模式。该模式突破了较高含蜡量的原油只能来源于高等植物的传统观点，指出较高成熟度下的细菌母源是塔里木盆地海相原油含蜡的主要成因。     

塔里木盆地下古生界高成熟干酪根生烃潜力的评估

塔里木盆地下古生界海相高成熟生油岩干酪根仍具有一定的生烃潜力，其产烃率－温度－时间关系研究表明，在最近１－２Ｍａ内凹陷区奥陶系生油岩向邻近的隆起区提供了大量烃类。     

下古生界海相原油之中蜡的成因分析－－干酪根PY－GC分析提供的证据

塔里木盆地海相原油一般具有低－中含蜡的特征，油源对比表明其生油岩为下古生界寒武、奥陶系。下古生界海相干酪根主要由菌藻类无定形体组成，且具有较高的成熟度。干酪根热解气相色谱分析表明，热解产物中ｎＣ+₂₁具有较高的含量。结合原油的运移效应，从而可以建立海相原油之中含蜡的成因模式。该模式突破了较高含蜡量的原油只能来源于高等植物的传统观点，指出较高成熟度下的细菌母源是塔里木盆地海相原油含蜡的主要成因。     

裂缝型储层预测技术优选——以塔北地区奥陶系为例

塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层的地震反射特征总体表现为弱振幅,常用技术难以预测。通过预测技术优选发现相关分量P1属性能够较好地预测这类储层。应用该属性分别对塔北英买2井区奥陶系一间房组、轮古7井区奥陶系鹰山组以及轮古东地区奥陶系良里塔格组的弱振幅反射的裂缝型储层进行了预测,结果与实钻有较高的吻合率。     

塔北地区寒武系、奥陶系暗色泥岩不能一概而论

<正> “七五”及“八五”期间,一般认为寒武系—奥陶系暗色泥岩与碳酸盐岩均为塔里木盆地海相油气的重要烃源岩,特别是厚度巨大的 O_(2+3)暗色泥岩,一直被认为对塔里木盆地海相油气有着与∈—O_1碳酸盐岩同等重要的贡献。新的研究得出了以下几点新的认识。(1)塔北地区奥陶系,尤其是 O_(2+3)暗色泥岩的有机质丰度普遍偏低,库尔勒鼻隆、草湖凹陷、轮南凸起、英买力地区等几乎塔北隆起全区以及相邻的孔雀河斜坡与满加尔凹陷     

Comparison of petroleum generation kinetics by isothermal hydrous and nonisothermal open-system pyrolysis

This study compares kinetic parameters determined by open-system pyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis using aliquots of source rocks containing different kerogen types. Kinetic parameters derived from these two pyrolysis methods not only differ in the conditions employed and products generated, but also in the derivation of the kinetic parameters (i.e., isothermal linear regression and non-isothermal nonlinear regression). Results of this comparative study show that there is no correlation between kinetic parameters derived from hydrous pyrolysis and open-system pyrolysis. Hydrous-pyrolysis kinetic parameters determine narrow oil windows that occur over a wide range of temperatures and depths depending in part on the organic-sulfur content of the original kerogen. Conversely, open-system kinetic parameters determine broad oil windows that show no significant differences with kerogen types or their organic-sulfur contents. Comparisons of the kinetic parameters in a hypothetical thermal-burial history (2.5 °C/my) show open-system kinetic parameters significantly underestimate the extent and timing of oil generation for Type-IIS kerogen and significantly overestimate the extent and timing of petroleum formation for Type-I kerogen compared to hydrous pyrolysis kinetic parameters. These hypothetical differences determined by the kinetic parameters are supported by natural thermal-burial histories for the Naokelekan source rock (Type-IIS kerogen) in the Zagros basin of Iraq and for the Green River Formation (Type-I kerogen) in the Uinta basin of Utah. Differences in extent and timing of oil generation determined by open-system pyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis can be attributed to the former not adequately simulating natural oil generation conditions, products, and mechanisms.     

Study of Pyrolysis Kinetics of Asphaltenes in Silurian Oilsands in the Tarim Basin

It is a special petroleum geological phenomenon that Silurian oilsands are extensively distributed in the central and northeast Tarim basin. Some geochemical studies of the oilsands have been carried out, but there is still great controversy over the hydrocarbon-regenerating potential of oilsands and the possibility of Silurian oilsands as hydrocarbon source rocks. In this study, the kinetics of asphaltenes pyrolysis was directly used to simulate the potential of Silurian oilsands for regenerating hydrocarbons. According to the experimental results, combined with other related organic geochemical analysis, it is considered that Silurian oilsands in the Tarim basin have a high hydrocarbon-regenerating potential and are latent hydrocarbon source rocks.     

沉积盆地深部流体的地球化学特征及油气成藏效应初探

以济阳坳陷东营凹陷和塔里木盆地塔中地区为例，在前人深部流体研究的基础上，应用同位素地球化学、有机地球化学及热力学定量模型，对沉积盆地深部流体的活动特征及其油气成藏效应进行了初步的探讨。研究表明，在东营凹陷不仅存在着幔源富二氧化碳流体（H2O＋CO2）的活动，而且还存在着幔源富氢流体（H2O＋CH4＋H2）的活动。塔里木盆地塔中地区也发现了幔源富二氧化碳的活动。深部流体上升过程中热能传递的定量研究表明，幔源流体是良好的热能载体。东营凹陷和塔中地区的有机质异常热变现象证实了深部流体的热效应。有机质热演化生烃不仅需要热，而且是个缺氢的过程，富氢流体注入沉积盆地势必对油气的生成产生影响。加氢热模拟实验结果表明，加氢可大幅度提高烃源岩的产烃率；对腐泥型干酪根而言，加氢生烃效应最显著的阶段是在生烃高峰之后，产率可增加147％以上；腐植型干酪根的加氢生烃效应在各个阶段都较显著。在东营凹陷和塔中地区分别发现了深部流体促进烃源岩生烃的现象。因此，深部流体在能量上和物质上对油气的生成均可构成重要的影响。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地现今地温与油气关系研究

通过大量的地层测温资料综合分析确定了吐鲁番-哈密盆地不同构造单元的现今地温梯度及大地热流值,该盆地(以下简称吐哈盆地)现今地温梯度为2.50℃/100m,大地热流值为47.8mW/m²,现今地温梯度及大地热流值分布具有东高西低的特点.吐哈盆地现今地温梯度及大地热流值高于塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地,现今地温场受地壳厚度、基底结构及盆地构造的控制.吐哈盆地现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要控制作用,台北凹陷属持续埋藏增温型凹陷,烃源岩现今仍处于成油高峰期.哈密坳陷、托克逊凹陷部分地区烃源岩古地温高于今地温,对烃源岩生油过程起控制作用的是古地温而不是现今地温.     

低程度勘探区有效烃源岩的识别与平面成图——以塔里木盆地孔雀河地区为例

塔里木盆地孔雀河低勘探区有效烃源岩的识别是在潜在烃源岩的基础上进行的。孔雀河地区的潜在烃源岩包括古生界的暗色泥岩、灰岩、泥灰岩和中生界的暗色泥岩和煤层,当潜在烃源岩满足w(TOC）Ro＞0.5%,0.5%＜Ro＜4.0%时为有效烃源岩。井点上依地化参数可准确识别出有效烃源岩,并确定有效烃源岩形成的沉积环境,建立有效烃源岩-沉积环境模式。将这种模式应用于井间区域,确定井间有效烃源岩的分布和厚度,实现有效烃源岩的平面成图。同时,通过古地温的恢复,剔除未成熟和过成熟的不具有生烃能力的烃源岩,进一步确定有效烃源岩的分布。采用此方法编制了孔雀河地区有效烃源岩平面图, 预测结果得到新钻井的验证。     

泥页岩热模拟实验及成岩演化模式

随着泥页岩油气勘探开发的不断推进,对泥页岩的成岩作用研究越来越受到重视。通过对三种不同干酪根类型的泥页岩样品的热模拟实验发现,随着有机质成熟度的增加,干酪根热解生烃产生的有机质孔及不稳定矿物溶蚀孔增加,是泥页岩储集空间增加的主要原因;泥页岩成岩作用类型主要有黏土矿物转化、不稳定矿物溶蚀作用和重结晶作用;结合镜质体反射率,建立了基于热模拟实验的泥页岩综合成岩演化模式。研究表明:不同类型的干酪根在生烃过程中演化特征不同,Ⅰ型干酪根以"解聚型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质边缘孔为主;Ⅲ型干酪根以"平行脱官能团型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质内部孔为主;Ⅱ型干酪根介于两者之间,既可以产生有机质内部孔,也可以产生有机质边缘孔。     

Early Cretaceous anoxic basin of the Russian Plate: Organic geochemistry

Compositions of organic matter in the bituminous shale accumulated under anoxic conditions and in the underlying clay deposited in aerated basin are noticeably different. Organic matter (OM) of the clay is depleted in hydrogen and kerogen of the clay during pyrolysis produces 2.5 times less aliphatic hydrocarbons than kerogen, which is separated from the bituminous shale, and dozens of times less sulfurous compounds, such as thiophenes and benzothiophenes. Accumulation of OM in the clay was primarily related to the direct inheritance of polymeric lipid biochemical components of the initial OM and lignin included in the higher plants. Changes of gas regime in the basin and sediments, expressed in the origin of anoxic conditions during the accumulation of bituminous shales, intensified the early diagenetic sulfuration and the consequent formation of sulfur- and hydrogen-rich kerogen in the shales. At the same time, less stable lipids and, possibly, carbohydrates were also conserved.Translated from Litologiya i Poleznye Iskopaemye, No. 1, 2005, pp. 25–34.Original Russian Text Copyright 2005 by Bushnev.     

Variations in organic geochemistry and lithology of a carbonate sequence deposited in a backplatform basin (Triassic, Hungary)

The variations in the organic matter quantity and quality were studied with respect to the mineral composition of the carbonate sequences accumulated on a gentle slope (Zl-1 well) and at the toe of the slope (Rzt-1 well) located between a Late Triassic carbonate platform and a backplatform basin. Parallel variations observed in mineral composition and organic geochemical features of the successions appeared to be controlled by the change in climate and by sea-level fluctuations. The repetitive sea-level changes resulted in a variation in the carbonate-rich basin facies and in the mineralogically heterogenous slope and toe-of-slope ones. According to Rock Eval pyrolysis, organic petrography and carbon isotope ratios, the immature organic matter is of predominantly marine origin and composed of mainly liptinites in both of the studied boreholes. The results of the GC and GC/MS analyses of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of bitumens together with the composition of kerogen pyrolysates reveal a predominant algal input with a minor variable bacterial and subordinate terrestrial contribution for the Rzt-1 borehole. In the Zl-1 borehole a significantly higher proportion of the bacterial biomass contributed to the organic precursors. The δ¹³C values and the composition of the kerogen pyrolysates together with the results of the maceral analysis and GC data suggest a relatively higher, but moderate, higher plant derived contribution in the slope facies and at the top of the toe-of-slope facies. The elementary composition of kerogens and Rock Eval data display type II-S kerogen in the basin and the slope facies, and type I-II-S one in the toe-of-slope facies. Variations in the hydrogen content of the organic matter mainly reflect variations in the preservation conditions and in primary productivity. The presence of the 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane and the extremely low pristane/phytane ratios indicate a relatively high methanogenic bacterial activity and strongly anoxic depositional conditions in the Rzt-1 well, especially in two most organic-rich toe-of-slope facies.