编制矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案的几点体会

《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》是进行矿山地质环境保护、治理、监测及土地复垦的技术依据之一。采矿权申请人在办理采矿证前要编制《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》,采矿权变更涉及到开采规模扩大、矿区范围变更、开采方式改变,要重新编制或修订《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》。本文根据几年来的编制经验,就编制中容易出现的问题,谈谈心得体会。     

四川省某硅石矿土地复垦方案

长期以来,矿产资源开发留下了大量废弃地,未得到及时复垦利用,严重破坏了生态环境。为有效的保护耕地,矿区土地复垦已势在必行。露天矿山采矿废弃地土地复垦,自《土地复垦规定》发布10年来取得了长足的进步。方案以四川省某硅石矿土地复垦方案为例详细介绍了露采矿山的废弃地土地复垦从编制依据到项目实施的过程。     

矿山土地复垦方案中对开采塌陷区预测方法的探讨

通过对土地复垦方案采用的几种方法的比较及分析,选择导水裂隙带最大高度与移动角组合判别法的方法,圈定出矿山因开采易导致地表塌陷的区域,为矿山土地复垦方案中主要拟破坏土地的确定提供方便、实用的方法。     

肥城煤田白庄煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价方法探讨

土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦方案编制过程中至关重要的环节,该文以白庄煤矿为例,在分析土地复垦相关因素的前提下,遵循一定的评价原则,制定了土地复垦适宜性评价的方法和步骤,并最终确定了复垦区各单元的复垦方向,对同类地区土地复垦方案的编制具有一定的参考价值。     

地下煤矿开采和矿山土地复垦综合规划研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,煤炭的需求量大幅度提高。因此,地下煤矿开采量也随之增大,而开采引起的土地破坏等环境问题日益严重。传统的土地复垦技术具有复垦率低、复垦周期长等缺点。已有的“边开采边复垦”技术及理念是基于已建成的地下采矿计划,导致土地复垦比较被动。通过介绍土地复垦技术的历史发展、地下煤矿开采引起土地破坏的影响因素和土地复垦的关键技术等,将地下煤矿开采和土地复垦技术综合规划,进一步优化地下煤矿开采和土地复垦的布局、时间和参数,让边开采边复垦技术贯彻可持续发展理念,让地下煤矿开采和土地复垦实现良好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。     

露天采石场生态环境恢复治理土地复垦探讨

矿山露天开采过程对土地进行挖损和压占等形式破坏,遭破坏土地出现了生态退化、水土流失等现象。根据土地破坏预测评估和土地复垦适宜性评价结果,通过工程技术、生物等治理措施,对矿山开采所占用的土地资源及时进行复垦,保护和恢复自然生态环境,改善地貌景观,维护矿区的生态平衡,形成与周围地貌和植被相协调的土壤、植被环境,同时能有效消除矿业活动带来的地质灾害隐患。     

矿山土地复垦方案编写和评审问题探讨

自1989年国务院颁布实施《土地复垦规定》后,广西国土资源厅依据国土资源部的有关精神和要求,制定下发了《广西生产建设项目土地复垦方案审查评审要点》等文件。但大多数的《矿山土地复垦方案》（以下简称《方案》）在编写及评审过程中,常常需要多次修改而导致编写单位耗费大量时间,严重拖延矿山的采矿证办证和年检时间。笔者长期从事《方案》的编写工作,从中发现了一些亟待解决的问题,这些问题具有普遍性,在此做些探讨。     

云南露天磷矿山地质灾害防治与土地复垦探讨

云南露天磷矿开采的采场、排土场,尾矿库、矿山工业场地和矿山道路等不但造成了土地的破坏,而且还是崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害易发生的高危险区。对此需加强工程监测,同时采取土壤重构、植被重建、配套道路及灌溉工程建设等,对这些损毁的土地进行土地复垦。     

江苏露采矿山占用破坏土地资源特征及复垦评价

露采矿山是江苏的主体矿山，占用并破坏大量的土地资源，资源禁采后，采矿宕口的复垦给土地资源紧缺的江苏带来了增量土地资源的广阔前景，尤其是城市规划区内，土地复垦的环境、社会和经济效益十分显著。在分析全省露采矿山占用与破坏土地资源不同特征的基础上，初步估算全省露采矿山可复垦的土地资源面积及可复垦土地资源类型，并对土地复垦产生的经济、环境和社会效益进行分析评估，为露采矿山环境治理奠定基础。     

巴彦诺日公地区饰面石材花岗岩矿地质环境恢复治理研究

巴彦诺日公花岗岩大岩基中南部蕴藏了多处饰面石材花岗岩矿资源,适宜进行露天开采。在调查地质环境现状基础上,分析了矿山开采潜在环境影响,提出了矿区环境生态修复建议。研究结果显示,矿区环境地质条件中等,生态环境较为脆弱,开采中应采用表土剥离保护土地资源等方式,土地复垦主要方向为人工草地三等地。露天采场、废石场土地损毁程度达重度,表土堆放场、荒料临时堆放场、工业场地、矿区道路土地损毁程度均为轻度,通过覆土、播撒草籽恢复植被,土地复垦后应加强管护。     

长江口南汇东滩水动力条件变化的数值预测

南汇东滩紧邻长江口主要排沙通道南槽而成为泥沙沉降的一个重要部位,为促淤围垦提供了有利的滩地和来沙条件,是上海市规划围垦的重点区域。目前上海已在南汇东滩开始实施围垦工程,围垦工程改变了长江口南汇岸线,也改变了南汇东滩的水动力条件。为了解围垦工程实施后水动力条件的变化,采用二维潮流数学模型模拟南汇东滩促淤围垦工程实施前后流场的变化,探讨围垦工程对邻近水域水动力产生的影响,为预测圈围工程实施后南汇东滩变化提供水动力学依据。     

环渤海区域滩涂资源开发承载力时空演变特征

有效识别和评估各滩涂区域资源开发承载力时空变化的差异,有利于滩涂资源的科学规划,对实现沿海滩涂资源的高效利用与保护具有重要意义。本文针对渤海半封闭海湾滩涂特征的空间差异性,基于“驱动力-状态-影响”模型,构建了滩涂资源开发承载力评估体系,对研究区域7个评价单元在4个代表年份的资源承载力进行了评估,阐明了海湾滩涂资源开发承载力时空演变特征。结果表明：围填工程减弱了渤海湾滩涂资源开发承载能力,工程大规模建设期间(2003—2012年)各评价单元承载力均呈下降趋势,2012年后随着国家围填海管控措施的实施,滩涂承载力有回升态势;在空间上滩涂资源承载力表现为湾顶的降幅高于海湾南部区域,滩涂开发前后天津港附近区域承载力较弱,黄骅港以南滩涂养殖区承载力较强。     

基于能值理论的采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为分析

利用能值分析方法揭示采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为特征,为采煤沉陷区土地复垦决策和土地利用导向提供科学依据。以徐州城北矿区复垦区为例,采用野外试验与能值理论分析相结合的方法,对采煤沉陷区土地复垦前后能值变化进行分析。结果表明:土地复垦是以人的价值行为为导向、自然资源为依托、生态系统流为骨架,来实现和提升采煤沉陷区生态经济系统功能;以恢复和提高区域生产力为价值导向的土地复垦行为可有效提高区域和产品服务功能,年净增加能值361.61×1016 sej;复垦后土地用途增加一定面积的鱼塘和储水区,在满足生产需求的同时,可提高区域水分涵养功能,年净增加能值4.6×1016 sej;土地复垦行为是通过调整采煤沉陷区土地利用结构、土地利用布局和土地利用行为,以实现生态经济系统能量流动与转换来增加区域生态经济系统能值。      

Ground Investigations for Changi East Reclamation Projects

Geotechnical ground investigation is important in all construction works particularly, land reclamation projects. The Changi East reclamation project is a mega project that involves creation of land space as large as 3,000 hectares in multiple phases between 1991 and 2005. Ground investigation plays a critical role in the Changi project which involved substantial amount of ground improvement works after reclamation by sand filling. One important aspect of the investigation was to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of the underlying compressible soils beneath the original seabed for the selection of suitable methods of ground improvement. The other important aspect of the investigation was to characterize and verify the compactness of the reclaimed sand fill. Many types of in situ tests were extensively used in the project. The field vane shear test provides correlations between the undrained shear strength and depth for the upper and the lower marine clay strata in the Northern part and the Southern Part of the reclaimed site. Combined with laboratory undrained shear strength tests, the field vane strength profiles allow the derivation of the undrained shear strength over effective stress ratios for the upper and the lower marine clays. In addition, results from three other in situ tests, the piezocone cone penetration test, the flat dilatometer test, and the self boring pressuremeter test provided useful verification of these correlations. A field-performance based method of assessing degree of consolidation in the underlying clay was developed by combining field monitoring, laboratory testing and conventional as well as specialized in situ testing. An effective use of in situ testing methods for assessment, the outcome of ground improvement and for fill quality control in the densification of granular soils is illustrated with field observation data collected at the project site.     

曹妃甸浅滩潮道保护意义及曹妃甸新老填海规划对比分析

曹妃甸填海工程是全国第一大填海工程,拟填海造陆310 km2,建设曹妃甸工业区。曹妃甸海区有曹妃甸外缘深槽和老龙沟深槽两大港口潜力区,建设曹妃甸工业区,使其充分发挥优良港口的作用是合理的。但填海面积过大,填挖土石方严重不平衡,尤其是通岛公路的建设阻断了曹妃甸浅滩潮道是曹妃甸老填海规划的主要缺陷。曹妃甸浅滩潮道是浅滩区的重要潮流通道,对维护老龙沟深槽港口潜力区和区域海洋环境有重要作用,不应被阻断而应当保留畅通。海洋专家们的呼吁对曹妃甸填海规划的修改起了重要作用。近来出台的曹妃甸新填海规划做了重大修改:准备再开通浅滩潮道,恢复北东东向的浅滩潮流系统;要在老龙沟附近修建一个大港池,使老龙沟深槽港口潜力区得到保护和利用;填挖土石方平衡有了明显改善;增加了岸线;减轻了对海洋环境的影响。但仍然存在某些需要进一步完善和推敲之处。津塘—曹妃甸地区是中国两大地面沉降区之一,应做好防止地面沉降、海洋灾害及地震灾害等隐患的准备。填海面积不宜过大,少填多察,多做海洋环境检测。填海要在海洋环境容量能够承受的情况下循序渐进地进行。     

Field study of monotonic and cyclic lateral behaviour of piles in soft soils improved with and without vacuum preloading

Acta Geotechnica - Project Oufei is the largest individual reclamation project in Wenzhou city, China, and the main infrastructure consists of seawalls, sluices and separation dikes. These...     

Spatial and seasonal variation of salt ions under the influence of halophytes,in a coastal flat in eastern China

The high salinity of coastal saline field is a key factor limiting the reclamation. Halophytes have been utilized in the reclamation of saline land. The study area is in Yancheng, China. An analysis of the concentrations of Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba, the ratio of Rb/Cs, and Sr/Ba in soils in autumn shows that the soil of this study area has great homogeneity. Artemisia halodendron, Gossypium hirsutum, and Sesbania cannabina were selected as the reclamation plants in the present study. In order to know the spatial-temporal distribution of soil salinity, the influence of plant-specific vegetation, and the difference of desalination among these halophytes in coastal flat, the authors analyze the soil-layers and seasonal variation in salt ions. Sodium chloride was accumulated in 0–5 cm topsoil with no vegetation during the winter and spring. The effect of desalinization of halophytes is significant. Of the three plant species, Sesbania cannabina has the greatest desalinization. The difference of ions composition of soils covered with various plant species is significant. It can be concluded that halophytes have better amelioration of coastal soil salinity. Special attention should be paid to the selection of plant species and measures to plant and cultivate crops in the reclamation of saline land.     

Unexpected hydrologic perturbation in an abandoned underground coal mine: Response to surface reclamation?

A reclamation project at the abandoned Blackhawk Mine site near Terre Haute, Indiana, lasted about four months and involved the burial of coarse mine refuse in shallow (less than 9 m) pits excavated into loess and till in an area of about 16 ha. An abandoned flooded underground coal mine underlies the reclamation site at a depth of about 38 m; the total area underlain by the mine is about 10 km². The potentiometric levels associated with the mine indicate a significant (2.7 m) and prolonged perturbation of the deeper confined groundwater system; 14 months after completing reclamation, the levels began to rise linearly (at an average rate of 0.85 cm/d) for 11 months, then fell exponentially for 25 months, and are now nearly stable. Prominent subsidence features exist near the reclamation site. Subsidence-related fractures were observed in cores from the site, and such fractures may have provided a connection between the shallower and deeper groundwater systems.     

我国围填海工程经济影响研究省思与展望

中国围填海工程实践早于理论探索,至今尚未形成系统的围填海工程综合影响评价理论与方法。梳理围填海工程经济影响评价相关研究,界定与解析围填海工程经济影响评价研究的内涵、类型、主要内容与相关领域动态。研究发现:(1)社会、生态环境影响评价的重要性日益提升,经济影响评价仍处于核心地位。经济影响评价指标源于项目价、国民经济、主观判别等,评价范式以投入—产出价值量化、综合模糊评价为主。研究案例多以省或地级市、企业用海等小尺度项目为主,缺乏大尺度对象评价体系构建;(2)中国围填海工程经济影响评价在内容、指标体系构建和尺度影响等方面仍需深入探究。解决间接经济影响量化难题、构建学界公认量化体系与主观赋权体系、对大尺度及特殊用途填海评价,是今后探讨与实证重点。     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.