古代海洋揭示动物起源

动物生命起源于海洋，之后登上陆地。过去的大部分科学研究一直集中于海洋中的氧气水平的变化。最近，由丹麦哥本哈根大学的科学家罗伯特·弗雷带领的研究小组首次描绘了过去38亿年间地球大气中氧气水平的升降变化。研究者分析了富含铁元素的海底沉积中的铬同位素。当大气中氧气水平变化时，铬同位素随着岩石的风化被带入海洋并沉积于海底。研究者发现，在约58亿年前，大气中氧气水平升高，     

潜艇风云500年

<正>海洋是围绕在我们所居住陆地周围的神秘家园,从不间歇的浪涛声声似乎是在向人类发出的热忱召唤。多少年来,人类前仆后继地投身于大海中,想法设法走向海洋、潜入海底     

地球生态系统的营养盐硅补充机制

通过海洋生态系统的结构和功能以及海洋生态系统对大气生态系统和陆地生态系统的影响,根据营养盐硅对浮游植物生长的影响过程和浮游植物的生理特征以及其集群结构的改变特点的研究结果,综合分析了硅的生物地球化学过程,探讨了人类对生态环境的影响和生态环境变化对地球生态系统的影响。提出了地球生态系统的营养盐硅的补充机制:近岸的洪水、大气的沙尘暴和海底的沉积物向缺硅的水体输入大量的硅,即由陆地、大气、海底3种途径将硅输入海水水体中,满足浮游植物的生长的需要,保持海洋中浮游植物生长的动态平衡,促进海洋生态系统的可持续发展。     

世界海底地形图是怎样绘制出来的

占地球面积71%的海洋迄今尚未像金星表面那样被精心绘制成图,但是美国国家海洋和大气管理局公布的第一张出色的海底图改变了这种状况。设在加利福尼亚州拉霍亚的斯克里普斯海洋研究所地球物理学家戴维·桑德韦尔说和国家海洋和大气管理局的沃尔特·史密斯博士不久前向人们展示了一张占地球面积71%、宽4.176米、高2.4384米的彩色海底图。这张海底图就像把海洋排干后从太空中看地球一样。科学家们说,这张海     

我国海洋开发的现状与展望

海洋开发包括海洋及其周围环境(海洋大气、海岸、海底)的资源开发和空间利用,主要的开发活动有:利用海洋生物资源,发展海洋渔业;利用海洋矿产资源,勘探和开发海底石油、锰结核与海滨砂矿等;利用海洋空间资源,发展海洋运输与船舶业;利用海水资源,发展海水淡化和海水综合利用等。下面主要就以上几个方面的发展现状与前景做一粗浅分析。     

作用在海底管线上的波浪力

海底管线是海洋石油储运工程的重要组成部分。在设计和建造海底管线时,其强度和稳定设计都必须考虑波浪对海底管线的作用力。不论是由陆地伸向海洋的陆地与海洋连接的管线,还是海上单井与集油装置之间的连接管线,根据管线铺设区域的水深与地形的不同,大致穿过以下四个区域:一是水深大于1/2波长的深水区;二是水深介于1/2波长与波破碎     

利用GRACE时变重力场反演大尺度全球海底压强变化

海底压强变化对研究海洋环流、全球能量平衡、陆海水循环、气候模型等有着重要意义。对利用GRACE时变重力场数据反演全球海底压强变化的方法进行了研究,并采用GRACE卫星Level-2数据的GSM和GAD数据反演了2010年全球海底压强变化,反演结果表明:利用GRACE时变重力场数据能够反演出大尺度的全球海底压强变化,海底压强变化呈现明显的季节性变化,在沿海岸线区域受陆地水文反演信号泄露影响海底压强变化较大。     

国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的协调研究

为适应国际海洋事务发展形势,促进我国积极参与国际海底区域活动,文章通过分析国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的内涵、范围适用、支配原则和理论依据等,提出二者产生冲突的原因,并探讨协调途径。研究结果表明：国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动产生冲突的本质是人类共同继承财产原则与公海自由原则适用的冲突;公海自由原则不适用于国际海底区域;协调国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的核心是坚持国际海底区域的人类共同继承财产原则,发挥国际海底管理局职能,促进国际合作,相关国际组织和国际海底区域组织建立沟通机制,进一步建立健全国际和国内的立法和技术规范。     

海底公园里的蝴蝶鱼

远离陆地的浩瀚海洋有着多种类型的海底世界,其中珊瑚礁海底五彩缤纷、扑朔迷离,是最迷人的海底世界。珊瑚礁一向被科普作家、旅行家称之为“海底公园”。而公园的框架则是由     

营养盐限制的唯一性因子探究

１营养盐限制因子的热点海洋中的几种元素 ,最引人关注的营养盐Ｎ ,Ｐ ,Ｓｉ和Ｆｅ对浮游植物生长是非常重要的 ,就象陆地上给植物施肥一样 ,营养盐限制浮游植物光合作用 ,在一些海域加了Ｎ ,Ｐ ,Ｓｉ,Ｆｅ,浮游植物生长就会旺盛、迅速。因此 ,这些营养盐对海域中浮游植物的生长起着重要的限制作用。营养盐Ｎ ,Ｐ ,Ｓｉ,Ｆｅ从海上的大气层、海底的上升流以及从陆地的河流中提供 ,从而决定了在海洋表面新的有机物质生产的速率 ［８］。这样 ,希望减少大气的ＣＯ ２,促进浮游植物的生长。增加限制营养盐的更大有用性是提高了海洋表面的初级生…     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步,做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展,概述了取得的主要科研成果,分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战,并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。