气候变化背景下1981-2010年中国玉米物候变化时空分异

基于中国玉米种植区内114个农气站1981-2010年的长序列物候观测数据,量化分析了玉米8个连续物候期的时空分异特征和相应的生长阶段长度变化规律。结果表明：1981-2010年间,玉米生育期内平均温度和有效积温(GDD）呈现增加趋势,降水量和日照时数呈现减少趋势。气候变化背景下,玉米物候期发生了显著变化。春玉米物候期以提前趋势为主,包括西北内陆玉米区春玉米、西南山地丘陵玉米区春玉米;夏玉米和春夏播玉米各物候期在不同区域均呈现推迟的趋势,西北内陆玉米区夏玉米各物候期推迟的幅度大于黄淮平原夏玉米各物候期推迟的幅度。玉米物候期的变化改变了相应生长阶段的长度,中国春/夏/春夏播玉米营养生长期（播种期—抽雄期）呈现不同程度的缩短趋势,而对应的生殖生长期（抽雄期—成熟期）呈现不同程度的延长趋势;春玉米生育期（播种期—成熟期）延长,夏/春夏播玉米生育期缩短。     

Spatial-temporal variations of lake ice phenology in the Hoh Xil region from 2000 to 2011

Lake ice phenology, i.e. the timing of freeze-up and break-up and the duration of the ice cover, is regarded as an important indicator of changes in regional climate. Based on the boundary data of lakes, some moderate-high resolution remote sensing datasets including MODIS and Landsat TM/ETM+ images and the meteorological data, the spatial-temporal variations of lake ice phenology in the Hoh Xil region during the period 2000–2011 were analyzed by using RS and GIS technology. And the factors affecting the lake ice phenology were also identified. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The time of freeze-up start (FUS) and freeze-up end (FUE) of lake ice appeared in the late October–early November, mid-November–early December, respectively. The duration of lake ice freeze-up was about half a month. The time of break-up start (BUS) and break-up end (BUE) of lake ice were relatively dispersed, and appeared in the early February–early June, early May–early June, respectively. The average ice duration (ID) and the complete ice duration (CID) of lakes were 196 days and 181 days, respectively. (2) The phenology of lake ice in the Hoh Xil region changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Specifically, the FUS and FUE time of lake ice showed an increasingly delaying trend. In contrast, the BUS and BUE time of lake ice presented an advance. This led to the reduction of the ID and CID of lake. The average rates of ID and CID were–2.21 d/a and–1.91 d/a, respectively. (3) The variations of phenology and evolution of lake ice were a result of local and climatic factors. The temperature, lake area, salinity and shape of the shoreline were the main factors affecting the phenology of lake ice. However, the other factors such as the thermal capacity and the geological structure of lake should not be ignored as well. (4) The spatial process of lake ice freeze-up was contrary to its break-up process. The type of lake ice extending from one side of lakeshore to the opposite side was the most in the Hoh Xil region.     

中国雾区的分布及其季节变化

用中国范围604个台站1961年1月~2000年12月的地面观测雾日资料,分析了雾的地理分布,讨论了不同区域雾的月年变化特征。结果表明：中国地区主要有6个雾区：长江中游区、海岸区、云贵高原区、陇东-陕西区、淮河流域、天山及其北疆区。大多数区域雾日年际变化有下降的趋势,特别是20世纪80年代之后下降趋势更明显,雾日显著趋势区呈西南-东北走向,上升和下降趋势区相间分布,自东南向西北呈波列结构;中国大多数雾区秋冬季雾日最多,春夏季雾日较少。黄海岸区和北疆月际变化相似,都呈双峰型分布,其他区域为单峰型分布。     

1964-2015年气候因子对秦岭地区植物物候的综合影响效应

以1964-2015年物候观测数据和逐日气象资料为基础,运用相关分析和PLS回归法,研究了秦岭地区植物物候变化与气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：① 1964-2015年,秦岭地区物候始末期的气候均呈干暖化趋势,且始期的暖化趋势较末期显著,物候突变后（1985年之后）尤为显著。② 就单一因素而言,物候始末期对气温、降水、日照等气候因子的响应程度存在差异,突变前（1985年之前）,除物候始期的日均温外,其他气候因子对物候的影响均不显著,但突变后影响显著,始期与末期的日均温每升高1 ℃,始期提前3.0 d,末期推迟12.0 d;始期的累积降水每减少1 mm始期提前1.3 d,末期的每增加1 mm末期推迟1.0 d;始期与末期的日均日照时数每增加1 h,始期提前4.3 d,末期推迟18.3 d。③ 气候因子对物候始末期的影响存在滞后效应,物候始期,气温影响的滞后时效约1~2个月,降水的滞后时效约1~3个月,而日照几乎无滞后效应;物候末期,气温的滞后时效约1~3个月,降水几乎无滞后效应,而日照影响的滞后时效约1~2个月。④ 物候始期与末期均受气温、日照、降水的综合影响,气温是影响物候变化最重要的因素,特别是同期日均温的升高对物候始期的提前及末期的推迟具有主导控制作用。     

气候变化对海河流域主要作物物候和产量影响

基于海河流域30 个气象站点1960-2009年的实测资料,分析该流域1960年以来农业气象指标的变化趋势,并利用VIP模型模拟分析大气CO₂浓度增加、温度、降雨和日照时数变化对作物产量的影响。结果显示：冬季温度的显著上升使冬小麦种植北界在50年间向北移动大约70 km;在品种和灌溉条件不变的前提下,小麦产量平均每10年上升0.2%~3.4%,其中CO₂浓度增加、温度、降雨及日照时数变化对其产量的影响分别为11.0%、0.7%、-0.2%和-6.5%;大气CO₂浓度增加的产量正效应大于日照时数减少的负效应。气候变化使夏玉米产量呈下降趋势（0.6%~3.8%/10年）,其中大气CO₂浓度增加、温度、降雨及日照时数变化对其产量的影响分别为0.7%、-3.6%、-1.0%和-6.8%,温度上升和辐射下降是玉米产量下降的主要原因。研究结果可为气候变化影响的评估和适应性对策制定提供科学依据。     

Influence of the regional climate variations on lake changes of Zabuye,Dangqiong Co and Bankog Co salt lakes in Tibet

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The lake hydrological and meteorological data of the Tibetan Plateau are not rich. This research reports the observed climatic data and measured water levels of...     

东西伯利亚苔原—泰加林过渡带植被遥感物候时空特征及其对气温变化的响应

物候变化是气候变化的重要指示器,通过对植被物候时空变化的研究可以为进一步分析全球气候变化提供依据。基于2000—2017年MODIS-NDVI时间序列数据,利用不对称高斯函数和动态阈值法,提取、分析了东西伯利亚苔原—泰加林过渡带植被生长季起始期（SOS）、结束期（EOS）、中期（MOS）和长度（LOS）4种植被遥感物候参数的时空变化格局。同时结合同期CRU（Climate Research Unit）气温观测数据,分析了4种物候参数对气温变化的响应关系。结果表明：遥感物候参数可以直接、有效地反映气温的变化：研究区64°N以南区域4—5月气温升高,对应区域SOS提前5~15 d;64°N~72°N之间5—6月气温升高,对应区域SOS提前10~25 d;最北端北冰洋沿岸6月气温升高幅度较小且7月气温降低,对应区域SOS推后15~25 d;西北部8月、西南部9月气温降低,对应地区EOS提前15~30 d;67°N以南区域9—10月气温升高,对应区域EOS推后5~30 d;EOS的变化对气温变化较SOS更为敏感,较小的气温波动即引起EOS较大的变动;研究区内植被生长季整体呈前移趋势,且西北部LOS缩短,中部、南部LOS延长。     

基于杭州偏晚终雪记录的南宋（1131-1270年）气候再推断

本文整理、考订了南宋时期杭州偏晚终雪记录,诊断了此类资料的气候指示意义,进行了各年代不同数量终雪日期值至对应年代平均终雪日期值的转换,进而分析了重建序列所指示的温度变化特征与其他文献证据、气候变化重建结果之间的一致性。结果表明：① 史料记述的杭州偏晚终雪现象系以惊蛰以后为标准,且不包括霰和冰粒类微量降雪类型,其有着明确的气候指示意义（-0.34 oC/10d,R² = 0.37,P<0.001）,可有效用于温度重建。② 基于非线性的波尔兹曼函数,以不同样本量偏晚终雪日期值可有效估算10年平均终雪日期,其外推结果较之线性函数和二项式函数具有更小的不确定性。③ 南宋时期杭州春季的平均温暖程度大致相当于1951-1980年,该时期在百年尺度上可划分为1131-1170年的寒冷期和1171-1270年的温暖期。其中,后一阶段有1181-1200年和1221-1240年两个亚冷期。④ 南宋时期杭州10年平均终雪日期的变化与中国其他地区温度变化的代用证据和重建结果具有较好的一致性,并与太平洋十年涛动的冷暖位相变化比较吻合,这可能说明了中世纪暖期太平洋十年涛动对中国大部分地区气候所具有的共同影响。本文为更深入认识12-13世纪中国东部季风区的气候变化特征提供了新的证据。     

Temperature variations evidenced by records on the latest spring snowing dates in Hangzhou of eastern China during 1131–1270AD

We collected and verified documentary records of the latest spring snowing dates(LSSD) in Hangzhou during Southern Song Dynasty. Furtherly, the statistical correlation between this proxy and February–April mean temperature in Hangzhou was examined, and samples later than the perennial mean of the LSSD during Southern Song Dynasty were transformed into the decadal mean of LSSD by means of Boltzmann function. General characteristics of this reconstructed LSSD series with a 10-year temporal resolution was analyzed, and it was also compared with other documentary evidences and reconstructed climate series in China for the period 1131–1270. The results and discussion suggested that:(1) Records of the LSSD in Hangzhou during Southern Song Dynasty did not refer to ice pellets and graupels, which had an explicit climate significance(–0.34℃/10 d, R2=0.37, p0.001). However, when this proxy is used to reconstruct temperature changes, all dates should be converted into proleptic Gregorian style and meet the same criterion of "true Qi" as the Chinese traditional calendar after 1929.(2) The decadal mean of LSSD can be effectively estimated by using the forefront of LSSD in the decade on the basis of Boltzmann function, whose extrapolation has a lesser uncertainty than those on the basis of linear models or polynomial models.(3) The spring climate in Hangzhou during 1131–1270 was almost as warm as the period 1951–1980. At the centennial scale, this period can be divided into two phases: the cold 1131–1170 and the warm 1171–1270. In the latter, 1181–1200 and 1221–1240 were two cold intervals at the multi-decadal scale.(4) The reconstructed LSSD series was consistent well with other documentary evidences and reconstructed climate series in China for 1131–1270, which may reflect the influence on the climate over most regions of China imposed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is...     

2000—2019年新疆大型湖泊湖冰物候时空变化特征

湖冰物候变化特征是全球气候变化过程的重要指示器。通过长时间序列MODIS数据、Landsat数据提取的湖泊数据集,综合分析了2000—2019年新疆大型湖泊湖冰物候的变化特征。结果表明：（1） 近20 a新疆大型湖泊的开始冻结日呈现提前和推迟2种变化趋势,开始冻结日呈现推迟趋势的湖泊分别为博斯腾湖、赛里木湖、艾比湖、吉力湖、乌伦古湖、萨利吉勒干南库勒湖和鲸鱼湖,且大部分湖泊的开始冻结日推迟趋势在0.51~1.53 d·a^-1之间;开始冻结日呈现提前趋势的湖泊有3个,分别为阿牙克库木湖（变化趋势为-1.04 d·a^-1）、阿克赛钦湖（变化趋势为-0.41 d·a^-1）、阿其克库勒湖（-0.31 d·a^-1）。（2） 湖冰完全覆盖期是重要的湖冰参数,湖冰覆盖期的延长或者缩短能够直接表示区域气候变化过程,新疆大部分湖泊湖冰覆盖期表现为缩短趋势,其中分布在新疆中北部的艾比湖、吉力湖和博斯腾湖等湖泊的湖冰覆盖期缩短较为明显,变化趋势分别为-1.76 d·a^-1、-2.13 d·a^-1和-0.81 d·a^-1;冰完全覆盖期延长的湖泊有3个,分别为阿牙克库木湖、阿其克库勒湖和鲸鱼湖,变化趋势分别为3.51 d·a^-1、1.54 d·a^-1和1.37 d·a^-1,这些湖泊均匀分布在昆仑山高原北翼。（3） 新疆大型湖泊湖冰物候变化特征是受其自身条件（湖泊形态因子、湖泊面积等）及气候变化（气温、降水量等）等多种因素共同作用的结果。本研究探讨了气候变化环境下的新疆大型湖泊湖冰物候的冻融趋势及其变化模式,同时应用不同遥感数据和研究方法识别了湖冰,证实了MODIS数据反演湖冰物候的可行性。     

Reponses and sensitivities of maize phenology to climate change from 1981 to 2009 in Henan Province,China

With the global warming, crop phenological shifts in responses to climate change have become a hot research topic. Based on the long-term observed agro-meteorological phenological data (1981–2009) and meteorological data, we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial shifts in maize phenology and their sensitivities to key climate factors change using climate tendency rate and sensitivity analysis methods. Results indicated that the sowing date was significantly delayed and the delay tendency rate was 9.0 d·10a^-1. But the stages from emergence to maturity occurred earlier (0.1 d·10a^-1<θ<1.7 d·10a^-1, θ is the change slope of maize phenology). The length of vegetative period (VPL) (from emergence to tasseling) was shortened by 0.9 d·10a^-1, while the length of generative period (GPL) (from tasseling to maturity) was lengthened by 1.7 d·10a^-1. The growing season length (GSL) (from emergence to maturity) was lengthened by 0.4 d·10a^-1. Correlation analysis indicated that maize phenology was significantly correlated with average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days (GDD) (p<0.01). Average temperature had significant negative correlation relationship, while precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days had significant positive correlations with maize phenology. Sensitivity analysis indicated that maize phenology showed different responses to variations in key climate factors, especially at different sites. The conclusions of this research could provide scientific supports for agricultural adaptation to climate change to address the global food security issue.     

近50年来河西走廊平原区气候变化的区域特征及突变分析

近50年来,河西走廊平原区的气温在20世纪60~80年代偏低,90年代以后明显偏高,其中冬季升温显著,而降水在60年代偏少,70年代最多,80年代又偏少,90年代以后又偏多,2000年以来秋季降水增加显著。在全球变暖背景下,走廊平原区的气温突变明显,而降水突变不明显;区域气温突变比较一致,春、夏、秋季在90年代中后期发生升温突变,冬季在80年代中期发生升温突变,年平均气温在80年代中期和90年代中后期也发生升温突变;降水突变存在一定的区域差异,东、西部降水在60年代中后期发生突变,突变后降水量增多。     

中国作物物候对气候变化的响应与适应研究进展

以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化对作物物候产生了重要的影响,通常气温升高会导致作物生长速度加快,生育期缩短,从而造成作物产量下降,不利于农业发展。同时,作物物候变化可以直接或间接反映气候变化情况,对于气候变化具有重要的指示意义。作物物候的研究对于农业气象灾害的预防、农业生产管理水平的进步以及农业产量提高都极为关键。随着全球地表气温的持续升高,作物物候相关研究也越来越引起科学家的关注。论文结合作物物候的主要研究方法,综述了中国近几十年来小麦、玉米、水稻以及棉花、大豆等主要农作物的生育期变化特征以及主要的驱动因子,得到以下主要结论：①在研究方法上,统计分析方法应用最为普遍,其他几种方法都需要与统计分析方法相结合使用。另外,作物机理模型模拟方法易于操作、可行性强,在物候研究中应用也比较多。遥感反演方法对作物生育期的特征规律要求较高,一般主要关注作物返青期。②整体上,小麦全生育期主要呈缩短趋势,而玉米和水稻全生育期以延长趋势为主。③作物物候变化的驱动因子主要是气候变化和农业管理措施改变,其中,气候变化是主导驱动因子,对作物物候变化起决定作用,而调整农业管理措施,在一定程度上抵消气候变化对作物生育期的不利影响。作物物候对气候变化的响应和适应研究可以为农业生产适应气候变化提供重要的理论依据和对策。     

近40年来塔里木河流域气候及径流变化特征研究

以塔里木河流域的21个气象站和10个水文站1961～2000年观测资料为基础,对塔里木河流域的温度、降水及径流变化进行了分析.结果得出:(1)20世纪60年代以来塔里木河流域的年平均气温呈逐年代递增趋势,源流区的年平均气温增高了0.57℃,上游区增高了0.6℃,中游区增高了0.7℃,下游区增高了0.8℃,越往下游方向变暖趋势越明显,并且气温增高幅度逐步加大.(2)60年代以来塔里木河流域的年降水量也逐年递增,但是与温度的增幅趋势相反,从源流区到下游区,降水增幅逐步减少,源流区平均增加了34.2%,上游区增加了22.0%,中游区增加了15.3%,下游区只增加了6.1%.(3)该流域各源流的出山口径流量除和田河减少外,阿克苏河增加9.04亿m3,叶尔羌河增加5.51亿m3,开都河增加9.27亿m3.(4)该流域源流径流受温度和降水变化的双重影响,源流区的气候变暖和变湿是塔里木河源流径流量增长的一个非常重要的因素.     

1961-2011年山东气候资源及气候生产力时空变化特征

基于山东省21个气象站1961-2011年的气象资料,利用线性趋势、IDW空间插值、Mann-Kendall检验、Fisher最优分割等方法分析了气温和降水的时空变化特征;在此基础上采用Thornthwaite Memorial模型对植被气候生产力的时空演变进行了研究,并探讨了气候生产力对气温和降水的敏感性。结果表明:近51年来山东省普遍增温,倾向率为0.359℃/10a,中部地区升温明显;年降水量在剧烈波动中略呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代降水量的变率较大,山东北部、东部、东南部降水量减少幅度较大。近51年来气候生产力存在较明显波动,总体呈增加趋势,但递增速度不显著,1981-1989年气候生产力最低,2003-2011年达到最高水平;气候生产力由北向南,由西向东逐渐增加,山东西南部气候生产力增加较多。“暖湿型”气候对作物气候生产力有利,气候变暖有利于气候生产力的提高,但降水量少是限制气候生产力的主要因素。     

海南旅游客流量年内变化与气候的相关性分析

气候是旅游资源不可或缺的组成部分,也是影响旅游地开发的重要因素,直接影响到旅游季节的长短及旅游客流的年内变化。利用海南9个气象站点自建站以来的气候资料及近5年旅游统计资料,通过特吉旺气候舒适指数、相关分析和回归分析等方法,分析海南气候舒适度及其与旅游客流量年内变化的相关性。结果表明:11月~3月是海南旅游的最适宜期;气候对海南旅游客流量有显著影响,以气温为主导的气候舒适度是海南旅游客流年内淡旺季变化及游客旅游决策的主要影响因素;温度与海南旅游客流量呈显著负相关关系;与海口比较而言,三亚旅游业对气候更加敏感。本项研究对更好地将气候整合到旅游产品中进行宣传促销、提高产品吸引力,对海南旅游业发展规划,对提前预判游客规模尽早做出对策安排及旅游投资有很强的现实指导意义。     

气候变化背景下陕西冷暖冬事件的多尺度特征研究

基于陕西省1960—2019年94个气象站点冬季逐日气温资料,分陕北、关中和陕南3个气候区,从时间和空间2种尺度分析了陕西冷、暖冬事件的变化特征.结果 表明:近60 a陕西冬季增温明显并在1987年前后发生突变,冬季平均0℃等温线北抬1～2个纬度,增温幅度以陕北最强陕南最弱.从时间尺度上,气候变化导致暖冬指数以9.5％...     

Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources of a West African trans-boundary river basin and its environmental consequences (Senegal River Basin)

The Senegal River Basin (SRB) is a shared watershed in West Africa which includes regions (the upper basin, valley, and delta), characterized by distinct environmental conditions. An important feature of the Senegal River flow volume historically was its inter- annual irregularity, which caused a major water resource constrain. This situation has been accentuated during the long-term drought (1969–1984) in the Sahel zone which highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. SRB is undergoing fundamental environmental, hydrologic, and socioeconomic transitions and represents a good illustration of sensitivity to climatic variations and opportunities for adaptation. This paper aims to study water resources systems under stress from climate variability and change in the Senegal River Basin. The results show (1) through the compilation of available data, information and knowledge (sedimentological, climatical, geological, environmental, archeological, etc.), the chronological consequences of climate change during the past millennium in West Africa, and also (2) an analysis of the recent impacts and vulnerability to climate change in the SRB and finally (3) the adaptation strategies in the SRB in order to identify and resolve problems associated with this water scarcity and to address the potential for guaranteed agricultural production in this narrow geographic area.