Economic Transition,Firm Dynamics,and Restructuring of Manufacturing Spaces in Urban China: Empirical Evidence from Nanjing

Industrial space is widely considered a fundamental component of urban structure and has been significantly affected by the transitional process in China since the late 1970s. This study investigates the restructuring trajectories and underlying factors of manufacturing firms in Nanjing to detect intraurban dynamical trajectories and spatial patterns. The result implies that Nanjing has witnessed significant suburbanization of manufacturing with the successive exit of old firms and gradual emerging of specialized areas in the peripheral suburbs. In particular, development zones (DZs) have become major bases of new or relocated firms and consequently changed the spatial pattern from a monocentric one toward a polycentric point-axis pattern. Employing binary logistic regression and spatial lag/error models, this study has found that the triple process of marketization, globalization, and decentralization, coupled with the new-type urbanization, has significant influences on the restructuring of urban spaces in China through the price mechanism, production networks, policy reforms, and environmental changes. In addition, the fieldwork survey and semistructured interviews in the old city center show that although the market has played an increasingly important role in driving old firms to migrate from the city center and attracting new firms to concentrate in those planned areas in the suburbs, preferential policies and advanced facilities constructed by local governments are still the main reason why firms concentrated in various DZs.     

邻里环境感知与个体健康对通勤模式选择的影响研究——以南京市为例

通勤是大部分城市就业者日常工作所必须面对的问题。相比宏观层面的城市建成环境,微观层面的邻里环境感知及个体健康与通勤模式选择的联系更为密切。以南京市主城区8个社区为案例地,利用结构方程模型探究邻里环境感知与个体健康对城市就业者通勤模式选择的影响。首先借助问卷调查数据,将通勤模式分为积极通勤、公共交通通勤、电动车/摩托车通勤以及小汽车通勤四类;其次使用因子分析法确定邻里环境感知的潜变量,并将个体健康分为身体健康、心理健康与健康行为3个潜变量;最后构建结构方程模型的理论框架并进行实证分析。研究发现：① 邻里环境感知变量中服务设施感知、环境品质感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,交通安全感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的间接效应。② 个体健康变量中,心理健康与健康行为对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应。③ 通勤距离与社会经济属性对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,同时社会经济属性对通勤模式选择亦存在显著的间接效应。基于研究结果,提出有效提升就业者对于社区环境的主观感受,进而提高就业者参与健康行为的意愿与就业者的健康水平,从而引导其选择更加健康和绿色的通勤模式。     

Perceptions of Food Safety by Urban Consumers in Nanjing,China

The past decade has seen what could reasonably be called an explosion in the number of food-related crises in China. Food safety issues represent a national crisis threatening the physical and psychological health of Chinese citizens, despite the repeated adoption of stringent food safety laws and regulations. This project, based on a stratified random sample of 337 households in Nanjing, assesses perceptions related to different food safety concerns and issues among urban residents and explores differences in perceptions across social strata as defined by socioeconomic and demographic variables using principal component analysis and standard statistical tests.     

基于人口流动的城市内部空间结构特征及其影响因素分析——以南京市为例

当前,“流”空间视角的城市网络结构研究方兴未艾,而城市内部急需寻找到稳定的网络结构分析框架与形成机制模型。在此背景下,本文聚焦通勤和休闲两类有向人流网络,以南京为研究对象,利用中心性与控制力、社区划分、改进重力模型等方法,解析南京内部的人流网络结构特征及其影响因素。结果显示：① 对空间尺度的分解可以有效识别全域-局域两个层次的空间结构。南京江南主城的“单极化”发展态势明显,主要表现为江南主城是通勤流与休闲流的密集流入地,且集中了各类型引力中心,兼具地方服务和区域服务功能。② 改进重力模型对全域人口流动强度的拟合效果较好,人口数量和空间距离在很大程度上影响着人口流动,职住比和人均POI数量分别是通勤流、休闲流的方向调节器。重力模型低估了浦口区、高淳区等政策重点倾斜地区的人流集散能力。     

南京内城商业绅士化发育特征研究

商业绅士化是指城市中传统商业、居住或工业被更高价值商业取代和置换的现象,与居住绅士化互为因果。由于城市发展阶段、模式和管制环境不同,不同国家和地区商业绅士化社会空间特征表现出显著差异。20世纪末以来,在城市社会空间转型语境下,具有异域风情的餐厅、酒吧、咖啡馆、健身房等高档消费场所置换传统住宅或社区商业并在城市特定空间中集聚,是中国最典型的商业绅士化现象。遴选出符合商业绅士化特征的六类高端商娱场所,采用空间核密度等方法,对2008年和2018年南京内城上述商娱场所空间集聚、演进模式和机理效应进行分析。研究发现：① 商业绅士化“热点区”首先出现在城市传统商业中心和文化历史街区,随后向商业中心周边和新兴商业地段跳跃式扩散;② 根据实践路径差异,可将南京内城商业绅士化分为整体植入式、侵入演替式和转型升级式三种模式,分别以1912街区、南京大学—南京师范大学（南大—南师大）片区和新街口地区为代表;③ 经济和文化力量在推动商业绅士化的发生演化中均发挥重要作用,其中地方政府、资本联手对“商业租差”的追逐,以及年轻、高收入绅士化群体日益增长的时尚、高端文化消费需求,从供需两端驱动着商业绅士化过程;④ 商业绅士化在提升城市商业活力和经济效益的同时,也在一定程度上产生对原住居民和低端商业的排挤和置换效应。     

Effects of Married-Couple Dual-Earner Households on Metropolitan Commuting: Evidence from the Atlanta Metropolitan Area

The idea of creating a balance between jobs and housing within different commuter catchment areas of a metropolis has been a prominent approach for reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and journey-to-work times. Married-couple, dual-earner households, in which both spouses are employed, have been identified as an obstacle to the job-housing balance concept because of their constrained ability to choose a residential location near both workplaces. However, this has not yet been conclusively tested. Drawing on the 2000 5% PUMS dataset for metropolitan Atlanta, this article examines the commuting behavior of such households relative to single-earner households. The results challenge the dominant assumption that the average commutes of married-couple, dual-earner households are necessarily longer than those of single-earner households. In fact, after controlling for all forms of socioeconomic factors in the analysis, this study shows there are either no significant differences, or if there are, the average commutes of single-earner households are longer. It is a lack of affordable housing near job locations, or vice versa, and not the presence of dual-earner households, that should be blamed for lengthening commuting time and difficulties in implementing job-housing balances.     

南京市内部旅游客流空间测度与模拟

将传统分析方法与空间数据分析方法相结合,建立空间数据模型,采用Surfer动态图,实态模拟南京旅游客流空间分布格局。研究发现:①南京市内部旅游流位序—规模分布非常典型。流量规模参数|q|大于1,但一直趋于减小,说明极化作用、不均衡发展仍是旅游流空间格局演变中主要特征。②南京市旅游流呈现显著的空间集聚特征。1995~2005年间,全局Moran’sI指数有一定的波动,1995年Moran’sI最小,2001年后,全局Moran’sI快速扩大。城市内部旅游流空间关联程度逐渐增强,局域范围内具有强烈的空间自相关特征。Local Moran’sI显著性检验表明,南京旅游流在局域范围内具有强烈的空间自相关特征。“高高”象限由1995年4个增至2005年8个;“低高”象限由1995年2个增至2005年8个,而“高低”象限变化不明显。③通过R型和Q型因子分析,识别了4个重要的旅游集聚场和扩散场,但首级集聚场和扩散场强度非常大。首级核旅游吸引力具有较广的吸引范围,且吸引景区级别较高。其它3个核吸引范围呈现分片区特征。扩散场分布相对均衡且“大分散、小集聚”。④根据研究结果构建了南京城市内部旅游流空间变化模式。20世纪90年代中期以来,南京市内部旅游流空间变化模式呈现出空间层次性、动态变化性特征。旅游流空间分布呈现从少数旅游节点向多数旅游节点转变,旅游节点体系逐渐发育成熟。     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

基于结构方程模型的南京市就业者通勤行为特征对健康的影响研究

通勤是城市就业者日常工作所必须面对的问题,长距离、长时间通勤以及机动化通勤方式带来的健康问题引起了国内外学者们的广泛关注。论文基于南京市居民身体活动及健康状况问卷调查数据,构建结构方程模型分析就业者通勤距离、通勤时间及通勤模式三者的关系及其对心理健康、身体健康以及健康行为的影响。研究发现：① 通勤距离对机动车通勤模式与通勤时间存在显著的正向直接效应,同时通勤距离对通勤时间存在显著的正向间接效应。② 在心理健康影响方面,通勤距离、通勤时间及机动车通勤模式对邻里关系有显著的负向直接效应,同时通勤距离与通勤模式对邻里关系还存在显著的负向间接效应;在身体健康影响方面,通勤距离降低了就业者超重或肥胖的发生概率,但增加了就业者选择机动车通勤模式的可能性,从而间接增加了就业者患慢性疾病的风险;在健康行为影响方面,通勤距离、通勤时间与睡眠时间显著负相关,机动车通勤模式对睡眠时间产生负向间接影响,与是否做家务显著负相关,与是否散步呈现显著的正相关。③ 通勤行为特征对健康的影响因就业者社会经济属性不同而存在差异,女性、年龄较大以及收入较低的就业者通勤行为特征对健康的影响更为显著。基于研究结果,提出优化城市职住空间、减少通勤时耗,降低小汽车依赖、促进积极通勤来提高就业者身体活动量,并为特殊群体的通勤创造更加有利的条件,进而提升其健康水平。     

基于情景分析法的南京市低碳城市建设研究

气候变化、碳排放与城市化过程相交织,城市作为工业、建筑、交通的载体,也是高能耗、高碳排放的主要源头,需要改变传统城市发展的模式来应对全球变暖的挑战。对南京市的建筑、交通、工业3个方面CO2排放情况进行详细分析。在建筑方面,主要以民用建筑的电耗和热耗来计算南京建筑的碳排放总量。在交通方面,主要根据对交通碳排放有主要影响作用的因素,借助低碳城市模型,运用能源折算法计算交通碳排放总量。在工业方面,仍然采用能源折算法,运用低碳工业模型,计算南京工业碳排放总量。运用情景分析法预测未来碳排放目标,提出南京建设低碳城市的对策建议。     

南京大学信息地理学的发展回顾与研究展望

信息地理学研究人类信息传播的地理学问题,包括信息传播的空间分布规律、空间结构及其空间影响,特别是对人类社会、经济空间组织的影响以及由于虚拟现实技术带来的地理学问题等。南京大学系统性的展开了信息地理学的研究,并深植于传统的优势地理学科,形成信息时代空间的形态、信息时代的空间效应、数字与信息城市、信息技术与旅游、信息时代的居民行为活动5个重点研究领域。面向全新的移动信息时代,以及信息地理学在社会文化及人文方面的研究不足,南京大学信息地理学面临五大发展趋势:信息技术深入影响下的城市空间研究、移动信息技术作用下的行为地理研究、信息技术与旅游结合的地理学研究、移动信息时代的智慧城市研究、物联网的地理学响应研究。     

中国老年群体脆弱性时空格局与性别协调发展特征——基于积极老龄化政策框架

运用地理学方法,分析2005~2015年中国老年群体脆弱性时空特征和性别协调发展趋势。结果表明:① 中国老年群体脆弱性指数显著下降,呈现东→中→西阶梯式递增趋势,全国层面上区域差异不断扩大。东部地区降幅高于中、西部地区,地带内部差距显著;② 空间非均衡性特征显著,以东西差异为主,转变为东西、南北方向上差异并存的空间格局。除新疆外,广大西部地区老年群体脆弱性普遍偏高;③ 中国老年女性受差异性劣势累积而处于社会边缘地位,是更具脆弱性的亚群体,在空间上表现为高脆弱水平均衡态势。就性别差异来看,西北和东南沿海地区相对显著;④ 中国老年群体生存发展条件的性别对比关系发生较大转变,二者趋向于良好协调发展。积极关注老年期妇女群体的脆弱性和不公平待遇,将是实现积极与健康老龄化的重要突破口。     

Job Access and Commute Penalties: Balancing Work and Residence in Los Angeles

There is an ongoing debate about whether minorities and women pay a commute penalty—that is, do these groups commute farther for lower wages than White males? Research based on commuting time has suggested that minority women bear the multiple jeopardy of race and gender in their journey-to-work behavior. The present study re-examines those findings. We show that minority women who commute longer distances have higher earnings. There is a positive or in some cases neutral relationship between distance and earnings. This suggests that we treat the notion of a commute penalty with some caution. However, women still do not earn as much as men and they are relatively if not absolutely disadvantaged in the commuting process. As expected, for women as for men, skill is a major factor in earnings gains, and relying on public transportation negatively affects earnings. In the past decade it has been fashionable to focus on the negative impacts of commuting on women, but the evidence from this study suggests that the shorter commutes by women may be an expression of the way in which families balance work and residence.     

城市公共自行车使用与建成环境的关系研究——以南京市桥北片区为例

公共自行车作为一种绿色低碳的交通出行方式,在国内外许多城市得到了快速发展。目前国内公共自行车相关研究多以使用特征分析为主,而与建成环境关系的研究较少。采用运营大数据与网络开放大数据相结合的方法,以南京市桥北区为案例,研究公共自行车站点使用特征及建成环境对其的影响。研究结果表明：① 公共自行车的使用存在明显的时空间差异;② 使用主要受站点300 m范围内日常服务设施网点密度、基础设施及公共交通条件等建成环境因子影响;③ 建成环境对不同时段使用的影响存在较大差异。研究结果可为片区站点的优化布局与管理建设,以及无桩型共享单车的投放与运营管理提供科学的参考依据。     

Modeling urban expansion by using variable weights logistic cellular automata: a case study of Nanjing,China

Simulation models based on cellular automata (CA) are widely used for understanding and simulating complex urban expansion process. Among these models, logistic CA (LCA) is commonly adopted. However, the performance of LCA models is often limited because the fixed coefficients obtained from binary logistic regression do not reflect the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of transition rules. Therefore, we propose a variable weights LCA (VW-LCA) model with dynamic transition rules. The regression coefficients in this VW-LCA model are based on VW by incorporating a genetic algorithm in a conventional LCA. The VW-LCA model and the conventional LCA model were both used to simulate urban expansion in Nanjing, China. The models were calibrated with data for the period 2000–2007 and validated for the period 2007–2013. The results showed that the VW-LCA model performed better than the LCA model in terms of both visual inspection and key indicators. For example, kappa, accuracy of urban land and figure of merit for the simulation results of 2013 increased by 3.26%, 2.96% and 4.44%, respectively. The VW-LCA model performs relatively better compared with other improved LCA models that are suggested in literature.     

南京幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建研究

在大量野外工作的基础上,借助AutoCAD技术,运用植被生态学、恢复生态学的原理与方法,对幕燕山地森林植被的恢复与重建进行了研究。建立了幕燕山地植被分类系统,包括3个植被型组、5个植被型、5个植被亚型、8个群系组、12个群系,绘制了幕燕山地1∶5000植被群系图,计算了幕燕山地各群系的面积。分析了南京地区山地森林植被10个主要群系(青冈+栓皮栎林,枫香林,白栎林,栓皮栎林,麻栎林,黄连木+黄檀林,朴树+构树林,刺槐林,马尾松林,黑松林)间的演替关系,构建了南京地区森林植被次生演替模式。根据上述研究结果,提出了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建的关键措施,预测了上述措施实施后幕燕山地植被类型构成的变化,并绘制了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建规划图(1∶5000)。     

Multi-dimensional expansion of urban space through the lens of land use: The case study of Nanjing City,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The study of multi-dimensional expansion of urban space (MEUS) addresses the laws of urban spatial expansion from all directions and angles. Using Nanjing as an...     

南京市住房困难人群职住关系及影响因素分析

居住和就业的空间关系,既是城市居民日常生活的空间反映,也是评判城市空间合理性的重要准则。新就业大学生(取得专科及以上学历且工作未满3 a,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)、外来务工人员(收入低于2016年南京市人均可支配收入4166元/月,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)和中低收入人群(南京户籍,家庭人均可支配收入低于3074元/月,人均住房面积不大于20 m ²)等住房困难人群,普遍面临住房机会不平等的问题,职住关系也呈现出特殊性。论文基于南京市这3类住房困难人群的873份问卷数据,采用两步聚类法对通勤流向模式进行划分,基于多项Logistic回归模型探究通勤时间和通勤方式的影响因素,并以南京鼓楼区为案例解析住房困难人群的职住关系。结果表明：新就业大学生通勤流向主要为内部通勤,通勤时间最短,职住关系受通勤流向和工作单位影响;外来务工人员通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,通勤方式机动化程度最低,职住关系受通勤流向、工作单位和性别显著影响;中低收入人群通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,职住分离程度最高,职住关系主要受到住房类型的显著影响。以鼓楼区为例,论文进一步发现新就业大学生以交通条件为导向、外来务工人员以工作地为导向和中低收入人群以居住地为导向的职住关系。     

社会记忆视角下的南京城市街巷地名变迁

论文以南京主城区为例,运用GIS空间分析与社会记忆理论,探讨街巷地名变迁的时空格局与动因机制。研究发现：新增地名主要分布于老城区外围,消失地名主要分布于老城区内部。老城南既是现存街巷地名密度最大,也是消亡强度最大的地区。新增地名在20世纪50—80年代集聚于下关区沿江地带与明城墙内的老城区,90年代以来散布于老城区外围。民国开始政府成为命名主体,政府主导性与企业自主性不断增强。现存街巷以周边民居、祈愿祝福、异域文化和山水地物类为主要命名依据,既传承老城区的命名传统,也体现新城区的发展理念。宗教信仰、历史人物、经济活动、市政设施、自然方位类地名易随社会意识形态与城市功能空间的转变而消亡。权力与资本的介入催生大量新式地名,记忆的惯性延缓了老地名的消亡,记忆的社会建构性驱动地名的演进。