THE KIOWA HOMELAND IN OKLAHOMA

ABSTRACT. Kiowa Indians derive their common identity from deep roots in southwestern Oklahoma, an area they call their “homeland.” On this landscape are recognized and distinctive marks, both visible and invisible: The Kiowa have blanketed it with their significant stories. The region is important as a psychological anchor in the Kiowa past and as a core for their modern identity as a distinct people. In this article I explore Kiowa stories, ideas, and feelings about specific landmarks of the homeland. I also step back to discuss how the homeland generates attachments that are not attributable to individual elements within it.     

一二年生植物在坝上沙质退耕地上的引种筛选

一二年生植物引种成功的种源区域范围及科属范围都较多年生植物广，而对土壤基质、水分、人为活动等具体生境差异反应明显。最佳的引种植物有临夏燕麦、丹麦４４４燕麦、黑圆箭舌豌豆、３３３Ａ箭舌豌豆及Ｐｈａｌａｒｉｓ属的几个种等。     

中国塔吉克族人口发展初探

本文根据全国历来四次人口普查资料，对我国塔吉克族人口形热进行了简要的论述。文中阐述了塔吉克族人口规模的发展、变化以及人口再生产类型，并简述了相关的社会、经济、文化等方面的问题。     

滑动面变形时岩石边坡稳定分析法

采用传统极限平衡法，考察单面滑动岩石边坡稳定性存在的主要问题．研究滑动面变形时岩石边坡稳定性的分析方法．计算结果表明用新方法比传统方法更接近实际情况．     

坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用*

本文分析了坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用,包括不同坡度下被蚀体的特征差异,坡度对坡面溅蚀、坡面入渗、坡面径流及坡面侵蚀的影响,最后从理论上阐明了坡面侵蚀中的临界坡度。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SOIL MOISTURE IN WEST-CENTRAL OKLAHOMA

From May 7 to August 13, 1985, soil moisture was measured at 12 study sites located along a 200-km east-west trending transect in west-central Oklahoma. Soil moisture was sampled at three depths at each site: 15 cm, 61 cm, and 91 cm. Study site location and the time (week) of data collection were analyzed through correlation and regression analysis in order to assess their impact on soil moisture variability measured at the three sampled depths. Along the transect for the study period, soil moisture increased with depth; soil moisture also increased with depth from west to east along the transect during the sample period. The correlation between the location of the sample site and soil moisture was weak at the 15 cm depth (0.48), but was stronger at greater depths (0.78 at 61 cm; 0.65 at 91 cm). The location of the study site along the transect explained 25% of the variation in soil moisture at a 15 cm depth; 62% at a 61 cm depth; and 51% at a 91 cm depth. The time (week variable) of data collection at each sample site was less useful in explaining the variability in soil moisture than site location. Time explains 15, 23, and 16% of the variability observed in soil moisture along the transect for the depths of 15, 61, and 91 cm, respectively. A combination of time and location variables, however, explained 46% of the variability in soil moisture for all three depths. The same time and location variables explained 55%, 76%, and 52% of the variability observed in soil moisture for the three individual depths: 15, 61, and 91 cm, respectively. Unusual precipitation events affected the transect throughout the study period and diminished the impact of location as a significant explanatory variable for describing variability in soil moisture.     

沙区绿洲人地系统演进探讨——以民勤盆地为例

资源与环境问题已成为当代人类生存与发展的重大问题,它通过人地系统中人与地之间的相互联系,以各种方式和强度作用于人类。人地系统有其运行规律和演进机制,要建立协调的人地关系、促进沙区绿洲的可持续发展,就必须清楚地了解其人的地系统的动态演进机制。通过分析民勤盆地人地系统的演进过程,提出了人地系统演进的机制和驱动力,从而为更好地调控沙区绿洲人地系统的演进提供依据。     

山区斜坡填土场地桩基础设计计算的有关问题

根据填土场地的实际情况,首先对山区斜坡上的镇土边坡边缘附近,建筑物桩基础设计计算的有关问题进行了分析,建立了相关的计算式,然后以某水电站库区移民新集镇信用社综合楼桩基础设计计算为例,阐述了其应用效果。     

坡面非均匀沙输移机理实验方法

在分析坡面泥沙输移现象的基础上,以室内沙堆模型实验量化其输沙特征,得出其在空间上具有自相似分形的动力学过程,从理论上应用水动力学弥散特性进一步证实,结果符合较好。     

广西刁江流域有色金属矿区尾砂库植物研究

调查了广西刁江流域有色金属矿区废弃尾砂库自然生长的植物种类,有维管束植物26科58属63种;分析了尾砂库土壤和20种在尾砂库分布较多而且生长较好的植物的Cu、Cd、Pb、As、Sb、Zn、Sn 等重金属含量.研究表明,在废弃尾砂库上自然定居的植物,如禾本科的芦竹、类芦、五节芒、芒、班茅、白茅、粘人草、狗牙根,莎草科的黑莎草、飘拂草,菊科的三叶鬼针草,风尾蕨科的蜈蚣蕨,木贼科的纤细木贼等草本植物,能吸收重金属,对有色金属矿区尾砂库这种恶劣环境具有较强的忍耐能力,可作为有色金属矿区尾砂库植被重建的先锋植物.     

中国东部山地泥石流发育的第四纪环境背景及减灾对策

根据中国东部山地古泥石流沉积记录 ,推断在地形条件具备的前提下 ,泥石流形成经过了冰 (缘 )期气候作用下的物质积累和间冰 (缘 )期气候作用下的水动力作用过程 ,二者在时间上具有差异性。按照晚第四纪以来物质与水动力条件的空间波动范围 ,可将中国东部泥石流的形成划分为 3个区 ,北部主要受控于季风降水 ,中部主要受控于物质积累 ,而南部则只与地形切割等因素联系密切。据此提出相应的减灾对策。     

SOIL VARIATION ON NORTH AND SOUTH SLOPE CATENAS ON A KAME IN SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN

Soils from two catenas on north-and south-facing slopes of a kame were analyzed to determine the effect of lithology, topography, and microclimate on profile development. In loess on the north-facing slope, where microclimate favored CaCO₃ dissolution and clay translocation, pedogenesis was rapid and an A-E-Bt-C profile developed. In contrast, an A-Bt-C profile developed on the south-facing slope. In gravel where limestone/dolostone dissolution was slow, A-C profiles were found and CaCO₃ was depleted to a ≤ 25-cm depth, 20± cm less than reported for similar Michigan soils. Slopewash and runoff are inferred to have caused silt accumulations and greater infiltration at the base of ≥ 20° slopes, resulting in a thicker solum in foot-and toe-slope positions, whereas on slopes of ≤ 7° infiltration and interflow are the dominant processes, resulting in a thicker solum on the transportational midslope. The differences in soil profile development are attributed to sediment facies changes at 25- to 50-cm depth and resulting groundwater movement. [Key words: soil development, soil spatial variability, kame slope catena, Wisconsin.]     

SEASONAL INORGANIC NITROGEN RELEASE IN ALPINE LAKES ON THE COLORADO WESTERN SLOPE

In the Rocky Mountains, the association of increases in acidic deposition with increased atmospheric loading of sulfate and direct changes in surface water chemistry has been well established. The importance, though, of increased nitrogen (N) deposition in the episodic acidification of alpine lakes and N saturation in alpine ecosystems is only beginning to be documented. In alpine areas of the Colorado Front Range, modest loadings of N in deposition have been associated with leakage of N to surface waters. On the Colorado western slope, however, no leakage of N to surface waters has been reported. A 1995 study that included early season under-ice water samples that were not available in earlier studies showed that there is, in fact, N leakage to surface waters in some western slope basins. Under-ice nitrate (NO^- ₃) concentrations were as high as 10.5 μeq L^-1 and only decreased to detection limits in September. Landscape type appears to be important in leakage of N to surface waters, which is associated with basins having steep slopes, thin soils, and large amounts of exposed bedrock. NO^- ₃ leakage compounds the existing sensitivity to episodic acidification from low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), which is less than 40 μeq L^-1 in those basins. [Key words: episodic acidification, nitrogen deposition, nitrate, alpine ecosystems, landscape type, Rocky Mountains.]     

金龙山地区斜坡滑动优势面分析

据优势面分析原理和方法,对金龙山地区斜坡各种结构面所作的优势面分析结果显示:浅层强风化岩体中顺坡向剪切裂隙,是控制浅层顺层滑坡发生发展的滑动优势面;深层弱风化岩体中粘土岩风化软弱夹层、斜坡上段拉张裂隙与斜坡下段顺坡向剪切裂隙三者相组合,是控制深层顺层滑坡发生的滑动优势面。当地受滑动优势面控制的滑坡变形破坏模式有:浅层为蠕滑—拉裂,深层为滑移—弯曲。     

花岗岩崩岗侵蚀劣地的生态恢复试验研究

花岗岩崩岗侵蚀是红壤区最严重的侵蚀方式，本研究根据生态学的原理和方法，探索了花岗岩崩岗区水土流失治理和生态恢复的途径，提出了植被重建的模式。     

吉林省东部山区蚂蚁资源研究

调查研究了吉林东部山区蚂蚁资源的种类组成及生态分布，计有蚂蚁２亚科、６属、１１种．在山区不同的生境，蚂蚁种类分布有着明显的差异，论述了蚂蚁的营养成分和食用、药用价值．根据吉林东部山区蚂蚁资源的现状，提出了开发利用、保护的对策．     

青藏高原东部藏族地区野生经济植物资源

本区是指滇西北、川西和甘南藏族地区。全区土地面积约３０．４万ｋｍ￣２．区内野生经济植物资源的特征是：种类比较丰富，种子植物属的区系成分以温带的属占优势，特有种、特有属植物突出，区域分异比较明显等。全区野生经济植物有１８７科７４２属２８１３种（或变种）．按经济用途，把本区的野生经济植物分为８类。