The political topology of urban uprisings

This article examines the relationship between political uprising and megaproject-based global city reform in Paris and London. On the one hand, it considers the banlieue uprisings in Paris in November 2005 as an impetus for the Grand Paris renewal initiative launched in April 2007. This is compared with the large-scale reformations of space across London in advance of the 2012 Olympics as a contributing factor in the riots of August 2011. In both of these cases there is an integral though indirect link between urban planning and resistance. Engaging with Marxist political theory and critical urban geography, I argue that uprisings and global city developments relate in a mutually constitutive fashion. I also locate the suburbs, broadly defined, as an important site of contemporary political antagonism. I use the concept of “political topology” to suggest that global city pursuits present a new mode of uneven development that has not yet been adequately met in thought or practice. The two cases are thus used to open up to a more general analysis of twenty-first-century urban politics.     

Testing local spatial autocorrelation using k-order neighbours

The analysis of local spatial autocorrelation for spatial attributes has been an important concern in geographical inquiry. In this paper, we propose a concept and algorithm of k-order neighbours based on Delaunay's triangulated irregular networks and redefine Getis and Ord's (1992) local spatial autocorrelation statistic as G_i(k) with weight coefficient w_ij(k) based on k-order neighbours for the study of local patterns in spatial attributes. To test the validity of these statistics, an experiment is performed using spatial data of the elderly population in Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The difference between the weight coefficients of the k-order neighbours and distance parameter to measure the spatial proximity of districts located in the city centre and near the city limits is found by Monte-Carlo simulation.     

How Does Castells's The Rise of the Network Society Contribute to Research in Human Geography? A Citation Content and Context Analysis

Manuel Castells seminal work The Rise of the Network Society (RNS) is one of the top ten most frequently cited publications in human geography. RNS comprehensively investigates the theory of network society, which is of great significance to human geography. Citation count, however, cannot reflect the specific contribution of RNS to human geography. By jointly using citation content and context analysis on 898 journal articles on human geography, this study examines the citations of RNS to clarify the contribution. Results show that (1) “space of flows” is most frequently cited and (2) citations of RNS serve nine citation functions in human geography studies. Eight of them reveal three types of knowledge development contribution, namely, knowledge dissemination, knowledge inheritance, and knowledge innovation. Among the nine citation functions, the critique function is most thought-provoking, revealing the deficiencies of RNS: (1) spatial dualism is abstract and impersonal, (2) “space of places” is as important as “space of flows” in the network society, and (3) the lack of abundant data limits the development of empirical research on the space of flows and network of city. These critical citations provide implications for the development of network society theory in human geography. Key Words: bibliometric analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, knowledge development, network society.     

A complete classification of spatial relations using the Voronoi-based nine-intersection model

In this article we show that the Voronoi-based nine-intersection (V9I) model proposed by Chen et al. (2001, A Voronoi-based 9-intersection model for spatial relations. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15 (3), 201–220) is more expressive than what has been believed before. Given any two spatial entities A and B, the V9I relation between A and B is represented as a 3 × 3 Boolean matrix. For each pair of types of spatial entities that is, points, lines, and regions, we first show that most Boolean matrices do not represent a V9I relation by using topological constraints and the definition of Voronoi regions. Then, we provide illustrations for all the remaining matrices. This guarantees that our method is sound and complete. In particular, we show that there are 18 V9I relations between two areas with connected interior, while there are only nine four-intersection relations. Our investigations also show that, unlike many other spatial relation models, V9I relations are context or shape sensitive. That is, the existence of other entities or the shape of the entities may affect the validity of certain relations.     

物流地理学研究评述

基于前人的研究,试图从物流地理学的学科属性、研究对象、学科体系、具体研究内容以及研究手段等方面进行探讨。物流地理学是一门综合性的边缘学科,其研究对象为物流活动区位、空间组织及其与地理环境的关系;内部分支包括理论物流地理学、部门物流地理学、区域物流地理学、城市物流地理学及企业物流地理学;具体研究内容应宏观与微观相结合,主要包括物流地理学的理论与研究方法,物流活动的空间组织形式及区域差异,行业物流活动的发生、发展及分布规律,城市（乡村）物流系统规划,企业物流活动的组织与空间分布规律等。     

城镇体系等级结构的分形维数及其测算方法*

文章探讨了城镇体系等级结构的分形研究方法。首先,讨论了区域城镇规模分布的Zipf模型,并通过分形退化分析将其应用范围加以拓广,从而与非分形研究接口;第二,引进了分形结构因子,以此开创了城镇体系等级结构的FSF分析;第三,提出了表征城镇体系等级差异的差异度概念和度量方法。文章给出实例说明了各种方法的应用,并比较了三种方法的异同。     

Computing the fuzzy topological relations of spatial objects based on induced fuzzy topology

For modeling the topological relations between spatial objects, the concepts of a bound on the intersection of the boundary and interior, and the boundary and exterior are defined in this paper based on the newly developed computational fuzzy topology. Furthermore, the qualitative measures for the intersections are specified based on the α‐cut induced fuzzy topology, which are (A_α∧?A)(x)<1?α and ((A^c)_α∧?A)(x)<1?α. In other words, the intersection of the interior and boundary or boundary and exterior are always bounded by 1?α, where α is a value of a level cutting. Specifically, the following areas are covered: (a) the homeomorphic invariants of the fuzzy topology; (b) a definition of the connectivity of the newly developed fuzzy topology; (c) a model of the fuzzy topological relations between simple fuzzy regions in GIS; and (d) the quantitative values of topological relations can be calculated.     

数字拓扑研究现状及其在GIS中的应用

数字拓扑主要研究栅格空间中离散几何对象的拓扑性质,这些性质在GIS空间分析和栅格数据处理中非常重要。该文从图论、混合拓扑和公理型3方面对数字拓扑的研究现状进行了分类和综述,并讨论数字拓扑在GIS领域的应用,指出三维数字拓扑和球面数字拓扑是数字拓扑在GIS中的两个发展趋势和研究热点。     

The intimate city: violence,gender and ordinary life in Delhi slums

In this paper I argue for an expansion of the horizons of urban geography through a notion of the intimate city. I focus on the slum as a space where the violence of an exclusionary city is woven into its intimate material and social conditions, but where this violence is also domesticated and rendered as part of the everyday. I illustrate through three stories of intimate lives of slum women that everyday life in the slum requires the production of (1) an urban subject who shows agency not by resisting but by living with intimate violence; (2) an urban subjectivity involved in acquiring knowledge of one’s bodily terrain in order to limit this violence; and (3) an urban citizenship that argues for a “right to intimacy” as a way to claim a right to the city. This paper calls for a recasting of the public/private divide in urban geography in order to understand how violence circulates through and contravenes the boundaries of public/private, city/slum, tradition/modernity.     

Editorial

Abstract

Project GeoSim is a multidisciplinary effort by members of Virginia Tech's Departments of Geography and Computer Science, College of Education, and Learning Resources Center to develop computer-aided education (CAE) software for introductory geography and related classes. GeoSim laboratory exercises draw on the five fundamental themes of geography for their subject matter. The programs emphasize interactive learning combining the information capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the techniques of computer simulation. The result is a series of geographic explorations that will make available some of the most exciting aspects of geography to a potential audience of 425,000 introductory geography students per year.     

乌鲁木齐城市社会区分析

利用2011 年上半年乌鲁木齐街道一级统计和调查数据,运用因子生态分析法对乌鲁木齐进行社会区分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐城市社会区形成的主要因子有6 个,即:① 少数民族人口,② 知识分子,③ 普通工人及退休人员,④ 机关干部、高级管理与服务人员,⑤ 疆外流动人口,⑥ 农业人口。通过聚类分析法将乌鲁木齐划分为6 类社会区,即:① 民族混居区,② 知识阶层聚居区,③ 一般工薪阶层与退休人员居住区,④ 人口密集的机关干部、高级管理与服务人员聚居区,⑤ 疆外流动人口聚居区,⑥ 远郊农业人口散居区。并据此建立了乌鲁木齐城市社会空间结构模式。乌鲁木齐城市社会空间以扇形和多核心结构为主,同心圆结构不明显。乌鲁木齐现有的城市社会空间格局是在其自然本底条件基础上,经过250 多年的历史发展,在社会经济因素、宏观政策和城市规划等因素共同作用下形成的。     

Geographical categories: an ontological investigation

This paper reports the results of a series of experiments designed to establish how non-expert subjects conceptualize geospatial phenomena. Subjects were asked to give examples of geographical categories in response to a series of differently phrased elicitations. The results yield an ontology of geographical categories-a catalogue of the prime geospatial concepts and categories shared in common by human subjects independently of their exposure to scientific geography. When combined with nouns such as feature and object, the adjective geographic elicited almost exclusively elements of the physical environment of geographical scale or size, such as mountain, lake, and river. The phrase things that could be portrayed on a map, on the other hand, produced many geographical scale artefacts (roads, cities, etc.) and fiat objects (states, countries, etc.), as well as some physical feature types. These data reveal considerable mismatch as between the meanings assigned to the terms 'geography' and 'geographic' by scientific geographers and by ordinary subjects, so that scientific geographers are not in fact studying geographical phenomena as such phenomena are conceptualized by na ve subjects. The data suggest, rather, a special role in determining the subject-matter of scientific geography for the concept of what can be portrayed on a map. This work has implications for work on usability and interoperability in geographical information science, and it throws light also on subtle and hitherto unexplored ways in which ontological terms such as 'object', 'entity', and 'feature' interact with geographical concepts.     

Geopolitics and “The Courage to Teach”: Identity,Integrity and the Subject of Political Geography

Abstract

Previous literature discussing and exemplifying the teaching of political geography has emphasized the material to be disseminated. Building upon those contributions, this paper offers a means of connecting student, teacher, and subject matter. Using the perspective of Parker Palmer, as illustrated in his book The Courage to Teach, it is suggested that placing the subject at the center of the classroom will result in the effective teaching of political geography. Two classroom exercises are used to exemplify the argument.     

The Fundamental and the Incidental in Geography

Abstract

An increased use of artistic literature as a resource in both teaching and research is evident in geography. With the growing interest of some scholars in the behavioral aspects of geography, traditional resources are being supplemented with more humanistic, subjective information sources. In historical geography, for example, literature is a particularly suitable resource for studies of man's role in past geographies and of human perception of past environments.¹ Specialists in regional geography and area studies also have shown a growing appreciation of such sources.² A parallel and related development has occurred in geographic education. In many different courses, but particularly in those dealing with regions, literature has become a recommended resource. The purposes of this paper are (1) to review the relevance of the novel as a resource for geographers and (2) to suggest that a current novel, Centennial, by James A. Michener,³ particularly warrants consideration for use in courses on the historical geography of the United States.     

Chile

Abstract

This study provides empirical information about the extent of geography instruction present in history classrooms. Techniques of protocol analysis were applied to oral references to geography made by teachers and students in 44 U. S. and European history lessons in several grades. The references were coded according to GENIP' s five themes plus a sixth coding category for explicit references to maps. Two types of references were found: passing references, which merely mentioned a geographic issue or feature, and substantive references, in which geography was taught or played a substantial role. That 550 geographic references occur in these lessons may explain why so many history teachers believe that they are adequately integrating geography and history. However, 75 percent of all the references were passing and not substantive. We conclude that the core epistemological events for learning and reasoning in, about, and with geography are not being taught adequately in history lessons.     

Geography in Schools

In Australia, geography, studied as a discipline, is generally non-existent in Grades K-6 (approximately ages 5-11 years) and, in some states, this state of affairs extends to Grades 7-10 (12-15 years). In New South Wales (NSW), the geography component has been strengthened in the Grades K-6 curriculum; there are mandatory and optional geography courses in Grades 7-10, and optional geography courses in Grades 11 and 12 (16-17 + years). In this paper, the place of geography in NSW, in the learning area of Studies of Society and Environment, is compared with geography curricula in five countries. In England and Wales, and in Finland, geography is regarded as an essential subject in the school curriculum. In the USA and Japan, attempts are being made to replace generalist social studies courses with disciplines, such as geography, from the humanities and social sciences. And, finally, Hong Kong has been influenced by curriculum developments in England and Wales, as well as in Australia.     

后结构主义背景下关系地理学的研究进展

随着后结构主义思潮和“关系转向”的兴起,关系地理学（relational geography）应运而生。关系地理学把世界理解为流动的拓扑结构以及相互关联的产物,主张关系思维,强调事物在发展过程中相互影响与依存的动态关系。通过对关系地理学相关著作和期刊论文的分析发现,关系地理学的产生受到社会网络分析理论与非表征理论的深刻影响,其重构了空间、地方、尺度与主体性的内涵,提出关系空间、地方关系、多尺度或尺度终结,以及主体间性的地理学概念,建构了新的关于网络、关系和流的拓扑地理。关系地理学现有的实证研究主要聚焦于空间扩散与空间发展、主体发展与社会文化问题、身体与健康旅游/地理等内容。此外,基于“人”与“超越人类”,“物”与“重返物质”4个方面的内容提出关系地理学可能的研究展望,并对“关系”的内涵与外延进行了延伸讨论,以期为中国人文地理学研究提供新的学术视角。     

基于单元复形的数字图像多级别层次表达

基于复形理论定义了数字图像空间的拓扑元素及其性质,在此基础上提出一套完备的保持拓扑等价性的层次表达数字图像的数学模型体系框架,并验证了层次表达结构中的Jordan曲线定理.同时,基于单元复形扩展模型,对SPOT影像实施了渐进式离散分割,有效地利用影像蕴含的空间信息,获得了比最大似然分类法更优的分割结果.     

Beyond Postmetropolis

Three recent developments have created new challenges and opportunities for urban geography and geographers: the rediscovery of the generative power of cities, the cross-disciplinary diffusion of critical spatial perspectives, and rising interest in regions and regionalism. With these new developments as background, I reflect upon some of the ideas and themes introduced in Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions, published in 2000. Like the book, this effort to move beyond Postmetropolis is divided into three parts: Remapping the Geohistory of Cityspace; Six Discourses on the Postmetropolis; and Lived Space: Remembering 1992 in Los Angeles. Some of the same themes are taken up, often with a different emphasis, in the accompanying essays by Robert Beauregard, Mona Domosh, and Deborah Martin.