Changes in active eolian sand at northern Coachella Valley, California

Climate variability and rapid urbanization have influenced the sand environments in the northern Coachella Valley throughout the late 20th century. This paper addresses changes in the spatial relationships among different sand deposits at northern Coachella Valley between two recent time periods by using satellite data acquired from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The approach employed here, involving multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) data and spectral mixture analysis, has shown that the major sand deposits can be spatially modeled at northern Coachella Valley. The “coarse-grained (quartz-rich) sand” deposit is associated with active eolian sand, and the “mixed sandy soil” and “fine-grained (quartz-rich) sand” deposits are associated with inactive eolian sand. The fractional abundance images showed a significant decrease between 2000 and 2006 in the percentage of active sand in the major depositional area for fluvial sediment, the Whitewater River, but also in two downwind areas: the Whitewater and Willow Hole Reserves. The pattern of the active sand appears to be related to variations in annual precipitation (wet and dry years) and river discharge in the northern Coachella Valley. We suggest here that recent human modifications to the major watercourses that supply sand affect the capability of fluvial deposition areas to restore sediments over time and consequently the responses of the sand transport system to climate change, becoming more sensitive to dry years where areas of active sand may shrink, degrade, and/or stabilize faster. The approach utilized in this study can be advantageous for future monitoring of sand in the northern Coachella Valley for management of these and similar environments.     

人工卵石床面风沙流粒度特征

沉积物粒径分布对风沙沉积物的起动、输送和沉降过程十分重要。不同粒径的风沙沉积物空气动力学特征不同,从而导致其起动机理、输送过程和沉降模式不同。因此,粒度可以作为风沙沉积过程的指示器。戈壁是西北地区的一种重要地貌景观,戈壁风沙流是风沙物理研究的内容之一,但目前研究较少,特别是对戈壁风沙流粒度分布的研究,几乎没有报道。本文利用人工卵石床面模拟戈壁地表,对0.25、0.5、1 m和2 m高度的风沙流粒度特征进行观测,结果表明：沙源、地表状况、风程效应等影响沙粒粒径随高度的变化。沙源近,平均粒径随高度先减小后增加;沙源远,平均粒径随高度增加减小。戈壁表面的不同区域,沙粒粒径级配不同：随高度增加,粗砂,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加;随距离增加,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加。平均粒径越大,分选越好,偏度越趋于正偏,峰度越趋于变宽。偏度、峰度随分选系数增加而增加。峰度随偏度增加而增加。     

海滩养护影响下的海岸风沙堆积——以福建平潭岛龙凤头海滩养护工程为例

海滩养护工程实施后,在保护海岸抵御侵蚀的同时往往还产生其他的环境问题。尤其在强风区海岸,海滩养护造成了滩面环境的改变,使滩面风沙搬运和沉积特征都发生了显著变化。对福建平潭岛龙凤头海滩养护工程实施前后的风沙沉积对比研究表明,养护后海滩的干滩宽度、滩面沉积物粒径、表层湿度、海滩高程等环境要素变化对滩面风沙搬运与沉积过程都产生了重要的影响。主要结论为:(1)养护海滩干滩滩肩高程的提高增加了滩面风速,增大了滩面风沙输沙率;(2)养护海滩干滩宽度的增加既扩大了风区长度也为风沙搬运提供了充足的物源,且不受潮汐过程影响,提供了持续的风沙物源供给,增加了风沙作用时间;(3)养护海滩剖面形态的变化使得海滩滩面沉积物含水率减小,降低风沙起动风速,增强了滩面风沙搬运。     

中国海岸风沙沉积记录的环境变化

海岸是陆、海、气相互作用的地带。海岸风沙沉积是这一特殊动力环境的产物,是研究海岸环境演变及海平面变化的良好信息载体。中国海岸主要存在3种风沙沉积,分别为“老红砂”、沙丘岩及海岸沙丘。本文通过比较已报道的风沙堆积的物质组成、地层变化等,进一步总结了海岸风沙沉积的特征;选择已开展绝对测年的沉积剖面,利用概率密度函数分析了风沙沉积年代的分布特征,考察了中国海岸风沙活动历史,结合其他气候记录,探讨了不同地质历史时期海岸风沙堆积的关键影响因素。结果表明：“老红砂”沉积主要记录了冰期-间冰期尺度的风沙活动,在120 ka BP前后、73—55 ka BP等时期,风沙活动主要与海平面下降时陆架提供的丰富沙源和强盛的冬季风有关;而在105 ka BP、80 ka BP前后,风沙活动与高海平面时期丰富的沙源或季风气候的季节性增强有关;55 ka BP以来风沙活动强度降低更多地反映了沉积记录保存环境的变化,末次冰期海岸风沙沉积大多分布在现代海面之下,并不代表实际的海岸风沙活动减弱。相比之下,海岸沙丘沉积所记录的风沙活动主要发生在近3 000 a,可能与中国海岸冬季风的增强有关。     

基于沉积物理化性质的雅鲁藏布江中游粉尘物源研究

物源是风沙研究的主要内容.雅鲁藏布江中游风沙区是西藏自治区的主要沙丘分布区和受风沙灾害影响的主要区域.但目前对该地区沙尘物源的研究甚少,从而限制了我们对该地区风沙地貌形成演化过程、防沙治沙工程合理布局和沙尘暴预报预警工作的开展.沉积物理化性质是沉积物物源判别的主要证据.为此,收集了雅鲁藏布江中游河岸、河漫滩、河漫滩沙丘...     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China: I. Provenances ofdesert sands简

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transpor- tation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large sediment mixing, alternation and recycle basins and thus largely increases the degree of between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

新疆地区沙漠的形成与演化——I.沙漠沙的物源（英文）

Abstract:Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions,therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system.However,until now,the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang,Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent,a systematic review is necessary.Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts.Based on the geochemical,mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions,this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China.Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial,alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply.It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly,the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds.However,the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics,which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes,respectively,and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents.This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing,alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources,as wellas the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China：Ⅰ. Provenances of desert sands

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing, alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

黄河源区玛多盆地沙漠化土地粒度特征

为探讨黄河源区玛多盆地风沙沉积物分异特征,采集玛多盆地不同沙漠化程度、不同地貌部位、不同动力条件的沉积物样品进行粒度分析。结果表明：（1）玛多盆地沉积物随沙漠化程度增加,平均粒径增大,粗颗粒组分增多,分选性变好,偏度向负偏靠拢,峰态逐渐转向平坦,频率分布曲线也由双峰态转变为单峰态。（2）流动沙丘以中沙和细沙组分为主,分选性好,偏度近对称,峰度为中等尖锐。各个沙丘不同地貌部位沉积物粒度参数分异受风向改变的影响,变化规律不明显。流动沙丘沉积物相较于流动沙地沉积物的粒径更粗,分选性更好,可能是沙丘形成过程中风对沉积物颗粒的再次分选所致。（3）河流阶地剖面沉积物的主要粒级为中沙和细沙,分选中等偏差,偏度为正偏,峰尖锐,河流阶地沉积物的粒度组成与周围风成作用形成的流动沙丘（地）的粒度组成高度相似,极有可能是当地风沙活动的主要物源。     

Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation

Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter w_i is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of w_i is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions.     

中国海岸风沙沉积的成因与特征

东部和南部沿海是我国风景优美、气候宜人, 工农业与交通事业发达和人口密集的重要经济区。在16, 000多公里的海岸上, 风沙作用的海岸线就有近3, 000公里, 目前它们都在不同程度上处于风沙作用而后退或大大改观的状态。     

呼伦贝尔沙地风蚀坑粒度特征及其环境意义

对呼伦贝尔沙地现代风蚀坑表层沙质沉积物与坑后沙丘垂直剖面沉积物进行了粒度分析,讨论了坑后沙丘剖面的形成过程及风成沙粒度变化的原因。结果表明：呼伦贝尔沙地风蚀坑表面及坑后沙丘剖面沉积物粒径以细沙和中沙为主;风蚀坑表面沉积物粒径及分选参数在风蚀坑各部位呈现波动式变化;平坦草地上的现代土壤与坑后沙丘下伏古土壤为同一层。基于粒度和沙丘移动过程综合分析,认为坑后沙丘剖面中风成沙粒度的垂向变化与沙丘在堆积和移动过程中剖面在坑后沙丘相对位置的变化具有紧密联系,密集采样得出的剖面中风成沙粒度的垂向变化是否能直接指示区域气候环境变化值得商榷。     

中国北方农牧交错带鄂尔多斯高原段土壤表层粒度特征

土壤粒度是描述土壤性质的重要参数,研究农牧交错带土壤表层粒度对土壤质量和沙化程度评价具有科学意义。对不同沉积物类型及土地利用方式土壤表层(0~5 cm深度)粒度进行分析。结果表明:(1)沙黄土、覆沙黄土残积物、风化残积物中粉粒最多,其次为极细砂和细砂,这3个粒级含量之和表现为沙黄土(96.51%)>覆沙黄土残积物(88.29%)>风化残积物(77.58%);风成沙土壤表层以细砂(53.85%)和中砂(26.13%)为主。(2)平均粒径由小到大依次为沙黄土(4.78Φ)、覆沙黄土残积物(4.62Φ)、风化残积物(3.80Φ)、风成沙(2.46Φ);分选性由差到好依次为风化残积物、覆沙黄土残积物、沙黄土、风成沙;偏度呈现为正偏或极正偏;峰值表明风成沙(2.30)粒径分布最为集中。(3)同一地表沉积物中,砾石和极粗砂等粗颗粒在农田较多,粉粒在草地较多,极细砂在林地较多;风成沙中,粉粒在固定沙丘略多,细砂在半固定沙丘较多,砾石、极粗砂等粗颗粒仅在流动沙丘地中分布。(4)土壤颗粒分形维数表现为沙黄土(2.5242)>覆沙黄土残积物(2.4373)>风化残积物(2.3554)>风成沙(2.2815);地表沉积物类型不同,表层土壤分形维数与粒级含量相关性有着明显差异。     

Grain‐Size Characteristics of Dune Networks in China's Tengger Desert

Grain‐size characteristics of dune networks in the Tengger Desert of northwestern China were investigated. Grain‐size parameters (mean, standard deviation, skew, and kurtosis) were determined on dune surfaces at windward toe, stoss, crest and leeward toe locations. Multiple discriminant analyses were applied to distinguish deposition environments. Results indicated that the aeolian sediment is mainly composed of very fine and fine sand in the dune networks of the Tengger Desert. Sorting improves as grain size becomes finer. However, the relationships between mean grain size, skew, and kurtosis vary in space. There is a negative relationship between skew and sorting; similarly, the relationships between sorting and skew, and skew and kurtosis change in space. The sediment deposition environment includes aeolian sediment and lacustrine sediment. The lacustrine sediment provides the source material for dune windward toe and stoss formation and development, but the aeolian sediment provides the source material for dune crest and leeward toe formation and development. According to the log‐probability of grain size distributions, aeolian sediments in dune networks are composed of two distinct saltation populations.     

库姆塔格沙漠北部三垄沙地区风沙运动特征

风沙地貌发育受控于近地表风沙运动,目前这一领域的研究较多关注短时期内（几分钟至几小时）、单一方向（正对主风向）的风沙流结构特征,结果难以与长期的地貌过程联系起来。为此,我们采用八方位四层梯度集沙仪,于2014年5月至2015年5月,在库姆塔格沙漠北部三垄沙地区进行了一个完整年度的风沙运动观测。经过6个时段的连续观测,获取了不同方向、不同高度的192个运动沙粒样品。结果表明：（1）近地表1 m高度内,收集的样品总质量为405.2 kg,其中约75.3%集中在近地表0~0.2 m,反映了近地表输沙特征。（2）平均输沙率为55.2 kg·m^-1·d^-1,风沙运动的风向以北风、东北风和西北风为主;不同季节差异明显,春季输沙率最大,是年均输沙率的2.5倍,夏季次之,冬季最小。（3）年度平均输沙通量廓线（风沙流结构）呈指数函数递减趋势,部分通量廓线出现了戈壁风沙流的"象鼻效应"。（4）平均净输沙率1.159 kg·m^-1·d^-1,随高度增加呈递减趋势,合成输沙方向为193.2°;不同时段净输沙率随高度的变化基本与全年一致,合成输沙方向随高度增加有从东北向北偏的趋势。综上所述,该区域输沙强度以春季最为强烈,输沙方向以N、NE和NW方向为主,且春、夏两季节分别有一个次输沙方向,为S方向。本研究对于深入理解三垄沙地区风沙运动特征和揭示库姆塔格沙漠沙物质来源有重要意义。     

Constraining Holocene lake levels and coastal dune activity in the Lake Michigan basin

Sediment cores collected from embayed lakes along the east-central coast of Lake Michigan are used to construct aeolian sand records of past coastal dune mobility, and to constrain former lake levels in the Lake Michigan basin. Time series analysis of sand cycles based on the weight-percent aeolian sand within lacustrine sediment, reveals statistically significant spectral peaks that coincide with established lake level cycles in Lake Michigan and the Gleissberg sunspot cycle of minima. Longer cycles of ~ 800 and ~ 2200 years were also identified that correspond to solar cycles. Shorter cycles between 80 and 220 years suggest a link between coastal dune mobility, climate, and lake levels in the Lake Michigan basin. Radiocarbon-dated sedimentary contacts of lacustrine sediment overlying wetland sediment record the Nipissing transgression in the Lake Michigan basin. Lake level rise closely mimics the predicted uplift of the North Bay outlet, with lake level rise slowing when outflow was transferred to the Port Huron/Sarnia outlet. The Nipissing highstand was reached after 5000 cal (4.4 ka) BP.     

中国东南沿海老红砂的研究现状与展望

老红砂是主要分布于我国东南沿海的,呈现以棕红色、红色、橙黄色为主的半胶结中-细砂质沉积物。笔者综述了前人在老红砂的分布与形态、沉积特征、形成机制、发育时代、红化作用、古地理环境等方面的研究成果,认为其为晚更新世沉积物,主体属风成沉积,热带-亚热带湿热季风气候导致的含铁物质分解和氧化是砂体红化的主要原因。根据研究现状,对存在的问题和今后的研究重点做一探讨和展望。     

库布齐沙漠南缘风水交互特征及其对抛物线形沙丘发育的影响

通过对内蒙古库布齐沙漠南缘气象水文数据的监测、多期高分辨率遥感影像的分析以及实地考察,探讨区域风水交互特征及其对抛物线形沙丘形成发育的影响。结果表明：从1970年到2014年,研究区水沙作用方式逐渐由水沙平衡交互转变为流水侵蚀主导,期间叭尔洞沟发生多次高输沙量的洪水,河流大幅度改道,流水对上风向西岸横向沙丘的切割作用使得一部分残余沙丘留在东岸,成为沿岸抛物线形沙丘的初始沙源。在西北风作用下,河床内积累的沙物质通过东岸的输沙沟槽为沿岸抛物线形沙丘提供外来沙源。1970-2014年该区域合成输沙势持续下降,河床积累沙物质逐渐减少,在流水侵蚀主导阶段,洪水对河床沙丘的搬运以及降雨对河道沿岸阶地的坡面侵蚀使得河流对西岸沙丘的截沙作用增强,流水逐渐阻断外来沙源供给,为东岸首先发育新月形沙丘创造条件。随着风沙作用减弱,降水增加,新月形沙丘在植被"翼角固定"的转换机制下逐渐演变为抛物线形沙丘。库布齐沙漠南缘的风水交互作用对叭尔洞沟沿岸抛物线形沙丘形成发育产生较大影响,是区域风沙地貌形成演化的重要因素。     

等效沙厚度研究进展

风、沉积物和地表覆盖是控制沙丘地貌的三大要素.沉积物尤其是沙源供应对沙丘地貌的影响仍有待深入研究.沙丘体积的研究促使了等效沙厚度(equivalent sand thickness,EST)概念的提出.EST研究经历了多个沙丘和亚沙丘尺度2个研究阶段.多个沙丘EST研究发现,EST与沙丘高度之间具有较好的一致性,其与方...     

Deflation rates of different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China

By wind tunnel experiment, we studied the deflation rates of 8 different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China, discussed the sources of aeolian sand and their influence on the development of sand dunes and formation of sand deserts from the view of dynamics of wind erosion. The average deflation rates of 8 typical clastic sediments in the arid regions of China can be arranged in the order of lacustrine sand > alluvial sand > weathered sandstone and shale > pluvial sediments > fluvioglacial sand > weathered granite > slope deposit > glacial sediments. The deflation rates exhibited strong positive correlations with the erodible particle (0.063–2mm) content and sorting features. In contrast, the deflation rates had obvious negative correlations with the contents of silt clay (<0.063 mm) and gravel (>2 mm). According to the deflation rates, the 8 typical clastic sediments can be divided into four categories: (1) lacustrine and alluvial sand, which are readily prone to wind erosion, assumed to be the main source of aeolian sand; (2) weathered sandstone and shale, pluvial sediments and fluvioglacial sand with considerable deflation rates, might be the secondary source of aeolian sand; (3) weathered granite and slope deposit having the lower deflation rates, could supply a little aeolian sand; and (4) glacial sediments with a strong anti-erodibility, could hardly offer any aeolian sand. In addition to the strong wind conditions, the exposure of extensive lacustrine sand induced by the desiccation of inland lake basin, as well as the pre-sorting of clastic sediments by flowing water should be the key factors influencing the development of sand deserts in China. The possible reason the sand deserts in China being mostly distributed around the inland lake basins and along riverbanks could be better understood through sand source analysis.