Labour mobility in the public sector: the impact of job opportunities

This paper investigates the mobility of highly skilled labour, using doctors in public hospitals in Denmark as an example. From the perspective of regional development, the concentration of human capital is one of the contributors to regional growth and consequently to inequality between places, being associated most often with differences in economic growth between regions. The decentralisation of highly skilled public jobs to even out the concentration of human capital could be one way to stimulate growth outside city regions. However, such initiatives are somewhat dependent upon the cooperation of the highly skilled public employees, whose preferences have been little studied thus far. Based on data from a survey of 1600 publicly employed doctors, PLUM regression modelling was applied to test the relative significance of four professional preferences influencing choice of workplace. It was found that professional preferences have different influences on doctors’ choices, depending on their place of residence measured in terms of a location’s population density. The paper concludes that opportunities in employment depend on one’s stage in life and can serve to explain choices and mobility among highly skilled public employees.     

A creativity-led rural renaissance? Amenity-led migration,the creative turn and the uneven development of rural Australia

This paper explores the relationships between amenity, creativity, internal migration processes and economic development in a significant proportion of rural Australia. In developing a predictive and synoptic model of migration attractiveness, we explore the extent to which rural regions and localities have been able to attract ‘creative’ human capital since 2001, the geographic distribution of such gains, and the extent to which ‘creative class’ presence is positively associated with business and employment growth. We find that ‘creative industry’ members find high amenity and high socio-economic status areas of rural Australia attractive places in which to live and work, yet this group's presence is not readily attributable to rural migration processes. Presence of the creative class, together with select rural amenity indicators, are powerful predictors of firm numbers but appear to have little influence over employment creation in rural Australia. Given these findings, the paper argues that building regional development policies around the attraction of the creative class is unlikely to yield major economic development gains.     

The Location of Creativity and U.S. Companies in Germany

This article analyzes how far U.S. companies locate subsidiaries in need of highly skilled staff in state locations in Germany that have a high ranking of creativity. Such locations should provide an especially attractive location for certain “creative” staff, which should be of special interest to U.S. companies in need of highly skilled staff. Analyzing U.S. companies that were established since the year 2000 and with more than fifty staff, we find support for our propositions that nonmanufacturing and organizationally higher rank subsidiaries with a need for urban infrastructure and connectedness are located in creative states in Germany.     

Sectoral Shifts and Occupational Migration in the United States

This research is grounded in notions of differential economic restructuring across employment sectors and geographic space, as well as migration selectivity by occupation. A series of unconstrained competing‐destinations models were employed to analyze the response by workers in thirteen occupational categories to sectoral employment change, average wages, and distance. As was hypothesized, workers in occupations that require high levels of education and skills are more responsive, in terms of migration, to economic opportunities in alternative labor‐market areas. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that highly educated and skilled workers migrate longer distances. Further investigation suggests that opportunities for highly educated and skilled workers may be clustering in relatively few areas that are in relatively close proximity.     

Sectoral Shifts and Occupational Migration in the United States

Abstract

This research is grounded in notions of differential economic restructuring across employment sectors and geographic space, as well as migration selectivity by occupation. A series of unconstrained competing-destinations models were employed to analyze the response by workers in thirteen occupational categories to sectoral employment change, average wages, and distance. As was hypothesized, workers in occupations that require high levels of education and skills are more responsive, in terms of migration, to economic opportunities in alternative labor-market areas. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that highly educated and skilled workers migrate longer distances. Further investigation suggests that opportunities for highly educated and skilled workers may be clustering in relatively few areas that are in relatively close proximity.     

MIGRATION,SENSE OF PLACE,AND NONMETROPOLITAN VITALITY

Across Europe there is a lively policy and academic debate on what the essential conditions are for the development of new economic activities in city-regions. The focus is on knowledge-intensive and creative industries. Different theories (glocalization, clustering, embeddedness, path dependence, "hard" and "soft" location factors) identify the essential factors. In this article, we review debates and theories on these conditions and specifically focus on the different pathways city-regions follow. This results in a set of hypotheses, which are evaluated with empirical evidence from three city-regions: Amsterdam, Birmingham, and Budapest. In each of these city-regions factors can be identified that inhibit the growth of knowledge-intensive and creative industries as well as enable such development. Rather than moving toward a common type of city-region, it is likely that distinctive economic outcomes will be generated due to strengths and assets inherited from the past.     

传统创意群体的流动网络与影响因素——以中国名厨为例

选取厨师创意群体为研究对象,通过对历年《国家名厨》入选厨师流动轨迹数据的收集,借助空间分析和网络分析等方法探究厨师创意群体的空间分布和流动网络特征,在此基础上采用岭回归分析方法揭示影响名厨在中国不同城市流动的主要因素。结果表明：1）中国名厨的出生地和现居地呈现差异化分布特征,不同菜系名厨均在菜系发源地周边形成一定的地域集聚,但部分菜系名厨呈现全国扩散趋势,反映地缘文化和市场因素的共同作用。2）名厨流动网络空间不均衡性明显,并且不同阶段的流动网络存在一定差异,欠发达地区人才流失现象突出,核心名厨群体表现出更高的地方“嵌入性”。3）建立在“学徒制”之上的社会关系网络是影响名厨空间流动的最核心要素,其次是城市餐饮业、服务业和总体经济发展水平,而基础设施和文化娱乐设施等因素影响并不明显,反映厨师群体特殊的社会网络结构、工作性质和文化水平特征。     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

The geography of highly skilled international migration

"The present paper provides a research review of recent literature on international migration by the highly skilled. Its principal aim is to identify the themes which are being discussed, and suggest where research into the subject might best proceed.... [The authors outline] the two most important perspectives in extant research, economic and socio-cultural, [and review] what is known about the geography of migration by the highly skilled.... The paper proposes...a reconceptualisation of migration by the highly skilled as one element in the international movement of expertise."     

Regional Comparisons of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Migration in the 1970s and 1980s: Age and Place Implications*

Over the last thirty years, nonmetropolitan regions across the United States have experienced volatile population shifts ranging from rapid growth to persistent decline. Several authors have suggested that the age structure of the population may contribute to these population trends. In the 1970s, the older baby boomers were entering labor and housing markets, while the younger boomers were enrolling in nonmetropolitan colleges and universities. By the 1980s, this large cohort was aging into a different stage in the life course. This article examines metropolitan and nonmetropolitan population shifts during the 1970s and 1980s within an age‐cohort framework. Using Public Use Microsample data from 1980 and 1990, the analysis explores relationships between housing market, labor market, place characteristics, and the migration flows of different age cohorts. The analysis focuses on cohort‐specific in‐migration to two regions: New England and the Four Corners states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The results are consistent with a life‐course understanding of migration behavior, especially during the late 1970s, with older cohort shifts directed towards nonmetropolitan destinations and younger cohort shifts more influenced by labor and housing‐market variables. The results further demonstrate a large potential for future nonmetropolitan population growth, yet these growth experiences are likely to be regionally differentiated. These results have important policy implications for nonmetropolitan regions.     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

Employment growth,human capital and educational levels: uneven urban and regional development in Denmark 2002–2012

Contemporary studies in urban and regional development stress the importance of large city-regions as key places in modern capitalism taking the form of agglomerations of economic activities by industries, firms and highly skilled people. In this article, we challenge the strong focus on academic human capital in understanding regional growth. We examine to what extent different labour competences and capabilities relate to municipal employment growth using nine stratified, educational categories as proxies for different levels of human capital. Dividing municipalities into four spatial categories ranging from the urban to the peripheral, we conclude that there is a strong spatial distinction of educational structures with an urban bias, and that educational categories other than academic human capital can make an important contribution to our understanding of what drives employment growth on the municipal level.     

基于创意产业区发展的新增长理论新论

创意产业区发展具明显内生增长特征,知识、人力资本和技术外溢等新增长因素成为发展主要动力。相比其他以新经济为主体的产业区,创意产业区发展具一定特殊性,本文认为主要有创意资本对人力资本拓展作用、文化成为知识积累主要方式、政府具确定内生增长路径功能、空间创造“经济再生”神话和网络构成新社会模式等,这些特殊性拓展了新增长理论。     

大都市创意空间识别研究——基于上海市创意企业分析视角

大都市创意产业发展既重构了大都市经济空间与文化社会空间, 又促成了大都市功能提升与结构优化。内城新经济研究认为大都市创意产业发展, 既孕育了创意空间, 又对其有高度依赖, 但是对于创意空间的内涵与认知却众说纷纭。中国发达地区创意空间是否存在, 其发育程度如何, 这正是本文的研究初衷。本文以上海大都市创意企业空间分布为研究对象, 基于创意空间的现实形态结合地统计方法及城市空间结构, 构建了由全局与局部Moran 指数初次判别-回归分析检验与甄别构成的创意空间识别方法。利用上海市第一次与第二次经济普查的企业数据进行分析, 结果表明:①基于GeoDA空间相关性的回归分析与综合判定方法是行之有效的;②2004 年与2008 年上海市各区创意企业在空间关联性上呈正相关, 且表现出集群式空间集聚;③上海创意企业高度集聚于中心城区, 并形成以静安、卢湾为中心的创意空间, 这表明创意空间具有显著的趋大都市中心特性, 但又偏离上海大都市中央商务区, 且有别于国外大都市“多中心”格局, 反映了中国大都市空间结构演变的自身特征。     

Creative industries in the tropics: Reflections on creativity and northeastern Australia as place

This paper explores the concept of creativity and place as relevant to Cairns and Townsville in northeastern Australia. These two provincial cities are key to the economic and population growth of northern Australia and as such are the focus of renewed interest from all levels of government. While the creative industries sector in each location is significant, to date there has been no research specifically exploring the views of industry participants in terms of the creative strengths, impediments and opportunities across the region. Interviews with 38 creative industries participants were completed, revealing the significant benefits and challenges associated with being located in a remote tropical environment where the concept of place is strong. The interviews also reveal a number of potential growth strategies for the sector in each location that have the potential to inform policy and urban development approaches not only in the tropical north of Australia but also more broadly across the country. That is, the findings provide further evidence in support of the need for ongoing research into the particular contributions of regional and rural cities to the global creative economy.     

Are Workers Attracted to Social Interaction Opportunities? A Study of Face-to-Face Contact Opportunities by Occupation and Industry

The spatial structure of a region is known to affect the degree of face-to-face interaction opportunities for a city’s residents. These interaction opportunities are important building blocks in aspects of economic production. To date, though, there is scant empirical evidence linking interaction opportunities to worker locations. In this article, using a spatial measure of social interaction potential (SIP), we seek to discover whether, and by how much, opportunities for interaction differ at home and work locations for workers within different industry and occupation groups in U.S. metropolitan areas. Based on the time-geographic concept of joint accessibility, SIP is sensitive to population and employment densities, as well as travel times associated with worker commutes in a region. We compare SIP at the census tract level of geography both within and between Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) nationally and test SIP distributions by occupation and industrial categories using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. The study finds that several categories of higher skill and creative workers live and work in higher SIP areas. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of knowledge creation that rely on spontaneous face-to-face interaction and also indicate the effect of lifestyle preferences in location choices for highly skilled and arts workers.     

中国数字创意上市挂牌企业空间格局及其影响因素

基于中国数字创意上市企业、新三板挂牌企业数据,运用核密度估计、标准差椭圆、基尼系数、负二项回归模型等方法探究其空间分布特征及影响因素。研究发现：① 数字创意上市挂牌企业总体呈“东密西疏”的空间结构特征,集聚与扩张共存并以集聚为主,且始终保持京津冀、长三角、珠三角等多核心空间集聚形态,空间分布高度不均衡且区域重心北向迁移显著。② 数字创意上市挂牌企业空间分布具有行业异质性,其集聚区域、集聚强度因产业特性和所有制性质不同而存在差异。③ 数字创意上市挂牌企业的空间分异受到集聚经济、基础设施、正式制度、非正式制度因素中的文化活跃度与企业家创新精神、宏观经济环境因素中的全球连通性、金融集聚水平等因素影响,具有明显“高等级城市偏好”。企业空间分异影响因素因产业特性和所有制不同存在差异。     

产业集群的地方嵌入与全球生产网络链接——以上海文化创意产业园区为例

以全球生产网络理论为基础,通过问卷调查和深度访谈法,再现了上海创意产业集群在地方—区域—全球三个不同地理维度的产业链接网络结构和联系强度,运用三角坐标法分别考察上海创意产业在劳动力市场、外部供给、消费市场、合作关系四个产业链环节的地方嵌入性和全球链接性,探讨学习和创新网络的重要作用。研究结果显示：首先,上海创意产业集群在各个产业链环节都表现出很强的地方黏性,尤其是在地方劳动力市场方面,上海创意产业集群的地方嵌入性最为显著。其次,上海创意产业集群的外部链接存在异质性,其中技术类创意部门与文化类创意部门在劳动力市场、消费市场和合作关系等方面均表现出较大差异,本文从知识分化视角出发对以上异质性进行了解释。最后,总结了上海创意产业集群全球生产网络的基本特征及其地方—全球互动关系,为揭示中国大都市地区文化创意产业集群的地方嵌入和全球网络形成机理提供了详实的案例分析。     

THE URBAN LABOR MARKET IN MEXICO: GLOBAL CHANGE,INFORMALITY, AND SOCIAL POLARIZATION

In this study I argue that Mexico's integration into the global economy has increased the dependent nature of its capitalist development and has resulted in the weakening of organized labor and growth of the informal sector. Neoliberal policies in Mexico have accentuated the disparities between the formal and informal sectors and between highly paid skilled workers and those working in unskilled and poorly paid occupations. New forms of geographic dispersion and agglomeration of economic activities contribute to the reproduction of differentiated labor markets in various regions and cities. This is particularly true in those areas most affected by the global economy, such as the major metropolitan areas and the northern regions of the country.

The main changes in the urban labor market associated with economic restructuring in Mexico during the 1980s are analyzed. The paper makes three main points: (1) the ability of the formal sector and especially industry to absorb labor has declined, and there is a clear trend toward a tertiarization of the economy; (2) the informal sector has experienced rapid growth, particularly in small firms and other less productive economic activities; and (3) the occupational structure displays more marginal employment and signs of polarization between the proportions of jobs with the highest and lowest levels of skill.     

创意城市发展模式类型的适应性评价

在创意城市发展模式类型基础上,构建综合模式创意指数,选取与各发展模式相对应的评价指标,运用变异系数权重法和TOPSIS法对江苏各城市创意指数进行适应性评价分析。实证结果表明,综合模式创意指数能够评价中国创意城市发展的状况,对中国创意城市发展模式选择具有一定的指导参考价值。