NIGHT-FROST MODULATION OF NEAR-SURFACE SOIL-WATER ION CONCENTRATION AND THERMAL FIELDS

The modulation of the soil-water ion concentration and thermal fields resulting from night frost is illustrated with data from temperature-electric potential probes in the upper 15 cm of a sandy loam soil. The relative soil-water ion concentration, calculated from soil electric potential observations, aids in the detection of these modulation effects produced by non-conductive heat-mass transfer processes. The apparent thermal diffusivity, calculated from soil-temperature data, further facilitates the detection and analysis of these non-conductive processes. This new technology demonstrates the distorting effects of soil-water advection to the freezing zone, “ice purification” of soil water in the freezing zone and other coupled mass-heat transport effects produced by night frost. The conversion of electric potential observations to a relative index of soil-water ion concentration and the calculation of the apparent thermal diffusivity from the temperature data matrix are demonstrated as effective methods for the detection and analysis of the magnitude and direction of coupled-flow processes. [Key words: electric potential, frost, soil chemistry, soil temperature, thermal diffusivity.]     

THERMALLY DRIVEN SORPTION,DESORPTION, AND MOISTURE MIGRATION IN THE ACTIVE LAYER IN CENTRAL ALASKA

Combined observations of hourly soil temperature and electric potential, the latter converted to a relative index of soil-water solute concentration, yield information on the physical chemistry of near-surface frost effects. Solute concentration near the descending 0° C isotherm in the refreezing active layer above permafrost is divided into three distinct zones: (1) an ion-enriched zone in the unfrozen active layer that precedes the penetrating freezing front; (2) an ion-purified desorbed zone at the freezing front that is the source region of the downward-expelled ions and water; and (3) a hydrologically isolated subfreezing zone of enhanced solute concentration located above the freezing isotherm. High-frequency fluctuations superimposed on these general patterns are traceable to vapor migration driven by surface thermal fluctuations. These effects diminish at temperatures below about -0.4° C, as permeability decreases with soil-ice formation. The combined temperature-solute concentration time series is used to develop sorption curves for the frozen organic and mineral soils, and indicates that approximately half of the pore water present in the mineral soil at -0.4° C had not been converted to ice at -6° C. Gradual soil desiccation over winter appears to result from outward vapor diffusion, possibly through soil cracks. [Key words: Alaska, active layer, frozen ground, soil temperature, soil water, permafrost.]     

Frost-heave properties of saturated compacted silty clay under one-side freezing condition

In seasonally frozen regions, the frost-heave properties of soil play a significant role in its upper-structure performance and durability. To investigate the frost-heave behaviors of saturated, compacted silty clay soil widely used as subgrade material, a series of one-side freezing tests was carried out; and the freezing depth and frozen front effected by the compactness, temperature, overburden pressure, and water-supply condition were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the moving speed of the frozen front and growth rate of the frozen depth are positively correlated. The frost heave is maximum in the frost-heave stability condition. The frost ratio of saturated soil is proportional to the water supply and cooling temperature under a one-side freezing condition. The frost ratio of saturated soil is inversely proportional to the initial compactness of the soil specimen and the overburden pressure.     

钙网蛋白相关信号通路在肿瘤中的研究进展

钙网蛋白（calreticulin,CRT）是参与多种细胞过程的高度保守的内质网伴侣蛋白。1974年,它首次被鉴定为钙离子结合蛋白,随后CRT与肿瘤之间信号通路相关关系被广泛的研究。另外,在人类多种肿瘤中,细胞表面的CRT被认为是1个"促吞噬"信号,由此CRT与癌细胞的巨噬细胞吞噬免疫系统的相关研究,有望为肿瘤综合治疗提供新的理论依据和策略。也有越来越多的证据表明CRT在不同肿瘤中的异常表达,将为CRT成为一种新的肿瘤标志物提供许多依据。以及CRT对各种肿瘤的发展具有很重要的影响且CRT对肿瘤形成和进展的影响取决于细胞类型和临床阶段。     

低干密度盐渍细砂土低温特性试验研究

利用2015年9月采自青海北霍布逊湖区的原土样,自行配比进行了室内盐渍细砂土冻胀试验,研究了低干密度盐渍细砂土的低温特性变化规律,探讨了盐渍细砂土的冻胀机理,集中分析了土的冻缩特性。研究发现低干密度盐渍细砂土在不同含水率条件下土的冻胀规律差异很大。低含水率条件下会有冻缩现象,高含水率条件下只会有冻胀现象,临界含水率（含水率14%）条件下细砂土先出现冻缩,之后随着温度的降低又出现冻胀,且由于温度引起的体积变化均在-28℃～-30℃时达到稳定;土的冻缩随着含盐量增加先呈递增趋势,后又呈递减趋势,在中间含盐量10%达到最大;除临界含水率条件下,盐渍细砂土的冻胀、冻缩均与温度呈三次多项式关系,与含水率呈线性关系。研究结果能够为盐渍土地区的工程建设提供有价值的理论依据。     

A comparison of permafrost prediction models along a section of Trail Ridge Road, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA

The distribution of mountain permafrost along Trail Ridge Road (TRR) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was modeled using ‘frost numbers’ and a ‘temperature of permafrost model’ (TTOP) in order to assess the accuracy of prediction models. The TTOP model is based on regional observations of air temperature and heat transfer functions involving vegetation, soil, and snow; whereas the frost number model is based on site-specific ratios of ground temperature measurements of frozen and thawed degree-days. Thirty HOBO© temperature data loggers were installed near the surface as well as at depth (30 to 85 cm). From mid-July 2008 to 2010, the mean annual soil temperature (MAST) for all surface sites was − 1.5 °C. Frost numbers averaged 0.56; TTOP averaged − 1.8 °C. The MAST was colder on western-facing slopes at high elevations. Surface and deeper probes had similar MASTs; however, deeper probes had less daily and seasonal variation. Another model developed at the regional scale based on proxy indicators of permafrost (rock glaciers and land cover) classified 5.1 km² of permafrost within the study area, whereas co-kriging interpolations of frost numbers and TTOP data indicated 2.0 km² and 4.6 km² of permafrost, respectively. Only 0.8 km² were common among all three models. Three boreholes drilled within 2 m of TRR indicate that permafrost does not exist at these locations despite each borehole being classified as containing permafrost by at least one model. Addressing model uncertainty is important because nutrients stored within frozen or frost-affected soils can be released and impact alpine water bodies. The uncertainty also exposes two fundamental problems: empirical models designed for high latitudes are not necessarily applicable to mountain permafrost, and the presence of mountain permafrost in the alpine tundra of the Colorado Front Range has not been validated.     

Solifluction rates and environmental controls at local and regional scales in central Austria

Solifluction is a widespread periglacial phenomenon. Little is known about present solifluction rates in Austria. The author monitored five solifluction lobes during a four-year period. Annual rates of surface velocity, vertical velocity profiles, depths of movement, and volumetric velocities were quantified using near-surface markers and painted lines. Environmental conditions were assessed using air temperature, soil texture, and ground temperature-derived parameters. The latter were used to estimate the relevance of needle-ice creep, diurnal frost creep, annual frost creep, and gelifluction. The mean surface velocity rates were 3.5–6.1 cm yr^?1 (near-surface markers) and 6.2–8.9 cm yr^?1 (painted lines), respectively, indicating a high relevance of needle-ice creep. The mean depth of movement was 32.5–40 cm. The mean volumetric velocities were 71–102 cm³ cm^?1 yr^?1. Solifluction rates at the five sites did not correlate with each other due to site-specific controls. No statistically significant correlations were quantified between solifluction rates and different environmental parameters due to data gaps and short time series, thus highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring. Nevertheless, the results suggest that longer zero curtain periods, longer seasonal ground thawing periods, later start of the seasonal snow cover, more freeze-thaw cycles, and cooler early summer temperatures promote solifluction.     

Ground Thermal Profiles from Mount Kenya, East Africa

This paper presents and compares ground thermal regimes at 4200 and 4800 m a.s.l. on Mount Kenya's southern aspect. Temperatures were recorded using Tinytalk? data loggers, installed at the ground surface and at depths of 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 50 cm. Temperatures were logged at 2‐hour intervals over a period of 12 months (August 1998 to July 1999). The study is designed to demonstrate near‐surface freeze conditions, which would have implications for contemporary periglacial landform production. Although ground freeze at 4200 m a.s.l. occurs during most nights (c. 70% at 1 cm depth), freeze penetration is restricted to the top 2 to 3 cm, such that no freeze was recorded at 5 cm depth. At 4800 m a.s.l., the diurnal frost frequency at the surface is 365 days (100%), whilst that at 10 cm depth is 165 days (45%). The paper demonstrates that a greater longevity of contemporary thin snow cover at 4800 m a.s.l. permits progressive sub‐surface cooling with depth. However, the near‐surface ground temperature profiles suggest that conditions are not conducive to permafrost development at the sites.     

遥感反演土壤蒸发/植被蒸腾二层模型在华北地区的应用

利用一种可操作的地表蒸散遥感反演二层模型,以我国华北平原为研究区,选择2004年的3月至6月华北地区主要农作物冬小麦的生长季节作为研究时段,利用MODIS遥感卫星数据,结合地面130多个气象台站的空气温湿度实测数据,实现了土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾的反演。采用国家生态网络禹城综合试验站利用涡度相关系统观测的地表总蒸散半小时平均的数据进行了模型验证,结果表明模型估算的地表可利用能量与地面实测数据的相关系数可以达到0.92,均方差为30.4w.m^-2;模型估算的地表总蒸散值与地面实测数据的相关系数为0.85,均方差为21.3 w.m^-2,由此证明了模型的可用性。     

Modelling plant canopy effects on variability of soil temperature and water: model calibration and validation

Temperature conditions and the availability of moisture in the near-surface soil environment drives many important plant and other biological processes. Vegetation, which can be controlled by management, affects the spatial and temporal variability of heat and water in the soil. Land managers need to address the interactions between physical, chemical and biological factors in the near surface, but lack the necessary information. The ability to predict temperature and water within the soil–plant–atmosphere system enhances our ability to evaluate management options and enables better understanding of interactions between surface processes and the atmosphere. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) Model, a detailed model of heat and water movement in a plant–snow–residue–soil system, was applied to 2 full years of data on semi-arid sagebrush rangeland to simulate vegetation effects on the spatial and temporal variation of soil temperature and water. Minor calibration was necessary to match the drop in measured soil water potential as the soil dried in the late spring and early summer. The model accounted for over 93% of the variation in average daily soil temperature for a sagebrush-covered area and over 96% of the variation in temperature for a bare soil surface for 2 years. Rapid changes in surface water potential and drying of the soil profile as simulated by the model closely tracked measured observations.     

MUDBOIL AND ICE‐WEDGE DYNAMICS INVESTIGATED BY ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY,GROUND TEMPERATURES AND SURFACE MOVEMENTS IN SVALBARD

Arctic tundra surfaces are dominated by a variety of patterned ground forms. Whereas a large number of studies have described morphology, structure and processes of patterned ground, few have monitored detailed patterned ground dynamics and subsurface environments continuously. We applied electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to understand near‐surface conditions of two types of patterned ground, ice‐wedge polygons and mudboils in Svalbard, where periglacial processes associated with permafrost are intensively monitored. Automated monitoring shows surface movement characterized by annual cycles of frost heave and thaw settlement, the amounts and rates of which are influenced by the intensity of ice segregation. A time series of ERT shows (1) a distinct resistivity boundary delimiting the active‐layer depth, (2) seasonal variation in resistivity controlled by thermo‐hydrological dynamics and (3) spatial variation in resistivity reflecting desiccation in summer and intensive ice segregation in winter. These results demonstrate ERT as a useful complementary technique for monitoring active‐layer depths and near‐surface hydrological conditions at periglacial patterned ground sites, where automated soil thermal and moisture measurements are limited.     

坏囿矿化度地下水灌溉对民勤土壤环境的影响

通过野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了民勤绿洲农田不同矿化度(0.8g·L-1、2.0g·L-1和5.0g· L-1)地下水灌溉对土壤环境的影响.结果表明:随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,生长季水分消耗量逐渐降低,土壤总孔隙度和土壤有机质含量逐渐下降,而土壤有效水含量和土壤电导率则逐渐增加.当灌溉水矿化度为0.8g·L-1时,收获后土壤中上层(0～60 cm)电导率比播种前明显降低,而底层(60～90 cm)电导率略有增加,即淡水灌溉的淋溶作用明显;当灌溉水矿化度为2.0g,L-1时,生长季中的灌水依然对土壤盐分有淋溶作用,但明显弱于淡水的淋溶效果,收获后土壤盐分有明显的表聚现象;当灌溉水矿化度为5.0g·L-1时,收获后在0～60 cm深度电导率明显增加,在60～90 cm深度没有明显变化.     

焉耆县滴灌条件下土壤水热盐的动态变化特征

为了揭示焉耆县良种场的土壤水热盐动态变化,对有膜覆盖和无膜覆盖条件下各土壤层进行水热盐的系统观测和单因素方差分析及相关性分析。结果表明：（1）土壤温度的日变化呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,有膜各层土壤温度高于相对应的无膜各层土壤温度,各层土壤温度和大气温度变化趋势一致。（2）有膜各层土壤盐分要高于相对应的无膜各层土壤盐分,表层土壤水分小于底层,有膜10～20 cm土壤水分含量比较低,无膜10～50 cm土壤水含量比较接近;滴灌后,土壤水分和盐分经历快速下降和缓慢下降两个过程。由于文献对于有膜覆盖与无膜覆盖条件下土壤水热盐变化的研究相对较少,文章通过研究焉耆县农田生育期有膜和无膜条件下土壤水热盐的变化特征,为研究区土壤盐渍化的防治提供科学依据。     

Soil temperatures and stability of ice-cemented ground in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Year-round temperature measurements at 1600 m elevation during 1994 in the Asgard Range Antarctica, indicate that the mean annual frost point of the ice-cemented ground, 25 cm below the surface, is -21.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C and the mean annual frost point of the atmosphere is -27.5 +/- 1.0 degrees C. The corresponding mean annual temperatures are -24.9 degrees C and -23.3 degrees C. These results imply that there is a net flux of water vapour from the ice to the atmosphere resulting in a recession of the ice-cemented ground by about 0.4-0.6 mm yr-1. The level of the ice-cemented permafrost is about 12 cm below the level of dry permafrost. The summer air temperatures would have to increase about 7 degrees C for thawing temperatures to just reach the top of the subsurface ice. Either subsurface ice at this location is evaporating over time or there are sporadic processes that recharge the ice and maintain equilibrium over long timescales.     

Artificially frozen ground and related engineering technology in Japan

Since the 1970's, frozen ground has been developing near the Tokyo Bay area around liquefied natural gas(LNG) inground storage tanks. For disaster prevention purposes, the tanks are constructed below the ground surface. Since the temperature of the liquid stored in the tanks is -162℃ the soil surrounding the tanks freezes. Since this frozen ground has existed for almost half a century, we have permafrost near Tokyo. The development of artificial frozen ground may cause frost heaving, resulting in frost heave forces that may cause structural damage of adjacent LNG in-ground storage tanks.Therefore, the demand for frozen ground engineering increased and consequently we now have advanced technology in this area. Fortunately, we use this engineering technology and artificial ground freezing for civil engineering, especially in big and crowded cities like Tokyo. This paper provides a summary of the testing apparatus, test methods, and assessment methods for frost heaving.     

季节性冻融对盐荒地水盐运移的影响及调控

季节性冻融是干旱区土壤盐碱化形成的主要驱动因子,但冻融过程中土壤水盐耦合关系及热量调控机理仍不清楚。通过分析2009年11月～2010年5月新疆玛纳斯河流域典型盐荒地季节性冻融过程中土壤剖面160 cm以内的水分、盐分和温度动态变化,探讨了不同土层冻融过程中水热盐的耦合关系。结果表明：土壤最大冻结深度为150 cm左右,表土层（0～40 cm）温度与气温关系密切;土壤剖面水分呈现“C”型垂直分布,表土层和底土层（100～160 cm）含水量较大,而心土层（40～100 cm）含水量不足10%,土层平均含水率在冻融前期增加了12.91%,而在初蒸期减少了10.01%;土壤剖面盐分在冻结期和初蒸期表聚作用明显,心土层和底土层含盐量稳定,土壤剖面含盐量表现为“积盐-脱盐-再积盐”的变化过程。水热盐之间具有高度协同性,心土层和底土层表现为水盐相随、而表土层为水去盐留的耦合特征,热量传输是调控水盐运移的关键因素。     

生态垫覆盖对沙漠土壤水分和温度的影响

在流动沙丘迎风坡覆盖生态垫后,通过对土壤水分和温度的连续观测发现：在生态垫覆盖林地的生长季内,表层0—20 cm的土壤温度和20—60 cm的土壤含水量受覆盖影响最明显。覆盖与未覆盖生态垫的流动沙丘相比,可提高20—40 cm处土壤含水量为56%,提高40—60 cm处土壤含水量58%;7月可降低土壤表层温度14.27℃,且覆盖后土壤各层之间温度变化平缓,对10 cm以下土壤有保温作用。     

夏季不同土壤湿度和天气背景条件下绿洲土壤温湿特征的个例分析

 利用在甘肃省酒泉金塔地区开展的“绿洲沙漠能量和水分循环观测试验(JTEX)”获得的2005年5—7月的补充观测资料,分析了在不同土壤湿度和天气背景条件下的夏季绿洲农田土壤温、湿场特征。结果表明：一般来说,对于5—40 cm深度的土壤,随着深度的增加其湿度也随之增加。5 cm、10 cm的土壤湿度具有明显的日变化,且在中午时最为湿润;20 cm土壤湿度的日变化幅度小于上两层,变化趋势却与5 cm的相反;40 cm土壤湿度的日变化不明显。晴天浅层的土壤湿度日变化大于阴天。晴天个例中,土壤湿度较大时,5 cm土壤在白天比10 cm的湿润;当土壤较为干燥时,全天浅层土壤湿度都小于较深层的。各层土壤温度在一个中心值周围分布, 40 cm深度以上土壤温度均具有明显的日变化;土壤温度的极值出现时间滞后于地表温度,离地面的距离越大,峰值出现的时间比地表温度滞后的越长,且变化幅度越小。晴天的土壤湿度越小,浅层土壤湿度日变化幅度就越大,各层土壤温度也就越高。土壤深层基本不受天气情况的影响,但受灌溉的影响较大。     

Evidence for warmer event from quartz grains in the soil of Grove Mountains,East Antarctica

<正> The cold desert soil has been discovered at first time in southern ridge ofMount Harding,Grove Mountains of interior East Antarctica Ice Sheet.Based on themicro structural observation,dominant characteristics of quartz grains include:dis-tinct surface stria and fractures,and clean features of frost action at both of crystalmargins and micro crannies of quartz grains.These features show a pedogenesis envi-ronment of few water,short transportation and frost action,revealing a warmer climat-ic event existed in this region.     

西北干旱区绿洲不同灌溉制度的数值模拟

运用耦合了包含土壤－植被－水文－积雪参数化的陆面过程的非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5,将水平分辨率提高到1km,在“我国西北干旱区绿洲不同水量灌溉对环境影响的数值模拟”一文的基础上,通过数值模拟的方式,运用保持土壤体积含水量稳定的方法确定灌溉制度的方法研究了我国西北干旱区绿洲7月下旬在不同灌溉制度滴灌下土壤、径流与近地层大气的不同变化状况。结果表明：1. 当按50m³/hm²/天的水量进行隔天灌溉,或隔4天灌溉一次,土壤体积含水量不能保持稳定,需要补充灌溉才能保证其稳定,所以这样的灌溉制度不适合于7月下旬的河西绿洲。2. 均匀施灌10天,每天施灌50m³/hm²;施灌5天,隔一天施灌100m³/hm²,以及隔4天施灌一次,每次灌水250m³/hm²这三种灌溉制度中,前者形成的径流最小,土壤湿度变化幅度也最稳定,所以是最优的灌溉制度。但是现实生活中由于设备、人力等一系列客观条件限制,每天平均施灌的灌溉制度难以实现,可以采取相近的灌溉制度,如隔天施灌,尽量缩短两次灌溉间隔时间,每次所需的灌溉量很小,使得滴灌水量最大程度地转化为土壤水,减少地表径流的产生。所以说,为了不造成水资源的浪费,应该在选取合适灌溉水量的基础上,依合理的施灌制度进行灌溉,这样的水其利用率会比较高,达到节水灌溉的功效,从而为干旱区节约有限的水资源。