Nonprofit Foundations and Grassroots Organizing: Reshaping Urban Governance

Collaborative urban governance has increased the role of community organizations in local decision-making processes. These organizations need financial resources in order to participate in urban governance. In this article, I examine the impact of foundation grants on the relationships and agendas of four community organizations in one neighborhood in St. Paul, Minnesota. Drawing on interviews, observations of organizations, and archival research, I demonstrate that in the 1990s, nonprofit foundations had a significant impact on the formation of new organizations and on their agendas in the neighborhood. Foundations are, therefore, an important player in urban governance, shaping a “neighborhood policy regime.”     

Digitizing the Dragon Head,Geo-Coding the Urban Landscape: GIS and the Transformation of China's Urban Governance

While local governments have been one of the major user groups of GIS, there is still little research on how GIS development in local government might be intertwined with urban governance, particularly in non-Western contexts. Drawing upon insights from GIS implementation, critical GIS, and governmentality studies, this article seeks to bridge this gap by examining the implications of Chinese urban government GIS practices amidst China's changing urban governance. Through an in-depth case study of Shenzhen, this article analyzes how urban GIS has been transformed from a practice involving internal organizational workflow automation, into a more active dimension of the governance of urban spaces—reflected in the expanding practice of “geo-coding” the urban landscape. “Geo-coding” here refers to a broadly defined spatial practice of carving and reconstructing a rational urban space. GIS practices have constituted a particular form of geographic rationality that seeks to govern at a distance while simultaneously regulating the urban environment, intersecting with the broader transformations of China's urban governance. These GIS developments have been largely government-centric rather than citizen-centric, yet they provide possibilities for new forms of spatial knowledge production for citizen participation in urban governance.     

Nonprofit Foundations and Grassroots Organizing: Reshaping Urban Governance*

Collaborative urban governance has increased the role of community organizations in local decision‐making processes. These organizations need financial resources in order to participate in urban governance. In this article, I examine the impact of foundation grants on the relationships and agendas of four community organizations in one neighborhood in St. Paul, Minnesota. Drawing on interviews, observations of organizations, and archival research, I demonstrate that in the 1990s, nonprofit foundations had a significant impact on the formation of new organizations and on their agendas in the neighborhood. Foundations are, therefore, an important player in urban governance, shaping a “neighborhood policy regime.”     

基于层次分析的城市水环境治理综合效益评价——以武汉市为例

从生态、经济和社会3个维度全面分析城市水环境治理效益并进行综合评价.以武汉市为例构建包括3项二级指标和27项3级指标的评价体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)和线型加权模型进行分析与评价;在此基础上,结合外部性理论,对武汉市水环境治理综合效益进行评价,结论如下:(1)生态效益水平的提高是城市水环境治理最直接的影响;(2)城市水环境治理经济效益及社会效益比重接近总效益水平的50％,凸显了水环境治理效益的正外部性以及政府建立合理的水环境治理机制的必要性;(3)从经济效益来看,武汉市水环境治理对于房地产及旅游业的影响最为明显;(4)水环境治理社会效益不明显,反映了公众对政府水环境治理认同感及自身环保意识的欠缺.据此,对改善城市水环境治理机制提出了对策建议.     

关于全球性水资源危机若干问题的探讨

本文以水资源的开发利用率作为评价指标,探讨和预测了全球以及10个人口大国水资源利用的现状和远景。作者认为:(1)日本、美国等发达国家,由于重视对水资源的规划、管理和节约,基本上已实现提取水量的零增长,水危机威胁得以解除;(2)孟加拉、印尼、俄罗斯和巴西4国水资源特别丰富,总体而言不存在危机;(3)印度、中国、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦4国是缺水国家,需要特别重视水资源的合理化利用,加强节水措施。     

Public Targets,Private Choices: Urban Climate Governance in the Pacific Northwest

A survey of local governments participating in two urban climate change programs is presented to determine the mechanisms used to reach emissions reduction goals and the motivations for participation. Results support previous research that shows a preference for policies that rely on changes in individual behavior, while also providing new insights into how mitigation responsibilities are distributed among the public and private sector and the relative importance of scientific consensus, economic incentives, and federal inaction on local government justification for climate-related policies. The article concludes with a discussion of urban climate governance as part of a wider system of neoliberal climate governance.     

中国城市水土保持研究综述

本文系统回顾了10多年来我国城市水土保持研究进展。首先从城市水土保持研究的阶段划分入手,将研究历程分为1995-1999年的问题导向型研究阶段和2000年至今的目标导向型研究阶段,并分析了不同阶段我国城市水土保持研究的重点和特色;其次,根据城市水土保持研究的理论框架从理论基础研究、形成机制研究、状况评价研究、保持措施研究四个方面进行了归纳与总结,另外对相关学科和理论发展也进行了介绍;最后,总结当前城市水土保持研究所存在的问题,提出结合城市土地利用开展基于城市水土保持的功能导向型研究,对未来研究发展的主要趋势和重点问题进行了探讨。     

The Suburbanization of Water Scarcity in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region: Sociodemographic and Urban Changes Influencing Domestic Water Consumption

The metropolitan region of Barcelona is facing change in urban development patterns, sociodemographic structures, and domestic water use and management. In recent years, several drought alerts have been enacted and water restrictions applied, uncovering the fragile equilibrium between the demand and the supply of this resource. We find the literature on determinants of domestic water consumption to be strongly biased toward the effects of economic instruments in the suburban Anglo-American world. Therefore, we widen the scope of determinants by including sociodemographic and territorial variables for the mixed urban model of the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Our results show the relevance of residential land uses for water consumption and can be taken as a guide for developing different urban water policies for different urban forms.     

城市体检视角下城市治理现代化的新机制与路径

首先探索了城市体检治理的新模式,明确了涵盖“市?区?镇街?社区”不同尺度行政主体纵向传导、横向联动的规范化城市体检组织模式。其次,基于“指标设计?征求意见?指标筛选?指标确认”4个步骤完善城市体检指标体系,提出了数据收集的标准化、模块化工作思路。再次,城市体检的指标评价应坚持多维度、差异性、定量定性相结合等原则,以六维分析法为基础对城市问题进行识别与诊断。另外,城市体检的公众参与过程需要充分体现市民的知情权、参与权和监督权。城市政府需要搭建市民深度参与的常态化、共治型治理平台,各部门需要以问题为导向,开展协同式、全周期系统治理,最终推动建立全社会共建共治共享的常态化工作机制。     

基于社会水循环概念的水资源管理理论探讨

在剖析目前水资源管理定义之缺陷的基础上,引入社会水循环概念,提出了水资源管理的定义:水资源管理是以构建良性社会水循环、实现水资源可持续利用为目的,政府有关部门依据水法调控社会水循环各循环要素所实施的行政管理。并依据社会水循环的概念框架,简要阐述了水资源管理的主要内容。     

城中村非正规住房的形成机理与管治——以深圳市为例

城中村非正规住房在快速城市化地区普遍存在。以深圳市为例,在梳理城中村非正规住房发展演化过程的基础上,探讨快速城市化地区城中村非正规住房的形成机理与管治对策。研究发现,城中村非正规住房的形成与发展是政策力、市场力和社区力相互作用的结果,处于不同发展阶段的非正规住房,各种动力的大小和方向存在差异。在此基础上,提出城中村非正规住房的管治方向与措施。     

Public Participation in Rural Environmental Governance around the Water Source of Xiqin Water Works in Fujian

Public participation is an important way to improve the overall effect and social recognition of rural environmental governance in water source areas. Public participation makes environmental governance measures more targeted and effective, contributes to protecting the basic environmental rights of the public, and makes it easier to meet the livelihood needs of rural people. Public participation in rural environmental governance in water source areas is characterized by complex behavior and is dependent on public willingness to participate. Amongst other factors, it is subject to the combined influences of both internal (psychological cognition) and external (environmental regulation) conditions. This paper builds a theoretical framework for understanding public participation behavior in rural environmental governance, and uses it to analyze a case in the rural area surrounding the Xiqin Water Works in Fujian Province. In the case study, the public shows high willingness to participate, but low actual rates of participation. At the same time, the willingness of villagers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding varies greatly from village to village, and there are also noticeable individual differences in public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste. We found that gender, understandings of environmental protection and perception of environmental regulation, play a key role in influencing the willingness of farmers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding. Individual awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection facility conditions, and environmental service quality had a significant influence on public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste.