基于居民出行行为的北京市交通碳排放影响机理

近年来低碳城市逐渐成为众多学科关注的焦点所在,国内外学者从多个角度对其开展一系列的理论与实证研究,但从微观层面深入探讨城市交通碳排放的影响机理的研究相对较为缺乏。利用北京市居民活动日志调查获取的第一手数据,基于居民日常出行行为计算微观层面的城市交通碳排放,并采用结构方程模型深入挖掘居住空间、个体行为以及交通碳排放三者之间的内在关系。结果表明,出行距离、机动出行概率对交通碳排放产生显著的正效应,而出行频率的影响并不显著;同时,出行结构的影响要远远大于出行总量的影响。另外,城市空间结构对城市交通碳排放产生显著影响,单位社区居民的出行行为整体具有“低碳”性质,应从低碳视角对单位社区进行重新审视。     

不同类型社区绿地规模和结构对居民心理健康的影响——以上海市郊区为例

以上海市郊区为案例地区,综合问卷调查和多源绿地数据,构建有序Logit模型分析高档、低档、近郊、远郊4类社区的社区内外绿地规模与结构对居民心理健康的影响。结果发现：1）不同社区的绿地数量与结构存在显著差异。高低档社区内的绿地差异大于近远郊社区;近郊社区的周边绿地数量优于远郊社区,但公园绿地可达性更差。2）提高社区内乔木和灌木比例、增加社区周边公园绿地可达性对心理健康有正向影响。3）低档社区居民的心理健康受到社区内植被覆盖和公园绿地可达性的显著影响,而高档社区居民对绿地空间的作用不敏感。4）近郊社区居民受到周边绿地规模和社区内植被覆盖的影响,而远郊社区绿地率和公园绿地的可达性对居民心理健康有显著作用。最后,提出对于低档和近郊社区首先需要关注社区内的绿地规划,对于高档和远郊社区应注重社区内外的绿地平衡的建议。     

Food Deserts in the Prairies? Supermarket Accessibility and Neighborhood Need in Edmonton,Canada*

The U.S. and U.K. literatures have discussed “food deserts,” reflecting populated, typically urban, low‐income areas with limited access to full‐service supermarkets. Less is known about supermarket accessibility within Canadian cities. This article uses the minimum distance and coverage methods to determine supermarket accessibility within the city of Edmonton, Canada, with a focus on high‐need and inner‐city neighborhoods. The results show that for 1999 both of these areas generally had higher accessibility than the remainder of the city, but six high‐need neighborhoods had poor supermarket accessibility. We conclude by examining potential reasons for differences in supermarket accessibility between Canadian, U.S., and U.K. cities.     

Long-Term Appreciation of Owner-Occupied Single-Family House Prices in Milwaukee Neighborhoods

Annual price indices of owner-occupied single-family houses are estimated for 111 neighborhoods in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for the period of 1971-1993 using hedonic price methods controlling for quality differences across housing units. The rates of price appreciation vary significantly from neighborhood to neighborhood. During the 22-year study period, nominal house prices in some neighborhoods increased more than 500%, whereas those in others decreased. In general, the neighborhoods close to each other exhibit similar price movements. In some cases, however, there are sharp differences between the neighborhoods when strong boundaries, such as a river or an expressway, exist between them even though the physical distance between them is small. Poor neighborhoods generally have experienced low appreciation rates, although the racial composition and the crime rate in the neighborhood seem to contribute the differential as well.     

Can community gardens and farmers' markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton,Canada

This article integrates community gardens and farmers' markets into a spatial analysis of food deserts in the City of Edmonton, Canada. Our results show that community gardens and farmers' markets can improve fresh food accessibility and help relieve food desert problems to some extent, especially for mature, inner-suburban neighborhoods. However, based on the minimum road network distance and high need indicators, four neighborhoods throughout the city can still be considered as food deserts even after farmers' markets and community gardens are taken into consideration. Regression results reveal that community gardens tend to cluster with supermarkets, so that neighborhoods that have poor access to supermarkets also tend to have limited access to community gardens.     

Developing a GIS-Based Online Survey Instrument to Elicit Perceived Neighborhood Geographies to Address the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem

Although neighborhood factors have been consistently associated with health, technological difficulties in eliciting self-defined neighborhoods from large cohorts have compromised the interpretability of this research. Here, we offer a mixed-methods approach to elicit and validate self-defined neighborhoods. Participants used a customized Google.Maps interface to “draw” their neighborhood and answered questions about perceived map accuracy, neighborhood definition, and neighborhood activities. We compared geographic concordance of drawn and narrative neighborhood definitions, quantified differential accuracy by demographic characteristics, and examined factors influencing neighborhood definitions. We found similar geographic concordance between narrative and mapped boundaries in two cities, with no differences by neighborhood size. Self-reported neighborhoods had greater concordance with larger administrative areas (e.g., police precincts) than for smaller units (e.g., census tracts). To delineate their neighborhood boundaries, participants reported using administrative definitions, walking distance, their familiarity with people and structures, where they spend time, and physical landmarks. In New York City, participants also reported considering sociodemographic characteristics and transportation. Our method demonstrates the feasibility of collecting perceived (egocentric) neighborhoods through online mapping surveys, adaptable to many study settings.     

基于巡回的北京市居民出行时空间决策的社区分异

国内以往关于城市空间结构与居民出行行为之间关系的研究主要建立在出行角度的分析之上,以巡回作为基本单元,从出行决策视角探讨居民出行时空间决策社区分异的研究尚少见报导。利用2007年北京市居民活动日志调查获取的第一手数据,构建基于巡回的出行时空间决策概念模型,并采用嵌套Logit对北京市居民工作日出行时空间决策的社区分异进行探讨。结果表明:居民巡回类型决策的社区分异较为显著,但会随出行目的变化而发生较大变化;巡回中主要活动起始时间决策的社区分异并不显著,但起始时间与活动类型存在较强的内在联系;出行距离及交通方式决策的社区分异较为显著,对单位社区及政策性住房社区应给予更多的研究和关注。     

多尺度建成环境对居民通勤出行碳排放的影响——来自广州的实证研究

通勤出行碳排放是城市交通碳排放的主要来源。然而,现有研究很少关注不同地理尺度建成环境对居民通勤出行碳排放的影响差异,且尚未得出一致的结论。本文基于居民出行调查数据和多层次混合效应模型对广州多尺度建成环境对居民通勤出行碳排放的影响进行了实证研究。研究发现：在控制居住自选择效应之后,居民通勤出行碳排放具有明显的空间差异,这些差异是由社区间的建成环境差异所导致的。在不同尺度建成环境中,社区尺度的建成环境对居民通勤出行碳排放的影响最显著。而且,居住地建成环境对通勤出行碳排放的影响比工作地建成环境的影响显著。对建成环境进行规划干预应更多着眼于居民所居住的社区以及与居民日常出行活动联系紧密的社区15分钟步行生活圈。虽然实证案例社区的选取可能存在局限性,但研究结论可为构建低碳城市空间结构、引导居民出行行为转变和制定具有针对性的低碳交通与土地利用政策提供一定的科学理论依据。     

盗窃者犯罪出行距离的特征及其影响因素——基于居住社区、作案社区及出行物理障碍的综合考虑

从犯罪出行距离的角度研究犯罪行为,有助于更好地理解犯罪发生的机理。已有研究主要探讨作案社区的特征对犯罪者出行距离的影响,尚未综合考虑作案地、居住社区与作案社区差异及出行物理障碍(physical barrier)影响。论文以中国南方某特大城市为例,构建考虑个体层与作案社区层特征的多层线性回归模型,探究盗窃者犯罪出行距离的影响因素。研究发现：(1)相比作案社区层,个体层的变量对犯罪出行距离的影响更大;(2)出行物理障碍变量会提高模型的解释力,犯罪出行跨越的物理障碍越多,则出行距离越远,且它会影响作案社区中地铁、超市、银行对犯罪出行距离的作用;(3)居住社区与作案社区之间的环境差异对犯罪出行距离有影响,居住社区中的公交站、学校、超市越多,地铁站越少,犯罪者的出行距离越近。研究结论可以为犯罪者的地理画像与警务防控提供理论支撑。     

The role of socio-economic status and spatial effects on fresh food access: Two case studies in Canada

This article comprehensively explores the effects of socio-economic status on residents' fresh food access in Saskatoon and Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Spatial effects potentially resulting from agglomeration of food retailers and clustering of neighborhoods with similar characteristics have been integrated into analysis using spatial regression models. Key findings include: areas with a larger percentage of population density, single-parent households, senior populations, higher educational populations, and minority groups tend to have higher access to supermarkets and local grocery stores, although the effects vary by city. Areas with higher private car access are more inclined to be farther from these food retailers, meanwhile the influence of public transportation is found to be insignificant in both cities. Regression results demonstrate that ignoring spatial interaction leads to overestimates of the true disparities when investigating food-access inequality among residents with different socio-economic status.     

市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究

基于北京市9个不同类型中低收入社区的600位就业者的问卷调查数据,通过构建多元线性回归模型,验证了住房机会（住房搬迁机会）以及就业机会（工作单位类型）等市场转型过程中的制度性因素对中低收入者就业可达性的影响。研究表明,北京市中低收入居民中,国有企业单位及非国有企业单位就业者相对于行政事业单位就业者,显著地承受更大程度的职住分离,体现出单位制度残留的持续影响。由于政府保障性住房项目而搬迁的中低收入居民职住分离程度最大,而因个人原因发生居住搬迁的中低收入者职住距离则相对较近。拥有北京市户口的本地内生型中低收入者、非户主低收入者、男性低收入者的职住分离程度显著更大。最后,北京市中低收入者的月收入与其职住距离成显著正相关,表明市场因素开始发挥作用,但当考虑了住房搬迁机会变量后,部分市场化因素的影响不仅减弱并且变得不显著,而制度性因素的影响变得更强且统计上显著。由此说明,对于转型期的城市中低收入者而言,计划经济下再分配制度的残留与路径依赖以及城市空间的结构性调整对其职住关系的影响更为显著。     

The Assassination of New York. Bob Fitch; From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment. Gregory D. Squires,editor; At Road’s End Transportation and Land Use Choices for Communihs. Daniel Carlson et al.

This study disentangles the relationship between income and real estate value development in Dutch urban neighborhoods. Within the literature on upgrading and downgrading, it is often assumed that neighborhood income and real estate value development are strongly linked. The results reported here—based on research in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Tilburg—indicate that income and real estate values develop simultaneously in only a relatively small number of neighborhoods, which are at the top and bottom of the housing market hierarchy. The majority reveal a more complex relationship: a number of neighborhoods show a time lag between the trends, whereas in other neighborhoods income and real estate values show partially diverging trends. Several tentative explanations are offered for the complex relationship, and stress the importance of place-specific knowledge. Three points of attention are suggested for further research: understanding the role of household dynamics, the position of neighborhoods within their urban system, and the role of the state and housing associations in neighborhood change.     

Measuring Food Deserts via GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Making: The Case of Tehran

The purpose of this article is to identify food deserts using a geographic information system (GIS)-based multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach in the city of Tehran. We have found that, compared to technocratic methods, GIS-based MCDM and taking into account people or their agents' opinions in the food deserts analysis leads to different results. Whereas measuring food deserts based on the distance to large retail food stores indicated that a large part of the northern neighborhoods of Tehran do not have access to large food stores, identifying the food desert through the GIS-based MCDM approach revealed that northern neighborhoods of Tehran have relatively good access to healthy, affordable food. In addition, results indicated that individual factors have a more effective role than environmental factors in food accessibility. Food accessibility analysis revealed that more than 26.6 percent of Tehran's people (2,049,796) are living in very low and low food accessibility areas. Accordingly, to achieve a relatively healthy and inclusive food environment, establishment of a food council, development of mobile food markets and farmers' markets, extension of public transport, enhancement of food literacy, and community-based development of small full-service grocery stores, especially in southern and western sections of Tehran, should be pursued. In addition, addressing Tehran's food desert issues would be incomplete without due attention to the wider political and economic environment.     

Food deserts? Healthy food access in Amsterdam

Healthy food environments are imperative for public health. Access to supermarkets that offer wholesome food products at low prices varies across space and over socioeconomic status and ethnic neighborhoods. This research examined food inequalities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Supermarket accessibility was calculated and linked to property prices and the share of native Dutch people on a geographic micro-scale with a spatial resolution of 100 meters. Mann–Whitney tests and Spearman correlations were used to test differences and associations between accessibility, property prices, and the share of natives per area. The spatially explicit contextual neural gas approach was used for data clustering. The results show access differences in supermarkets in favor of areas with high property prices and those areas with a large share of native Dutch people. The correlations indicate that low-priced areas and those with a low share of native Dutch people have a lower supermarket density, but the results are the opposite when proximity to and variety of supermarkets are examined. The clustering revealed no evidence of undersupplied areas. Pronounced inequalities in access to healthy food could not be confirmed. On the basis of this analysis, there is no urgent need for policymakers to intervene in the geographies of supermarkets.     

Food security,remoteness and consolidation of supermarket distribution centres: Factors contributing to food pricing inequalities across Queensland,Australia

There is a clear association between food prices, affordability and issues of food security. Australian food supply chains have lengthened in recent years in response to consolidation policies of the dominant supermarkets, which have reduced the number of distribution centres in order to maximise economic efficiencies. This study presents a spatial analysis of a healthy food basket survey undertaken across Queensland, Australia in order to identify the primary determinants of food pricing. Ambiguity in the academic literature on this subject is largely due to limitations of the utilised methods. Our results indicate that food price variability is directly related to the type of store surveyed, and the distance of the surveyed store to the supermarket distribution centres in Brisbane, or urban centres on the east coast of Australia. Population size of towns and the level of social disadvantage observed in communities were indirect determinants of food prices. Therefore, in order to lessen the disadvantage already encountered by communities located in outer regional and remote areas who pay increasingly more for food than their urban counterparts, policy interventions need to move beyond subsiding food costs and consider the relationship between fuel prices and the lengthening of dominant food supply chains, in addition to the capacity of local supply chains.     

基于计划行为理论的城市居住分异对居民健康活动的影响研究

虽然国内外大量研究探讨了居住环境与健康关系,但较少将城市地理学与社会心理学结合,从理性行为角度分析居住环境对居民身体活动的影响机制。论文引入计划行为理论的分析框架,以中国居住空间分异的特殊性为切入点,以南京为实证对象,运用结构方程模型解析居民态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制和行为意向对居民身体活动的影响路径。结果表明：传统社区、单位社区、保障房社区、城中村和商品房小区的居民社会经济特征和健康活动存在明显差异。影响居民健身意向和健身活动的最重要因素为知觉健身行为控制强度感知。消减居民健身的主观限制,包括为其提供健身设备、公共健身资源和对健身进行补贴,可提升其健身活动水平。研究结果可为通过改善建成环境进行健康行为的主动干预提供对策建议。     

Comparing Measures of Accessibility to Urban Supermarkets for Transit and Auto Users

Research on access to healthy foods often emphasizes the spatial proximity of residents to food stores like supermarkets as a way to gauge overall accessibility. Much of the literature has focused on locating the closest facility, assuming that access to one food store is sufficient. Given evidence that access to multiple healthy food stores can improve diets, however, this article examines how closest facility measures differ from cumulative opportunity accessibility measures across space in a medium-sized U.S. city. Differences in access between automobile and transit riders, using realistic travel time costs, are also considered. Results demonstrate that the two types of accessibility measures produce different accessibility geographies and that there are disparities in access for those dependent on transit. These findings indicate that researchers should carefully consider whether access to one supermarket opportunity is enough and pay special attention to the mode residents rely on to access food.     

Travel From Home: An Economic Geography of Commuting Distances in Montreal

The question of how home and workplace are linked through commuting is at the heart of much recent work on metropolitan areas. However, the emphasis tends to be either on spatial-economic models or on the impact of empirically measured individual, household, neighborhood, and transport mode characteristics; relatively little work has focused on job characteristics and place of employment as they relate to travel to work. In this article, I investigate whether people travel different distances to access different types of job location, with particular attention to the different distances traveled by men and women. My points of reference are the major employment centers (poles) in the Montreal region. After controlling for a wide range of explanations that may account for different travel distances, I conclude that differences in commuting length between different places of work are, by and large, independent of possible explanatory factors such as residential location, economic sector, occupation, income, and participation in household earnings—some places of work generate longer commutes than others. Men and women behave differently in relation to these places: women will travel farther to access jobs in centers whereas men will not; and despite their shorter average overall commutes, women travel farther than men to reach jobs in the CBD. This suggests, at the metropolitan scale, that each job location may have its own local culture or "milieu," and that men and women react differently to them.     

基于时间可达性与伽萨法则的大卖场区位探讨——以上海市中心城区为例

目前多数基于GIS的商业区位模型与技术研究,未全面考虑交通网络、道路等级、网点吸引力与竞争因素。针对此局限,借助GIS软件,依托可达性方法与伽萨法则,尝试综合考虑上述因素探讨大卖场可达性与商圈特征。以上海中心城区大卖场为例,采用同心圆法、扇形法与最近邻域法探讨卖场空间特征;利用行进成本分析法计算卖场可达性,并根据伽萨法则叠加了卖场引力因素,得到伽萨法则商圈。结果表明:大卖场集中分布于距市中心4.5~10km范围,各方向扩张不均衡。城区整体可达性较好,浦西优于浦东。外环附近商圈面积大,外环附近与市中心区商圈市场规模大,内环附近商圈面积与市场规模小。伽萨法则商圈市场规模"两极分化"既表明卖场市场竞争激烈地区与网点短缺区并存,也说明网点市场规模与职能存在等级差异。     

On The Potential of Local Political Projects: A Response To Lake,Martin, and Wilson

Gentrification in the form of "neighborhood revitalization" is increasingly touted as one way of decreasing the social exclusion of residents of poor inner-city neighborhoods and of increasing levels of social mix and social interaction between different classes and ethnic groups. Yet the gentrification literature also suggests that the process may lead to increased social conflict, displacement of poorer residents to lower quality housing elsewhere, and, ultimately, social polarization. Much of this hinges on whether gentrifying neighborhoods can remain socially mixed, and whether neighborhood compositional changes result in more or less of a polarized class and ethnic structure. However, the impact of revitalization and gentrification on levels of social mix, income polarization, or ethnic diversity within neighborhoods remains unclear and under-explored. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between the timing of gentrification, changes in the income structure, and shifts in immigrant concentration and ethnic diversity, using census tract data for each decade from 1971 to 2001 in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. This research demonstrates that gentrification is followed by declining, rather than improving, levels of social mix, ethnic diversity, and immigrant concentration within affected neighborhoods. At the same time, gentrification is implicated in the growth of neighborhood income polarization and inequality.