Glacial erosion and relief production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada,California

The proposal that climate change can drive the uplift of mountain summits hinges on the requirement that glacial erosion significantly enhances the relief of a previously fluvially sculpted mountain range. We have tested this hypothesis through a systematic investigation of neighbouring glaciated and nonglaciated drainage basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, CA. We present a simple, objective method for investigating the relief structure of a drainage basin, which shows noticeable differences in the spatial distribution of relief between nonglaciated and glaciated basins. Glaciated basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada have only ∼80 m greater mean geophysical relief than nonglaciated basins. This “extra” relief, though, is attributable principally to the larger size of the glaciated basins, as geophysical relief generally increases with basin size. The glaciers on this side of the range were only responsible for relief production if they substantially increased headward erosion rates into low relief topography, such as an elevated plateau, and thus enlarged previously fluvial basins. We carried out a preliminary morphometric analysis to elucidate the importance of this effect and found that the glaciers of the eastern Sierra Nevada may have eroded headward at considerably faster rates than rivers, but only when they were not obstructed from doing so by either competing larger glaciers in adjacent valleys or transfluent ice at the head of the basin. Our results also suggest that, in temperate regions, alpine glaciers are capable of eroding downward at faster rates than rivers above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). Although we can rule out significant peak uplift in response to local relief production, in the special case of the Sierra Nevada the concentration of mass removal above the ELA could have contributed to flexural uplift at the edge of a tilting block.     

52 a来秦岭南北径流变化对比及影响因素

运用集中期、M-K突变检验法、径流系数等数理统计方法,基于1960-2011年马渡王与南宽坪径流数据及气象数据,对比分析灞河与金钱河流域径流变化特征,揭示秦岭南北气候变化差异得出：（1）52 a来灞河与金钱河年均径流深变化趋势相似,金钱河年径流深的变异程度大于灞河;（2）灞河与金钱河流域径流与降水在年内分配上存在滞后效应,秦岭南北从流域降水开始经过停蓄、漫流、河槽集流,然后汇流至金钱河河道大概需要20 d 左右的时间;（3）秦岭南北气候因子突变的时间点具有一致性,均发生在1990年左右,该突变可能是由于大尺度的气候变化导致局部地区自然环境变化引起的;（4）径流变化的下降趋势是降水、气温、植被变化和人类活动综合作用的结果。20世纪90年代末的径流突变主要原因是气候变化引起的,人类活动对其影响十分微小,因此,某些明显的突变现象是由于大的气候变化引起的,人类活动的影响是一个长期的过程,所以对自然资源应采取开发与治理同时进行。     

岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应

运用经验公式法、双累积曲线法和不同系列对比法计算出岔巴沟、大理河与无定河流域在20世纪70年代水土保持综合措施的平均减水效益分别为14.47%、20.22%和20.78%,平均减沙效益为64.97%、43.62%和47.26%.对计算结果进行分析发现,用3种方法对岔巴沟、大理河与无定河流域水土保持综合措施减水减沙效益的...     

岔巴沟流域次暴雨产沙统计模型

流域综合治理规划、防治土壤侵蚀、合理利用水沙资源 ,无不需要掌握流域产沙情况。流域产沙统计模型结构简单 ,计算方便 ,是现有产沙预报的强有力工具。本文以陕西省岔巴沟流域及其支流实测降雨水文资料为基础 ,系统地分析了流域产沙的降雨、径流、地貌因子在流域产沙中的作用 ,进而将影响产沙的因素概括为径流深、洪峰流量、流域面积、流域沟道密度 ,并作为产沙预报的指标 ,建立了岔巴沟流域次暴雨产沙的统计模型。经检验 ,该预报公式具有一定的精度。     

Runoff Scaling in Large Rivers of the World

Runoff and precipitation scaling with respect to drainage area is analyzed for large river basins of the world, those with mean annual runoff in excess of 10 k³/yr. The usefulness of the specific runoff (runoff per unit drainage area, m/yr) to categorize runoff scaling laws across the complete spectrum of climatic and hydrologic conditions is evaluated. It is found that (1) runoff scales with drainage are in those river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr (r² = 0.88); (2) runoff scaling with drainage area shows remarkably high statistical correlation (r²= 0.97) in river basins with specific runoff equal to or larger than 1.0 m/yr; (3) runoff does not Inc.rease with Inc.reasing drainage area in river basins with specific runoff below 0.15 m/yr, where no discernible statistical association was found between runoff and drainage area; and (4) precipitation depth (m/yr) is inversely proportional to drainage area raised to a fractional exponent in river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr.     

渭河与泾河流域水沙变化规律及其差异性分析

依据渭河和泾河流域1956—2016年实测水文资料、水利水保统计数据、TerraClimate年平均温度和Landsat地表反射率数据集,分析了流域水文要素、气温及植被覆盖度的历年变化规律,采用双累积值曲线法、累积距平法、有序聚类法、Lee-Heghinan法、秩和检验法等数理统计方法,确定了流域年径流量和年输沙量变化...     

黄河河源区变化环境下分布式水文模拟

将黄河河源区划分为38个自然子流域,利用分布式水文模型模拟径流量,采用唐乃亥水文站逐年、月实测径流资料进行验证,得到了较好的模拟效果。文章建立了5种土地覆被情景模型及24组不同气温和降水的情景组合,分别模拟不同情景下的年径流量。模拟结果表明,随着植被覆盖度的增加,流域年径流量减小,蒸发量增加。当气温降低2_oC且降水增加20%时,流域径流量增加得最大,增加39.69%。     

东江流域近50年径流系数时空变化特征

基于东江流域1964-2012 年降雨、蒸发和径流等气象水文资料,采用线性倾向估计、M-K趋势检验及变化幅度和变化弹性等多种方法,结合ArcGIS自相关等空间统计分析技术,分析了东江流域径流系数的时空变化特征及其对降雨、蒸发和地表植被等影响因素的空间对应关系。结果表明：近50 年来,东江流域年径流系数均呈上升趋势,且随着流域空间尺度的增大而增加,总体形成“南北低、中间高”的空间分布格局;径流系数变化幅度及变化弹性在20 世纪90年代之后显著增加。径流系数变化幅度热度指数高值区大致位于东源及其以北地区。相较于蒸发和地表植被覆盖,流域降雨变化趋势与径流系数及其变动幅度热度指数的空间分布格局具有较好的一致性。本文可为识别变化环境下流域来水过程变异提供科学参考依据。     

博尔塔拉谷地对径流的调节作用

博尔塔拉谷地有三个断陷盆地，形成三个天然地下水库，使地表径流与地下径流出现三次转化，对径流起到了调节作用和滞后影响。改变了径流的年内分配，上游和支流丰水期出现在夏季，径流经谷地转化调节，下游丰水期出现在冬季，滞后近半年。博尔塔拉谷地对径流的调节作用，在新疆各谷地中最为典型。     

未来气候变化对淮河流域径流深的影响

本文运用多元回归方法,建立有关气候-径流深的数学模型,并用该模型预测在未来气候变化的15种可能情景下淮河三个代表子流域径流深的变化。结果表明:年径流深随年降水量的增加而增加,随年均温度的升高而减少;不同流域对各种气候变化的响应存在着明显的差异,反映出整个淮河流域不同自然地理条件的影响;不同季节的径流深对各种气候变化的响应也存在明显的差异,体现了季风气候对径流的影响。文章还特别关注了暖干天气组合下径流深的变化,提出这种极端气候情景对工农业生产和国民经济建设有着严重的负面影响     

哈萨克斯坦水环境与水资源现状及问题分析

水是最重要的自然资源之一,水资源的可利用量取决于自然条件和人为因素两个方面。亚洲中部干旱区水资源有限,近年来河湖萎缩、生态环境系统退化,已成为区域社会经济持续发展的瓶颈。以丝绸之路经济带沿线国家之一哈萨克斯坦内按照水资源需求程度划分的八大流域作为研究区,在进行各个流域水质及水资源现状特征分析的基础上,通过径流占比、人为影响程度以及水资源需求程度等3项指标分别对八大流域水资源进行综合评估,并采用可变模糊优选模型评价哈萨克斯坦境内不同流域人类活动对水资源的影响程度,对八大流域进行轻微、中等和显著等3个影响程度的等级划分。结果表明：人类活动对锡尔河-咸海及伊希姆河流域水资源以及水环境的影响程度处于显著水平,而且前者流域水质污染问题较为严重;乌拉尔河-里海流域的地表径流占比最高,但该区域因大量油气资源开发对水资源需求量非常高,处于危险等级。巴尔喀什湖-阿拉湖流域的用水需求处于临界程度,属于第三类（处于危重程度）。额尔齐斯河流域水储量最为丰富,但流域中游哈萨克斯坦境内矿产开发引起的水质污染严重。另外,近几十年来哈萨克斯坦地表径流变化分析表明,1965年以来年总径流量减少39.4 km³,其中跨境径流量减少23 km³,境内径流减少16.5 km³。近年虽然灌溉面积和工业活动减少,年均耗水量也有所减少,但是人口增长导致公共服务和生活等方面耗水量增加2.58 km³,区域水资源供需矛盾日益凸显。因此,需要综合考虑各国利益和整个区域社会经济与生态环境的和谐可持续发展,共同商定水资源开发利用及保护的措施。     

土地覆盖与气候变化对黄河源区径流的影响

After dividing the source regions of the Yellow River into 38 sub-basins, the paper made use of the SWAT model to simulate streamflow with validation and calibration of the observed yearly and monthly runoff data from the Tangnag hydrological station, and simulation results are satisfactory.Five land-cover scenario models and 24 sets of temperature and precipitation combinations were established to simulate annual runoff and runoff depth under different scenarios. The simulation shows that with the increasing of vegetation coverage annual runoff increases and evapotranspiration decreases in the basin. When temperature decreases by 2℃ and precipitation increases by 20%,catchment runoff will increase by 39.69%, which is the largest situation among all scenarios.     

Impact of land-cover and climate changes on runoff of the source regions of the Yellow River

After dividing the source regions of the Yellow River into 38 sub-basins, the paper made use of the SWAT model to simulate streamflow with validation and calibration of the observed yearly and monthly runoff data from the Tangnag hydrological station, and simulation results are satisfactory. Five land-cover scenario models and 24 sets of temperature and precipitation combinations were established to simulate annual runoff and runoff depth under different scenarios. The simulation shows that with the increasing of vegetation coverage annual runoff increases and evapotranspiration decreases in the basin. When temperature decreases by 2oC and precipitation increases by 20%, catchment runoff will increase by 39.69%, which is the largest situation among all scenarios.     

The synrift phase of the early Domeyko Basin (Triassic,northern Chile): Sedimentary,volcanic, and tectonic interplay in the evolution of an ancient subduction‐related rift basin

The geodynamic setting along the SW Gondwana margin during its early breakup (Triassic) remains poorly understood. Recent models calling for an uninterrupted subduction since Late Palaeozoic only slightly consider the geotectonic significance of coeval basins. The Domeyko Basin initiated as a rift basin during the Triassic being filled by sedimentary and volcanic deposits. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, and geochronological analyses are presented in order to determine the tectonostratigraphic evolution of this basin and to propose a tectonic model suitable for other SW Gondwana‐margin rift basins. The Domeyko Basin recorded two synrift stages. The Synrift I (~240–225 Ma) initiated the Sierra Exploradora sub‐basin, whereas the Synrift II (~217–200 Ma) reactivated this sub‐basin and originated small depocentres grouped in the Sierra de Varas sub‐basin. During the rift evolution, the sedimentary systems developed were largely controlled by the interplay between tectonics and volcanism through the accommodation/sediment supply ratio (A/S). High‐volcaniclastic depocentres record a net dominance of the syn‐eruptive period lacking rift‐climax sequences, whereas low‐volcaniclastic depocentres of the Sierra de Varas sub‐basin developed a complete rift cycle during the Synrift II stage. The architecture of the Domeyko Basin suggests a transtensional kinematic where N‐S master faults interacted with ~NW‐SE basement structures producing highly asymmetric releasing bends. We suggest that the early Domeyko Basin was a continental subduction‐related rift basin likely developed under an oblique convergence in a back‐arc setting. Subduction would have acted as a primary driving mechanism for the extension along the Gondwanan margin, unlike inland rift basins. Slab‐induced dynamic can strongly influence the tectonostratigraphic evolution of subduction‐related rift basins through controls in the localization and style of magmatism and faulting, settling the interplay between tectonics, volcanism, and sedimentation during the rifting.     

SPATIAL SCALE INFLUENCES ON MODELED RUNOFF FOR LARGE WATERSHEDS

Modeling the runoff subsystem for large drainage basins requires simplification in representing natural processes owing to the spatial variability of mass and energy transfers in a watershed. Many models represent temporally and spatially distributed watershed variables by some form of aggregation or lumping. Scale becomes a factor in the lumping decision because some of the variables are spatially continuous while others are spatially discontinuous. The effects of scale differences on lumping in large watersheds is examined using the 27,300 km² drainage area of the Deschutes River, Oregon. The watershed is modeled using three different spatial aggregations for representing the runoff subsystem. Agreement between modeled and observed monthly runoff for water years 1951-60 is analyzed to evaluate the magnitude of the difference between corresponding observed and modeled values. Increasing the number of spatial units in the model from 1 to 9 reduces all of the error terms by about 35 percent, but 20 spatial units in the model reduce the error terms by 50 percent or more. These data provide explicit evidence of improved modeling accuracy achieved by employing a disaggregated watershed model to represent spatially heterogeneous conditions in a large drainage basin. [Key words: watershed modeling, scale, large watersheds, hydroclimate, Deschutes Basin.]     

1956-2000年云南红河流域径流的时空分布

This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation,temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin,and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River,Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000.The results show out：（1）Under the effect of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW-SE direction,which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains.（2）In the long temporal scale averaged over years,the most obvious effects of the＂corridor-barrier＂functions is on runoff variation,and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature.（3）Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east-west direction：the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend,but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend;the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods,and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods;the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins.     

三岔河流域水文特征与化学风化碳汇效应

在喀斯特地区的流域产汇流过程中,由于富含碳酸的水体对可溶岩的溶蚀作用,导致河流断面输出大量溶解无机碳(DIC),反映了流域化学风化消耗大气CO2的强度,与流域水文过程密切相关。为了正确估算流域水文过程中化学径流及其碳汇效应,解析水文特征对流域地表过程中碳的生物地球化学行为的影响规律,以喀斯特地貌广布的三岔河流域三个水文站断面为例,研究了河源区河流水文特征与碳汇效应。结果表明:处于亚热带湿热环境下的喀斯特流域在观测水文年内,碳汇强度远大于非喀斯特的花岗岩流域且具有显著的季节变化,绝大部分的碳汇发生在高温多雨的6-11月。相关分析表明,流域碳汇强度与流域气温、降水和径流量呈显著的正相关关系;流域碳汇强度与河流总溶解固体物(TDS)浓度、DIC浓度呈显著的负相关关系。丰水期径流对河流TDS和DIC有明显的稀释效应。流域碳汇强度主要决定于河流TDS和DIC输出载荷而非河流TDS和DIC的浓度,与流域水文特征密切相关。     

1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文)

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

On natural oscillations of connected ocean basins

Summary. Natural barotropic modes are found for systems of two or three circular basins (each of uniform depth and Coriolis parameter) linked by narrow straits. They are related to the individual basin modes for various basin and strait dimensions and Coriolis parameter values. For two basins joined by a short strait, the mode frequencies intersperse one for one the combined sequence of individual basin mode frequencies. There is no comparable result for three basins. Possible effects of the North Atlantic's open boundaries on its natural oscillations and diurnal tides are considered, and also the lowest modes of Green Bay and Lake Michigan.     

我国东部季风区不同自然带年径流特征及人类活动影响的比较研究*

本文在分析我国东部季风区不同自然带年径流与气侯因子关系的基础上,揭示了径流深随纬度和经度变化的规律,并对不同自然带中人类活动对河川径流的干预强度进行了比较,指出半干旱区是人类活动对径流影响最严重的地区,在这里应加强水资源的保护并大力推行各种节水措施。