松花江区气象水文干旱演变特征

采用标准化降水蒸散指数和径流干旱指数分析了1961~2010年研究区水文干旱和气象干旱时空演变特征,并探讨了水文干旱与气象干旱的关系。结果表明：① 1961~2010年松花江区呈总体干旱化且又有明显时段性的特征,其中1967~1983年和1996~2010年气象干旱频发、覆盖范围广、持续时间长且强度大;其它时段气象干旱少有发生。其次,气象干旱空间分布差异明显,东部的平均干旱频次和强度都大于西部地区,中部（嫩江流域中下游）平均干旱持续时间最长;但在嫩江流域和黑龙江上游地区干旱略有减弱趋势。② 松花江流域和挠力河流域水文干旱呈加剧的趋势,尤其是近15 a干旱化趋势明显;挠力河流域干旱频发、强度大且持续时间很长。松花江流域水文干旱程度弱于挠力河流域,但极端水文干旱事件频发。 ③ 松花江区气象干旱与水文干旱密切相关,嫩江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱2个月,而第二松花江流域和松花江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱3个月;挠力河流域水文干旱与气象干旱无明显的时滞相关性。     

Placing modern droughts in historical context in the Ohio Valley using tree-rings

The temporal variability and severity of pre-instrument record summer droughts in the Ohio River Valley (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA) are not well understood. This study attempts to help fill this gap in Ohio Valley drought knowledge by using tree-ring chronologies from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to reconstruct summer (June through August) PDSI. We found that recent meteorological droughts of 1988 and 2012 are not unusual in the context of those reconstructed for the interval of 1680–2012. Droughts prior to 1895 (when the instrument-based record began) were more severe and lasted, on average, 1.5 times longer than those after 1895. The North American Drought Atlas represents droughts well for this region, but we found that drought severity was not homogeneous across the three sites. This indicates drought in the Ohio River Valley should be examined at a sub-regional level and suggests a need for a finer spatial representation of tree-ring chronologies in the Ohio Valley. Given the context of historical drought variability, the reconstructions suggest this region should be prepared for droughts that may be more severe and longer lasting than those recently observed.     

气候变暖背景下中国干旱变化的区域特征

在全球气温日趋升高和极端降水增加的气候背景下,近年来中国干旱变化特征异常突出,新形势下需进一步深入认识干旱发生特征及影响机制。利用1960-2014年中国527个气象站逐日气温和降水量数据,选用改进的综合气象干旱指数（MCI）作为干旱监测指标,详细分析了中国各区域干旱强度、次数和持续时间变化特征及其差异性。结果表明：1960年以来,中国各区域干旱程度加重,范围增大,次数增多,持续时间增长。干旱特征发生了明显的区域变化,各个区域干旱变化差异显著。西南、华中、华北和华南区域干旱程度明显加重,主要是重度以上干旱次数较多。华北和西南干旱年数最多,为45年,其他地方为35~36年,华北重度以上干旱年份最多,为14年,其次是东北和华南的7年。干旱发生时间和区域也有随机性,中国各区域四季都有可能发生干旱,干旱不仅发生在北方干旱和半干旱区域,在南方湿润和半湿润区域同样发生。各区域以夏旱为主,东北以春旱和夏旱居多,华南以秋旱为主。干旱持续时间不等,有时高达9个月。有些区域年内干旱呈单峰型,有些区域为双峰型。气候变暖背景下,中国各个区域干旱呈加重趋势。     

基于多变量概率分析的珠江流域干旱特征研究

根据珠江流域42 个站点1960-2005 年的46 年日降水资料,以6 个月尺度的SPI 值表征珠江流域干旱情况。通过Mann-Kendall 趋势分析研究了珠江流域干旱时间演变特征,同时基于多变量Copula 函数,在定义的两种不同干旱情景下,根据两变量联合重现期及其对应的第二重现期,比较性地研究了珠江流域的干旱风险。研究结果表明：(1) 珠江流域西部有变旱的趋势而东部有变湿润的趋势,其中显著的变旱趋势集中在11、12、1 月,显著的变湿趋势集中在6、7 月。同时除个别站点外,干旱历时和干旱严重程度趋势不显著;(2) 珠江流域整体上干旱风险较大,东部要比西部干旱风险高。珠江流域内发生长历时干旱时,干旱严重程度也往往很大,对干旱风险管理很不利。在发生严重程度的干旱时,珠江流域东部的干旱高风险区域增加,威胁珠江三角洲地区水资源安全;(3) 由于第二重现期综合考虑了各种情况,可能第二重现期对干旱风险分析的结果更稳健一些。     

HYDROCLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF SEVERE DROUGHT IN THE SACRAMENTO RIVER BASIN,CALIFORNIA

Climatic water budget principles provide an analytical basis for expressing drought severity as the cumulative moisture deficiency in biologic and hydrologic systems. This conceptual framework emphasizes the disparity between real-time and expected precipitation, soil moisture, and runoff in quantifying the cumulative moisture deficiency, and it facilitates incorporation of spatial characteristics in assessing drought severity. Comparison of the temporal and spatial properties of the severe 1924 and 1977 droughts in the Sacramento River Basin illustrate the procedure. The 1924 drought has a larger average water deficiency, or magnitude, but the 1977 drought has a longer duration and its cumulative moisture deficiency, or severity, is 1.4 times greater than the 1924 drought. Expressed volumetrically, the greater cumulative moisture deficiency for the 1977 drought is 13.3 times larger than the moisture deficit difference indicated by calculations of natural runoff for water years 1924 and 1977.     

基于SPEI法的陇东地区近50 a干旱化时空特征分析

选取陇东地区近50 a平均逐月降水和气温数据,采用Mann-Kendall方法、反距离加权插值（IDW）、功率谱分析、标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）等方法分析了陇东地区近50 a来干旱变化的时空特征。研究显示：近50 a来陇东地区干旱化趋势非常明显,特别是20世纪90年代以来干旱趋势显著。持续干旱事件次数增多,持续干旱累积时间增长,以春夏连旱、伏秋连旱的次数增多为显著特征。发生干旱的周期在不同的时间尺度上表现不一致,随着时间尺度的增长,干旱出现的周期也在变长。干旱发生频率不断加快,尤其是在20世纪90年代以来,极端干旱事件的频率显著上升。近50 a来干旱频率较高的区域在环县西北部和六盘山以西静宁等地,干旱高频区逐步向中南部和东部转移。通过与其他方法对比分析和历史资料比对,证明SPEI在陇东地区有较好的适用性。     

基于SPEI和SDI指数的云南红河流域气象水文干旱演变分析

本文基于红河流域43个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水、气温数据以及干支流2个水文站1956-2013年逐月流量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI)分析流域气象水文干旱的演变特征,并探讨水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：①1961-2012年期间,流域总体上表现出干旱化的趋势,季节变化上春季有变湿的趋势,而夏、秋、冬三季有变干的趋势,但趋势并不显著。干旱频率季节空间分布差异较大,春旱和冬旱发生频率较高。从干旱范围来看,春旱范围呈缩小的趋势,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱范围表现出不同程度的增大趋势;②1956-2013年期间,流域水文干旱表现出加剧的趋势,其中1958-1963、1975-1982、1987-1993、2003-2006和2009-2013年为水文干旱多发期,近10年来频率明显增加;③流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1~8个月,气象和水文干旱事件的干旱历时、严重程度和强度之间具有紧密的相关性,流域气象干旱是水文干旱的主要驱动力。     

CHANGING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDWESTERN HYDROLOGIC DROUGHTS

Hydroclimatic parameters were examined to identify spatial variability among 19 Midwestern basins during the 1950–1990 period. The magnitude of annual streamflow variability values increased westward across the Midwest and appeared to be associated with a similar pattern in annual precipitation variability. Basin seasonal streamflow values were analyzed to determine the occurrence of hydrologic drought. A criterion that combined duration and severity of low-flow characteristics was used to determine hydrologic droughts. Sixteen of the 19 basins experienced between one and four hydrologic droughts, whereas 3 experienced none. The temporal distribution and spatial extent of the 45 hydrologic droughts indicated that there were two classifications of Midwestern hydrologic drought during this period. The first type–“long-term” hydrologic drought–occurred over: (1) a period of 12 or more consecutive seasons and (2) a broad latitudinal belt across the Midwest. Long-term hydrologic droughts occurred during the period from the early 1950s through the late 1960s. Since 1970, hydrologic droughts can be described as “short-term” and are characterized as having occurred over: (1) periods generally less than two years and (2) a smaller region. This information could assist hydrologists and water managers in understanding the more precise nature of temporal and spatial differences that exist in Midwestern hydrologic drought. [Key words: hydrologic drought, hydroclimatic variability, Midwest United States.]     

1961-2015年新疆降水及干旱特征分析

基于1961-2015 年新疆地区51 个气象站过去55 a 逐日降水资料,借助标准化降水指数、降水距平百分率表征干旱,利用线性趋势,K-means 聚类,Mann-Kendall 非参数检验,Morlet 小波分析等方法,分析过去55 a 降水及干旱变化特征。研究表明：（1）过去55 a 新疆降水量、雨日整体呈上升趋势,相关系数为0.83,降水量增加主要表现为雨日增长;降水空间分布和聚类得出,降水呈现显著“北多南少”格局,3 个降水分区的降水量表现为III 区 > II 区 > I 区。（2）干旱指数SPI、降水距平Pa极显著相关,干旱频次、影响范围、严重性总体呈现下降趋势;干旱变化率空间分布整体存在一致性,由南向北干旱缓解趋势增大,但局域上又有异质性,北疆个别站点干旱加剧;（3）干旱变化具有周期性,主周期为8 a,次主周期为4 a、16 a。     

黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱特征及其相互关系研究

选择标准化降水指数(SPI)和植被状态指数(VCI)分别作为评价黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱的指标,使用干旱频率和Sen斜率分析了黄土高原地区干旱的分布特征与变化趋势,并探讨了气象干旱与农业干旱的相关性。结果表明:①黄土高原西部干旱频率总体上高于东部。气象干旱和农业干旱变化趋势在空间上表现有所不同,黄土高原西部、北部气象干旱呈不显著减缓趋势,东部和南部呈不显著加重趋势,但绝大部分地区的农业干旱呈减缓趋势,尤其是400 mm等降水量一线两侧区域。②季节上,黄土高原夏季和秋季气象干旱频率较高,春季和冬季气象干旱频率相对较低。黄土高原农业干旱频率春季最高,夏季其次,VCI对农业干旱实时监测的适用性更强。③不同季节,农业干旱滞后气象干旱的时间长短不同,冬季滞后约2个月,春季滞后约1个月,夏季和秋季滞后少于1个月。黄土高原一熟制种植区的SPI-12值与VCI值具有较好的正相关性。研究结果可以为黄土高原的干旱监测和预警、干旱区划以及干旱灾害风险评估提供科学依据。     

Meteorological and Streamflow Droughts: Characteristics,Trends, and Propagation in the Milwaukee River Basin

This study examined meteorological and streamflow droughts for the period from 1951 to 2006 using the Milwaukee River basin in Wisconsin as the study area in an effort to improve the understanding of drought propagation. Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the temporal trends of meteorological and streamflow droughts identified by drought indicators? (2) How do the drought indicators manifest drought propagation? Meteorological droughts were identified using the Effective Drought Index (EDI), and streamflow droughts were identified using a threshold-level approach. The intensity and duration of both types of drought were found to have decreased over time, most likely due to increasing precipitation. Therefore, in the study area, and likely in the larger region, drought has become of less concern. The propagation of meteorological drought into streamflow drought was detected generally after moderate and severe sequences of negative EDI that eventually led to extreme meteorological drought events. The study finds that both EDI and the threshold-level approach are effective in diagnosing meteorological and streamflow drought events of all durations.     

两种不确定性来源对干旱指数SPEI及干旱评估的影响

全球气候变暖背景下,干旱问题更加频繁、持久,影响范围也逐步扩大。采用干旱指数进行干旱评估与研究时,受多种因素影响,干旱评估结果往往存在一定的不确定性。以黑河流域为研究区,分析概率分布模型和参数估计误差这两种不确定性来源对标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI）和干旱特征变量（干旱强度、干旱峰值和干旱历时）的影响。结果表明：这两种来源均会对SPEI和干旱特征变量产生影响,且SPEI越极端,其影响越大,二者对于极端和严重干旱的影响程度远大于对轻度和中度干旱的影响;对于极端和严重干旱,概率分布模型导致的干旱强度和干旱峰值的不确定性更大,参数估计误差导致的干旱历时的不确定性更大。研究结果可为干旱的准确评估提供支撑,在防旱减灾工作中为制定更加准确有效的抗旱决策提供理论支持,以避免可能造成的减灾能力不足或抗旱资源的浪费。     

基于SPEI指数的近53年河南省干旱时空变化特征

干旱在中国发生较为频繁,对农作物的影响较大。基于1961-2013年实测气象资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）定量分析了河南省不同时间尺度干旱发生频率和发生强度,揭示了该地区干旱发生的时空演变特征及干旱发生的原因。结果表明：SPEI值能较好地反映河南省干旱的变化特征;随着时间尺度的减小,SPEI值波动幅度增加,干旱发生频率增加。近53年河南省干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,且各地区之间分布不均匀。周口地区发生频率最高,达35%以上;豫中和豫西地区最低,为26%左右。四季中以春、夏两季干旱发生最为严重,其次为秋季,冬季最弱。在年际变化方面,1966-1968年、1998-2000年和2011-2013年发生了大范围的持续干旱。干旱发生强度呈现豫北和豫西偏东地区高,豫东和豫南北部地区低特点;干旱发生强度最强的地区为安阳,为22.18%,最弱的地区为驻马店,为16.60%。     

Livestock responses to droughts and severe winter weather in the Gobi Three Beauty National Park, Mongolia

We investigated how both droughts and dzuds (severe winter weather) control livestock mortality in a non-equilibrium steppe ecosystem of Mongolia, Gobi Three Beauty National Park. These steppe ecosystems have developed under high interannual variability of rainfall and nomadic grazing systems. Interannual precipitation variation was 39%, with 128 mm mean annual precipitation. The effect of climate variability and extreme events on livestock mortality is a critical aspect for the Mongolian economy. Analysis of drought and precipitation variability on livestock mortality rate was not significantly influenced by the index of mean annual precipitation and annual winter temperature. Overall, unlike hot dry regions, pastoral livestock mortality in the cold dry regions was affected more by dzuds and annual growing seasonal rain than by droughts. Dzuds can be frequent events, occurring as often as once every 2 and 3 years within a decade. The average annual livestock mortality for the combined drought and dzuds years (18%) was 4.8% greater than the years with dzuds alone, and 7% greater than in years with only drought. Thus livestock mortality appears to be more sensitive to dzuds than to droughts, and that dzuds contributes more to livestock mortality even years where combined drought and winter storms occur.     

基于SPI的黑龙江省干旱时空特征分析

利用黑龙江省10个气象站点1953—2015年逐日降水数据,计算不同尺度下的标准化降水指数(SPI),并结合游程理论分析黑龙江省干旱的时空演变特征。结果表明:降水仍是黑龙江省干旱的主要影响因素;黑龙江省干旱夏季和秋季呈增强趋势,SPI变化速率分别为每10 a下降0.029、0.135,春旱和冬旱呈缓解趋势,速率为每10 a上升0.061、0.074,年SPI变化速率为每10 a下降0.044;黑龙江省20世纪60年代中后期~70年代末,干旱较为频繁,且干旱的持续时间长、干旱程度大、干旱强度大,出现了1974—1980年的连续干旱期,80年代~90年代中期较为正常,90年代末及之后,干旱频率及其持续时间、程度、强度呈增加趋势;干旱事件的持续时间从西北向东南呈增加—减少趋势,黑龙江省中部的干旱事件持续时间最长。     

华北不同地表覆盖类型区干旱演变特征

利用华北地区气象站点1960～2008年共49年的降水旬数据集逐旬计算1个月、3个月、12个月尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)序列。采用SPI历史序列的多年滑动平均和滑动标准差方法,解析研究区及3种主要地表覆盖类型区(草原区、农田区、阔叶林带)干旱在整个时间序列上的演变周期和幅度。采用线性回归分析干旱的演变趋势和变化频度,并对趋势线进行预测。对比了3个子区域全年12个月份干旱演变特征的差异。结果表明:研究区干旱发生的频率和强度呈逐渐加重的趋势,且各月份干旱发展趋势有较大差异,夏季的6月、7月降水较历史时期增多,春旱(4月)、秋旱(9月和10月)加重趋势显著。草原区在整个历史时期的干旱变化趋势不如南部农作物区和中部阔叶林带明显。农作物区9月、10月两月份干旱加重的趋势最显著,说明黄淮海平原区的夏玉米将越来越受到秋旱的威胁,防旱抗旱形势重于冬小麦面临的春旱,冬小麦的秋种受干旱的影响将加重。     

洞庭湖流域各季节旱涝及其与大气环流和关键区海温的关系

利用逐月降水数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,分析了洞庭湖流域春、夏、秋季57年来旱涝异常的年际变化以及典型旱涝异常年份的全球海温分布形势,并利用降尺度和趋势分析方法探究气象因子对ENSO和关键区海温的响应,以加强对流域旱涝前期影响因素的认识.结果表明:1)流域在春、秋季旱涝变化趋势不明显,在夏季较明显地变湿.2)前...     

非平稳标准化降水蒸散指数构建及中国未来干旱时空格局

旱灾是一种致灾因子与成害机理均非常复杂的自然灾害,也是目前对其检测与风险防御最为困难的自然灾害种类之一。随着全球气候变化,干旱的变化逐渐趋于非平稳化,水文气象序列的非平稳性已有广泛研究,但在干旱检测指标中却鲜有考虑。基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）和非平稳性理论,构建非平稳性标准化降水蒸散指数（NSPEI）并进行适用性评价,利用NSPEI评估未来不同排放情景下中国气象干旱时空格局演变规律。结果表明：① 非平稳性站点集中在东北平原、黄淮海平原、长三角地区、青藏高原及周边区域,NSPEI拟合最优的站点占中国气象站点的88%（2177个站点）。② SPEI对温度较为敏感,在评估未来干旱变化时会高估干旱强度和持续时间性,而NSPEI能够克服这一弱点,较SPEI可更好的检测中国气象干旱,且能很好的刻画中国未来干旱变化。③ 低、高排放情景下中国北方干旱加剧,南方呈湿润化趋势;中排放情景下中国北方湿润化趋势明显,而中国南方则呈干旱化。基于NSPEI干旱检测结果,中高排放情景下中国未来极端干湿历时与发生频率均呈增加趋势。     

Drought characteristics of Henan province in 1961-2013 based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index

Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards affecting agriculture, water resources, natural ecosystems, and society. The negative societal consequences of drought include severe economic losses, famine, epidemics, and land degradation. However, few studies have analyzed the complexity of drought characteristics, both at multiple time scales and with variations in evapotranspiration. In this study, drought occurrences were quantified using a new drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), based on observed data of monthly mean temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2013 in Henan province, central China. Based on the SPEI values of each weather station in the study, the frequency and severity of meteorological droughts were computed, and the monthly, seasonal, and annual drought frequency and intensity over a 53-year period were analyzed. The spatial and temporal evolution, intensity, and the primary causes of drought occurrence in Henan were revealed. The results showed that the SPEI values effectively reflected the spatial and temporal pattern of drought occurrence. As the time scale decreased, the amplitude of the SPEI increased and droughts became more frequent. Since 1961, drought has occurred at the annual, seasonal, and monthly scales, and the occurrence of drought has increased. However, regional distribution has been uneven. The highest drought frequency, 35%, was observed in the Zhoukou region, while the lowest value, ~26%, was measured in central and western Henan. The most severe droughts occurred in the spring and summer, followed by autumn. Annually, wide-ranging droughts occurred in 1966–1968, 1998–2000, and 2011–2013. The drought intensity showed higher values in north and west Henan, and lower values in its east and south. The maximum drought intensity value was recorded in Anyang, and the minimum occurred in Zhumadian, at 22.18% and 16.60%, respectively. The factors with the greatest influence on drought occurrence are increasing temperatures, the Eurasian atmospheric circulation patterns, and the El Niño effect.     

干旱强度及发生时间对华北平原五省冬小麦产量影响

本文利用2001-2016年时间分辨率为8 d的MOD09A1和MOD16A2的数据集,构建了基于NDVI和ET/PET的干旱指数(DSI),分析华北平原五省不同程度的干旱在时间和空间上的分布情况,探究不同程度的干旱作用于冬小麦不同生长阶段对农作物产量产生的影响。研究表明:①年际分布上,2001-2002年干旱最为严重,其余年份干旱显著减缓,年内分布上,干旱主要集中发生在春季和秋季,夏季次之,冬季最少;②空间分布上,河北北部、河南南部、安徽及江苏的中部和北部、山东东部是干旱多发区;③干旱对冬小麦产量的影响研究表明,越冬期发生初旱对产量起促进作用,而在乳熟成熟阶段发生初旱则会导致农作物减产;轻旱发生在乳熟期会对冬小麦产量产生显著影响,而中旱发生在开花、乳熟成熟期都会对产量产生显著影响,随干旱程度加重,干旱对作物产量产生显著负作用的生长期越长;此外,在播种时若出现水分短缺也会对冬小麦的产量产生影响,尤其是发生重旱和特旱。研究不同强度干旱发生在不同生长阶段对冬小麦产量的影响,对研究区的灌溉时间规划以及保墒增产具有重要理论与现实意义。