The divergent city: unequal and uneven development in St. Louis

In St. Louis, as in many other cities, decline and displacement occurred when key policies, prejudices, and plans interacted with broad economic restructuring to devastate poor and minority communities, while leaving White and middle-class communities largely intact. Amidst overall population loss and neighborhood decline are pockets of prosperity and gentrification within the central city. In this article, we analyze three significant planning interventions in St. Louis, Missouri, that spurred displacement of populations—urban renewal, triage, and the foreclosure crisis. We argue that the differential experiences of Black and White during each of these periods represent two faces of development: one in the north of the city that is largely Black, experiencing vacant land, high crime, and crumbling infrastructure; another in the south of the city that is largely White, enjoying pockets of vibrant commercial development, larger homes, and stable real estate markets. We analyze each period through a framework of uneven and unequal development and displacement, which we call the Divergent City Theory. Based on this theory, planners face an ethical obligation to plan for the future of their cities in a way that seeks to reconcile the structured race and class inequalities of the divergent city.     

首都北京高端金融商贸区建设的重大意义与天津滨海新区开发的教训——在2017年中国城市百人论坛上的发言,2017/06/06

本文阐述了“京津冀协同发展规划纲要”对首都北京的定位具有重大意义。在我国,只有首都北京才能建设成为全球性“流”的最大节点之一,全球经济影响与支配中心之一。首都北京的国家最高级的金融商贸中心地位,也是国家经济和安全的重要支柱。首都北京的定位和实现其定位是国家的千年大计,是其他任何大城市所不能替代的。对其高端金融商贸区需要科学规划,本文对此提出了若干建议。天津滨海新区由于功能定位不妥和过大规模的开发,导致了严重的浪费,教训值得认真总结。     

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE CITY LIFE CYCLE IDEA

The idea that cities or their neighborhoods, like organisms, experience a life cycle was very popular in policy-oriented U.S. urban studies literature of the 1970s. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the city life cycle idea. A brief survey of the city life cycle idea in recent literature is followed by a "double-barrelled" critical evaluation. First, the idea is examined and evaluated in terms of its use in, and implications for, the practice of social science. Second, the idea is evaluated as it influenced public policy and served to reinforce the interests of particular groups. Two conclusions are presented (1) that the largely uncritical use of the city life cycle idea allowed the idea to slip from being an image to being a cause in accounts of urban decline and (2) that the city life cycle idea, albeit flawed, was accepted and persisted because it servedparticular interests. The adoption of the city life cycle idea has had consequences both for the social sciences based upon it and for the cities and their inhabitants which became the targets of policies influenced by the idea.     

Residential Satisfaction in China's Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Beijing,Shanghai, and Guangzhou

China's informal settlements—villages inside urbanized areas—are often characterized by local governments as dirty, chaotic, and dangerous places. This negative discourse inevitably leads to recommendations for demolition. A number of criteria have been invoked in state decisions regarding the demolition of informal settlements; however, rarely are these places evaluated from the residents’ perspective. This paper, following a long tradition of residential satisfaction research in Western nations, uses a household survey to examine this topic in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. We find that local contexts not only matter, but may be the principal determinants of residential satisfaction. The residential satisfaction of village dwellers is not necessarily low, and most socioeconomic attributes are not statistically significant determinants of resident satisfaction. Migrants and low-income groups are not less satisfied than nonmigrants or middle-range income earners; the most important determinant is social attachment within the community. The perception of being excluded, or lacking neighborhood social attachment, significantly reduces residential satisfaction. No facilities can compensate for this negative exclusion factor. We conclude that demolishing informal settlements does not help to build a “harmonious society,” which is the purported goal of such programs. Removing the social and institutional barriers for migrant integration into the city is likely the most effective way to enhance residential satisfaction and neighborhood quality.     

Segregation of Residents with Tertiary Education in Sweden from 1990 to 2012

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people with tertiary education in Sweden, partly due to the governmental policy of making higher education more geographically available. In this study, we analyze how educational expansion and the governmental policy of offering tertiary education outside of old academic centers affected segregation patterns in 2012 compared to 1990. We analyze the spatial distribution of those with tertiary education using neighborhoods based on k-nearest neighbors and measure the segregation of residents with tertiary education using a multiscalar method. Additionally, we compare local labor market regions that include old, new, or no institutions of higher education. The results show an overall higher share of tertiary-educated people age twenty-five to sixty-four in all parts of Sweden in 2012 and a decrease in the levels of population-weighted mean segregation at all geographical scales. Segregation was mostly introduced on the city or city district level (for larger cities) and regional level rather than the neighborhood level. Segregation also decreased in all three types of labor market regions. The segregation patterns remained similar between 2012 and 1990, however, and a higher share of the population lived in segregated areas in 2012 compared to that in 1990.     

‘Locationally disadvantaged’: planning governmentalities and peri-urban agricultural futures

ABSTRACT

Peri-urban areas are the interface between urban and rural regions, with these regions traditionally acting as foodbowls for adjacent urban areas. This peri-urban agriculture provides a diverse suite of benefits to urban areas. Increasingly, however, peri-urban areas are being converted to residential uses, driven in part by higher land values secured for land converted for residential development. In Sydney, planning and development has tended to treat peri-urban areas as ‘suburbs in waiting’. Using a Foucauldian governmentality approach, this paper investigates the prevailing rationalities in metropolitan-level strategic planning documents—in particular A Plan for Growing Sydney and the Draft South West District Plan—and how these rationalities relate to peri-urban agriculture. Our analysis shows that the three overarching rationalities—the global city, the compact city and the sustainability agenda—frame the urbanisation of peri-urban agricultural lands as necessary and inevitable, and only integrate agriculture as part of the future of the city of Sydney when it can be rationalised within the ‘global city’ narrative. As a result, peri-urban areas are not considered to have unique planning needs, but are imagined as latent spaces that will enable Sydney to meet its housing and job targets through their future development.     

转型期煤炭资源型城市空间重构——以淮南市、淮北市为例

以淮南市、淮北市4次城市规划中土地利用现状图为基础,运用ArcGIS软件对案例城市空间结构演化进程进行可视化表达和计量分析,揭示了煤炭资源型城市空间结构演化的过程、特征。通过对不同时点、不同用地类型的叠置分析,基于城市主要用地类型间的置换规模、频度、广度、强度及空间邻近关系,总结出商—居置换重构、商—工置换重构、居—工置换重构、工—居置换重构4种空间重构模式。当前,煤炭资源型城市以商—居置换重构和居—工置换重构为主,其空间置换面积大、频率高。最后,分析了经济发展、产业演替、体制改革、城市化、环境保护以及城市规划6个因素对煤炭资源型城市空间重构的影响,认为煤炭资源型城市内部空间重构是一种自我修复过程。     

城市收缩时代的适应战略和空间重构 ——基于日本网络型紧凑城市规划

通过对日本网络型紧凑城市规划的发展机制、发展政策和代表性案例--富山市和宇都宫市的探讨,归纳总结了日本中央和地方城市政府的收缩城市规划战略政策和空间重构规划方案,借此为陷入收缩境况的中国城市在战略取向和空间重构方面提出有益启示：1）勇于接纳和面对人口减少和城市收缩这一客观事实,积极采取激活城市收缩所带来的机遇的适应性战略,而不是采取促使人口再度增加的应对性战略;2）充分考虑人口减少和老龄化社会并存的城市收缩时代特征,通过城市功能集聚的“据点化”战略和公共交通系统主导的“网络化”战略,构建多中心连接的网络型紧凑城市空间结构;3）根据人口数量变化预测结果,动态地推动城市规模的精明收缩,开展匹配存量规划或减量规划的规模适当化规划。     

Using market-based policies to address market collapse in the American Rust Belt: the case of land abandonment in Toledo,Ohio

Land abandonment is an acute problem for shrinking cities throughout the world. The prevailing legal paradigm in the United States relies on market logics to address abandonment—specifically by auctioning abandoned parcels to the highest bidder. This emphasis is reinforced by a variety of structural forces at multiple scales, despite its highly questionable efficacy as a way to return land to “productive use.” In this article, we explore the case of Toledo, Ohio, to illustrate the limitations of market logics in addressing market collapse inherent in land abandonment. We find that the market emphasis is effective neither for city building nor tax generation goals, but is deeply rooted and reinforced by layers of state law, structural forces, and pro-market institutions.     

东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响

根据中国东北样带上不同的土地利用组合类型, 分别选取抚松县、磐石市、公主岭市、通辽市及林西县作为典型区, 运用GIS 和遥感技术分析近30 年来不同类型区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。本文选取基于货币量的价值量评价法, 参考Costanza 等人的研究 成果, 结合研究区的实际情况, 运用中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值的平均值来分析研 究区的生态系统服务价值变化情况。研究结果表明, 1976-2000 年间东北样带土地利用类型变化很大, 土地利用程度均呈加大趋势, 耕地、林地和草地的ESV 均有较大变动, 不同类型区单位面积的ESV 差别也很大, 其基本分布规律为林区> 农林交错区> 牧区> 农牧交错区> 农区。敏感性分析结果表明, 研究区内ESV 对生态服务功能价值指数是缺乏弹性的, 研究结 果是可信的。     

中资律师事务所全球扩展及其网络空间结构演变

运用链锁网络模型,分析了1993-2015年间中资律师事务所全球布局的时空演化特征,及其全球网络的空间结构演变特征。研究发现：①中资律师事务所在西欧、北美和亚太三大区域重点布局的基础上,全球空间覆盖范围迅速扩展,全球布局同时考虑全球金融型中心城市和政治型中心城市等多种类型区位;②中资律师事务所的全球网络,在国内的北京、上海、广州、深圳和海外的香港、纽约、伦敦、迪拜等核心城市构成的骨干网络的基础上不断扩展,其网络的全球化程度也不断增强;③中资律师事务所的全球扩展对北美、西欧、非洲、中东以及东欧等区域城市的全球网络联系影响较大,对空间临近的亚太地区影响相对较小,这也与以往研究结论存在一定的差异。     

江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系的测度分析

城市是一个开放的系统,城市的发展离不开与其它城市和区域的相互联系。本文借助区域间相互作用的引 力模型,从节点分析、线路分析以及经济联系强度等方面对江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系状况进行实际测度, 定量分析其对外经济联系的空间结构等级层次性特征。结果表明：江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系不断增强,区 域差异明显,并且表现出按照一定的轴线发生联系,这种轴线的方向和路径具有一定规律性;上海对江浙中心城市 的经济联系强度大,并呈现距离衰减规律,形成圈层结构分异;苏锡常经济圈内部经济联系紧密,南京和杭州对外 经济联系不强,中心地位亟待提高;交通是宁波对外经济联系的最主要障碍。总之,江浙沪主要中心城市经济发展 水平是其对外经济联系的前提条件,而加快交通建设,特别是高速公路的建设,是加快经济发展的关键,也是加强 区域间经济联系的主要手段之一,当然这还与距离、行政区划和历史等因素有关。     

Travel From Home: An Economic Geography of Commuting Distances in Montreal

The question of how home and workplace are linked through commuting is at the heart of much recent work on metropolitan areas. However, the emphasis tends to be either on spatial-economic models or on the impact of empirically measured individual, household, neighborhood, and transport mode characteristics; relatively little work has focused on job characteristics and place of employment as they relate to travel to work. In this article, I investigate whether people travel different distances to access different types of job location, with particular attention to the different distances traveled by men and women. My points of reference are the major employment centers (poles) in the Montreal region. After controlling for a wide range of explanations that may account for different travel distances, I conclude that differences in commuting length between different places of work are, by and large, independent of possible explanatory factors such as residential location, economic sector, occupation, income, and participation in household earnings—some places of work generate longer commutes than others. Men and women behave differently in relation to these places: women will travel farther to access jobs in centers whereas men will not; and despite their shorter average overall commutes, women travel farther than men to reach jobs in the CBD. This suggests, at the metropolitan scale, that each job location may have its own local culture or "milieu," and that men and women react differently to them.     

中国生产性服务业外向功能空间格局及分形特征

从城市经济基础理论出发,采用Zipf法则和差异度指数,分析2003-2011年中国省域尺度和城市尺度下的生产性服务业外向功能空间格局、等级体系及分形演化特征。结论表明：中国生产性服务业外向功能空间差异明显,不同尺度上均呈极化趋势,外向功能差距扩大;省域尺度上,对外服务流高度集中于北京、上海,空间演化形成新疆、山东、河南、湖北、重庆、贵州、云南、江西和福建9个省份外向功能较弱;城市尺度上形成若干个外向功能密集区,集中分布在东部沿海及东北地区,呈现出不同的空间结构特征并且特征变化明显。省域尺度和城市尺度生产性服务业对外服务流的位序规模分布均符合Zipf定律,省域尺度呈单分形特征,城市尺度呈双分形特征;第一无标度区对外服务流等级规模均衡性略优于省域尺度的均衡性。城市尺度第二无标度区和无效标度区城市均为本地服务中心城市,内部结构体系变化显著并且城市间外向功能差距扩大。外向功能城市可以划分为五级,高等级服务中心外向功能提升较快,不同规模等级服务中心之间差距在扩大。     

上海中心城就业中心体系测度————基于手机信令数据的研究

利用手机信令数据识别上海市域内手机用户的工作地和居住地,获取就业者的通勤数据,测度上海中心城的就业中心体系.首先用就业者工作地数据生成就业密度分布图,基于中心城的就业密度识别就业中心.随后,用就业者工作地和居住地数据分别从就业密度和通勤联系两方面测度各中心的能级,分析各中心的腹地和势力范围.研究发现:① 上海中心城的就业中心呈主中心强大的弱多中心体系;② 就业密度越高的中心与其他地区的通勤联系一般也越强,但通勤联系在各中心间的差异更显著;③ 能级越高的中心腹地面积越大,但势力范围不一定越大;④ 相比于能级,职住功能混合度对职住平衡的影响更大;⑤缺少就业中心的地区势力范围呈交替状.本研究一定程度上能有助于解决既往就业中心体系研究因空间单元较大,缺少通勤数据在中心识别,通勤联系测度等方面受到的局限,希望能为构建上海中心城就业多中心体系提供帮助.     

我国中心城市对外服务能力的空间格局

用城市流来描述城市的基本活动部分,用城市流强度来表征城市对外服务能力的强弱。城市流强度与中心城市的中心性强度具有强相关性。通过对全国地级以上286个中心城市的城市流强度的计算和结构分析,发现我国中心城市对外服务能力的空间格局具有如下特征:城市对外服务能力高度集中在人口密集的大城市特别是特大城市,100万人以上人口规模城市第三产业的对外服务占主导,而50~100万人的城市制造业的对外服务表现突出;东部三大城市群集中了我国城市流强度将近一半的份额,上海、北京-天津和广州-深圳组成了全国性的三大对外服务中心;东部地区的对外服务总量远高于中部、西部和东北地区,全国中心城市对外服务水平存在较大的区域落差。     

基本公共服务对不同规模城市流动人口居留意愿的影响效应

利用2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据中的东部沿海6省市数据集,将长期居住意愿、户籍迁入意愿和本地购房打算三部分指标的加和定义为城市居留意愿指标,将城镇基本公共服务分为就业关联和非就业关联两种类型,运用序次Logistic回归模型,系统考察两类城镇基本公共服务的获得特征对流动人口城市居留意愿的影响及其在不同规模城市间的差异特征。研究发现：流动人口城市居留意愿和城镇基本公共服务获得率呈现出随城市规模扩大而上升的梯度变动特征;在流动人口获得的城镇基本公共服务较为有限时,流动人口的城市居留意愿不高。从影响效应看,流动人口在流入城市获得的城镇基本公共服务是影响其城市居留意愿的关键因素,此类影响效应因公共服务内容和城市规模的不同而存在差异。大城市流动人口获得的医疗保险、失业保险和住房保障显著增进了流动人口的城市居留意愿,但上述影响效应在中小城市并不明显;健康档案和健康教育普及程度除了在个别规模城市中没有显著影响效应外,在其余规模城市中都具有显著的正向影响效应;在小城市,仅健康档案和健康教育普及程度对其流动人口城市居留意愿具有显著且正向的影响作用。     

MANUFACTURING LOCATION IN A POLYCENTRIC URBAN AREA: A STUDY IN THE COMPOSITION AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF EMPLOYMENT SUBCENTERS

Attention has shifted to the role of subsidiary urban centers as the new “spatial nodes” within metropolitan areas as manufacturing employment has dispersed away from its traditional central city locations over the past decades. Understanding the character and evolving functions of these new “centers” is crucial to predicting (or influencing) future metropolitan spatial patterns. This paper explores the nature and role of the principal employment centers within the Dallas-Fort Worth region from the perspective of locational choices by firms in three-digit SIC Manufacturing. First the centers are empirically identified via a methodology that “maps” employment land-use polygons onto a zip code-level geography. The industrial attributes of firms choosing such centers are then investigated using multinomial logit. The general attractiveness to firms in manufacturing of various spatial characteristics of these centers are next studied through a discrete choice framework. Finally, a “mixed” conditional logit model is specified and implemented to identify special affinities between a type of firm and a kind of location. Results of the exercise enable judgment on the utility of the employment center concept and on industrial location behavior in a modem urban context.     

The role of cultural and creative services in the evaluation of the world urban system

Traditionally, academic evaluation of the world urban system has been based on economic approaches and focused on primary cities. However, the recent convergence between economic and cultural spheres, known in specialist literature as the ‘new economy’ or ‘cognitive–cultural capitalism’, requires the inclusion of secondary cities and cultural parameters, such as creative and cultural services, to obtain knowledge of the world urban system with greater accuracy. Accordingly, the authors have developed the Synthetic Index of Cultural Components (objective 1). Subsequent statistical treatment through a principal component analysis and a cluster analysis not only shows a representation of the multifunctional character of the world urban system (objective 2) but also identifies the cultural specializations that urban planners use to position cities worldwide (objective 3). The results demonstrate that the reputation of a city derives not only from its productive economic character but also from other cultural creative services that give meaning to its multidimensional perspective. The authors conclude that these services are empirically valid when the cultural dimension is measured, as they are illustrative of the cultural mechanisms that help cities to supply symbolic, experiential, and cultural capital, all of which are vital in the competitive context of globalization.