Model employers and model cities?: Bangalore’s public sector and the rise of the neoliberal city

Bangalore is held up as a model for how cities, particularly in the global south, should develop in the globalized information age, in which entrepreneurs with new access to international capital fuel service-sector-driven development. Expanding market forces cultivate cities of skilled middle-class workers whose increased consumption generates broad developmental benefits. Now known as the “Silicon Valley of India,” Bangalore was previously the capital of India’s public sector enterprises (PSEs), which laid important groundwork for the city of today, including the IT sector. I show how, by providing access to homeownership along with high wages and benefits tied to secure employment, Bangalore’s PSEs created the foundation for the city today and its middle-class character. The skilled workforce that PSEs created helped the IT sector emerge in the city. By examining this erased history, we see the role of the state in development projects, and consider alternative models for urban change.     

Amenity value in post-industrial Chinese cities: the case of Nanjing

Many Chinese cities are in a transition from industrial to post-industrial urban economies. In this process of urban restructuring, land use becomes polycentric and fragmented. More sophisticated models are needed to estimate the amenity effects of this complex residential environment. This article assesses the relative housing price effects of neighborhood characteristics and accessibility in Nanjing, China. This is achieved with a hedonic price model that incorporates detailed spatial measures, geographical contingency, and a modified version of Alonso’s (1964) general theory of land rent. A crucial finding is that the effect of job accessibility on house price varies depending upon the specific sector of employment. Accessibility to jobs in the public and private service sectors has strong positive effects. However, housing proximity to heavy industries has a spatially nonlinear effect: negative in close proximity, but positive at a larger distance. Second, when we control for job accessibility, access to public transport has an added positive effect. Finally, neighborhood “quality” (defined in terms of nearby amenities) is also relevant, but far less than access to service employment. This research shows that Nanjing’s housing prices are affected by different residential characteristics than those with dominant price effects in Western cities.     

乌昌地区基本公共服务失配度时空格局演化及影响因素分析

通过将基本公共服务作为一种民生资源,从失配视角研究其配置问题,运用熵值法和健康距离模型,分析乌昌地区2007—2016年基本公共服务失配度时空格局及其影响因素,为推进乌昌地区基本公共服务均等化建设提供决策依据。研究发现:乌昌地区8个市县基本公共服务失配度的平均值逐渐减小,2007年为0.759,属于高度失配,2016年为0.573,属于低度失配;2007年高度失配市县占比高达87.5%,2016年,基本公共服务配置较高、高度失配的市县占比仅为25%,整体上各市县基本公共服务状态有所提高,但2016年基本公共服务失配市县占比仍高达75%,说明乌昌地区仍有较多市县基本公共服务不协调。时间上,基本公共服务失配度演化主要经历3个阶段:高度失配主导阶段(2007—2011年)、失配度下降过渡阶段(2012—2014年)和中度失配主导阶段(2015—2016年)。空间上,基本公共服务失配度由均衡高度失配逐渐演进成不均衡中低度失配,并呈现出"核心、两翼"格局,"两翼"基本公共服务大多处于高度失配和较高度失配状态,而"核心"则一直处于良好或优秀状态,在变化趋势上,失配度由"核心"向"两翼"逐渐变化,离"核心"越近的市县基本公共服务失配度越早呈现下降趋势。     

Citizenship,Community, and Struggles for Public Space

On April 16, 1993, a group of male students at the University of Colorado got into a fight with another group of males not associated with the university; this fight unleashed a broader debate over who should have access to the public spaces surrounding the university. We examine this debate in terms of its implications for citizenship, public space, and community. We discuss conflicts over public space and the role these conflicts have played in defining a citizenship that rejects notions of equal membership in a larger polity. This strategy is examined using newspaper accounts, interviews, and participant observation techniques to understand the conflict over access to “the Hill” in Boulder, Colorado. Central to these conflicts is the issue of how “the public” is constituted. As we detail the actions of agents involved in the Hill, it will become clear that this fight is about competing definitions of who belongs to the public, who is a citizen, and what should be the criteria for membership in the public or community.     

Discrete emergence of neoliberal policies on public space: an informal Business Improvement District in Istanbul,Turkey

This article investigates the birth and evolution of a Business Improvement District (BID) in Talimhane, Istanbul, which is the first case of use of this instrument of neoliberal governance in the Turkish city. The distinctive nature of the Talimhane BID consists in the fact that it has been developed through a series of informal and piecemeal arrangements. The article first reviews the evolution, characteristics, and critical aspects of BIDs. It then focuses on the case study of this “informal BID” in Talimhane, analysing its origins, features, and outcomes. The informal nature of this BID is stressed as a key factor in understanding its features and outcomes, and it emerges as a fundamental component of urban neoliberalism in Turkey: it allows a centralized and authoritarian government to maintain complete control over public space and private actors and activities, while promoting a process of devolving powers in favour of the private sector.     

改革开放以来珠江三角洲基层非正规土地利用实践与制度创新——以东莞市长安镇为例

21世纪初,在对非正规经济研究的二元主义、新马克思主义和新自由主义理论解释基础上,出现了批判管治主义理论,重点关注国家权力与制度对非正规性产生的影响。基于该视角,以东莞市长安镇为例,运用质性研究方法,分析了改革开放先行区的珠江三角洲,其基层非正规土地利用实践的产生、表现及其与制度创新之间的关系。研究发现：改革开放以来,在国家土地制度缺失、正规土地管理制度颁布和实施阶段,以及省级政府主导的土地制度创新阶段,非正规土地利用实践经历了被政府鼓励、包容和默许及正规化的过程。部分非正规土地利用实践成为制度创新的根源。土地制度的演变经历了由乡村基层“自下而上”式向地方政府“自上而下”式推动的转变,在演变过程中具有非正规性特征,并服务于各个时期的城市与经济发展需求。未来的研究中,应更多的关注“自下而上”的制度创新和地方实践。     

THE OTHER BURGESS MODEL

In addition to his famous concentric-zone model of urban form, Ernest W. Burgess in 1929 outlined an altitudinal-zone model. It proposed a positive relationship in “hills cities” between the socioeconomic status of residents and the elevations at which they live. This article suggests a theoretical rationale for this “other Burgess model” based on the role of amenities in contemporary residential choice. Its performance compares favorably to that of competing models in an empirical test in cities selected to approximate as closely as possible the conditions that it assumes. [Key words: amenities, E. W. Burgess, urban form.]     

河南省基本公共服务质量空间格局与空间效应研究

构建基本公共服务质量评价指标体系,对河南省基本公共服务水平和空间格局特征进行了分析,最后采用空间杜宾模型研究了基本公共服务的空间溢出效应与影响因素。研究发现：① 2005~2014年河南省各市基本公共服务水平呈不同程度的上升趋势,但整体水平不高;空间格局上呈自西北向东南衰减的半环带圈层结构。② 基本公共服务在市际尺度上具有显著的全局与局部自相关特征,随时间呈现集聚-分散-集聚的演变模式;高高集聚与低低集聚的空间俱乐部趋同特征明显。③ 空间杜宾模型检验表明基本公共服务空间上存在溢出效应;城镇化水平、地方政府财政支出能力、地方经济发展活力对基本公共服务具有正向促进作用。     

珠三角外向型制造业非正规部门的形成发展机制——以广州市狮岭镇皮具产业为例

作为世界城市化发展中的普遍现象,非正规部门的形成发展一直是研究重点。以广州狮岭皮具产业为例,以非正规工厂和临时工为对象,研究了外向型制造业中非正规部门的形成发展机制。研究认为：正规企业为满足产品生产和降低成本的需求而采取的生产分包模式是非正规部门形成的根本因素;正规企业劳动保障的缺失与工人对自由轻松的工作方式的追求促使工人转入非正规工厂和临时工市场,推动了非正规部门的发展;当地宽松的管制环境为非正规部门的存在提供了可能。全球金融危机在短期内对非正规部门的发展起到了催化作用。研究支持了新马克思主义理论,认为正规部门和非正规部门是相互联系的关系,是产业经济发展中有利的组成要素。非正规部门不是劳动者进入正规部门的“跳板”,而是他们逃避正规经济过度剥削的“避难所”。最后讨论了有关非正规部门和非正规劳动者的政策启示。     

中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间集聚及影响因素

通过构建“多投入-多产出”出口效率测度模型,探讨了2001—2019年中国对49个主要贸易伙伴高端技术产品出口效率的时空分异特征及驱动因素。研究发现：① 中国高端技术产品出口效率整体呈增长趋势,国别间差距逐渐缩小。② 中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间格局明显存在空间集聚特征,高-高型国家集聚于“一带一路”沿线地区并向西蔓延,而低-低型国家分布范围逐年缩小。③ 双边贸易关系对中国高端技术产品出口效率的影响存在空间溢出效应,中国对贸易互竞国家高端技术产品的出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的出口效率低0.017%,而对贸易互竞国家的邻近国高端技术产品出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的邻近国出口效率高0.088%。④ 管制性制度差异对出口效率存在直接促进作用,而经济自由度差异对出口效率整体上有阻滞（负溢出）作用。     

新冠疫情对中国经济的影响及政策讨论

新冠疫情对全球经济造成了严重冲击,在政策空间有限的背景下,讨论结构化政策工具和区域应对方案显得尤为重要。股票市场是国民经济的风向标,因此文章利用在A股市场上市的企业作为研究对象,从产业、主体规模以及区域等维度分析疫情对中国上市企业第一季度财务数据的影响。结果表明：1）除农、林、牧、渔业正增长外,大部分产业均遭受营运利润下滑、经营现金流减少、资产负债率提高等多重打击。各产业中,服务业面临更大挑战。个体的行为决策、政府的停工停产措施以及产业特性是造成这一变化的主要原因。2）新冠疫情对中小市值主体的影响大于大企业。疫情期间,大市值企业的营运利润能力、现金流水平得到优化,资产负债结构表现稳定。这主要是由运营能力差异和马太效应所造成的。3）制造业、服务业和建筑与房地产业上,发达地区相较于欠发达地区承受了更大冲击,这主要受地方人口结构和土地价格影响。金融业上,北京、上海、广东均出现了扰动,而江苏则表现出增长趋势,区域金融业结构特征和企业经营能力是造成这一现象的主要原因。医药产业受到一定程度的冲击,但产业基础好的地区仍出现增长态势,这主要是由医药需求出现取消或推迟、部分药物和设备需求存在紧迫性、优势区域需要承担相应的社会责任造成的。在此基础上,文章讨论了采取更加积极的财政政策、深入优化企业融资环境和差异化选择区域政策工具等政策建议。     

After the 1997 financial crisis in Bangkok: The behaviour and implications of a new cohort of street vendors

After the 1997 financial crisis, many retrenched workers preferred not to return to provincial homes but remained in Bangkok to establish informal retail businesses in branded and other consumer products. In contrast to traditional street vendors, who specialized in food items primarily catering for low‐income customers, and focused on high volume, these ‘new generation’ street vendors also adopted more formal business practices. Given their greater sophistication and better education, we hypothesized that they would be more organized advocates of vendors' rights and thus more prone to conflicts with municipal authorities. Based on interviews, however, we found that new generation vendors are adaptive to location and business strategy, and prefer a low profile in dealing with officialdom. By contrast, traditional vendors remained more tied to particular spaces, are more likely to stand up for their rights to use public space and, because they expect more from government, are more prone to conflicts with municipal authorities. Our findings relate to ongoing discussion on the rights and needs of street vendors to access urban public space and the responsibilities of authorities to meet and provide for these informal sector livelihoods that make up a significant share of the national economy in Thailand, as elsewhere in the global South.     

新时期我国中心城市人口城镇化特征及其空间格局

在新一轮城镇化进程中,以人力资本为核心的创新经济逐步成为推动经济增长的动力引擎,省域中心城市作为人口聚集地的功能日益凸显。人口流动倾向影响着不同规模和行政等级城市之间的城镇体系重构,选取各个省域典型城市作为重点分析对象,通过我国城市人口最新数据统计测算,揭示出近期全国城镇化发展态势与大都市区域格局变化特征。结果发现,我国人口城镇化发展态势逐渐趋于平稳,不同地区、不同规模城市对人口的吸纳能力仍存在显著差异,各类直辖市、省会城市、副省级城市在人口集聚方面表现突出,传统港口城市、工业城市、省域副中心城市的人口吸引力逐步趋弱。其中,一级城市人口吸纳能力超强,二级城市成为人口重要集聚地,三级城市人口增速趋缓,四级城市人口吸引力平稳;可将之划分为“高/低规模”“高/低增长”四种不同组合类型。同时,城市人口的增长变化和人力资本竞争,显著影响了城市区域经济发展,特别是中西部地区省域中心城市实力日益增强,人口增长强劲,进而改变了传统东中西区域经济显著分异的格局,省会城市首位度表现出“高/低位序”“高/低集中”四种不同组合分布特征,且集中于“高位序、高集中”和“低位序、低集中”两种类型,分化格局相对明显。伴随着中国大都市的不断发育成熟,其逐步成为新时代创新经济和人口集聚的引领者。     

“Protecting” street children? Urban revitalization and regulation in Lima,Peru

In this article, I develop a critical analysis of the relationship between urban “revitalization” campaigns and the regulation of street children in Lima, Peru. Scholars writing mostly in the Global North have drawn attention to increasingly punitive policies regarding public space. While in many regards Lima’s urban policy is reflective of such larger trends, I consider whether the regulation of street children is as punitive as might be assumed. I am particularly concerned with the role that children’s rights play as another logic structuring urban regulation. I first show how a language of children’s rights has been manipulated to justify the removal of street children from public space, as is most evident through Peru’s Law to Protect Minors from Situations of Begging. However, there is also something more ambiguous occurring. In the second part of this article, I examine the uneven implementation of policy: street children themselves resist and rework policies “on the ground,” and children’s rights frameworks may offer possibilities for rupture of formal regulation. I suggest that these overlapping and competing dynamics sustain an uneven and contingent geography of urban regulation.     

城市功能与地位转变的内在逻辑与实现路径

通过对世界国际性城市的研究梳理,提炼出城市功能驱使大城市地位转变的内在逻辑,构建了“战略功能-基础功能-城市地位”三者之间的作用模型。文章提出世界（国际性）城市功能可以分为战略功能与基础功能两类。其中,战略功能是驱使大城市地位转变的根本动力,在国家经济、区域布局中承担控制中心的角色。基础功能则是战略功能的重要外在表现,是维持和提高战略功能的重要保障,起到枢纽、节点的作用,能够提供高度现代化的基础设施与国际服务功能;同时也会间接影响战略功能的作用效果以及城市地位的转变。利用此逻辑框架,对杭州城市地位升级的实现路径进行了论证,识别出数字经济功能是杭州的战略功能,证实了数字经济的腾飞使得杭州发展迅速,城市地位提升,也回应了当下杭州进入“一线城市”的舆论呼声。     

中国城市的网络地位及影响因素研究——基于上市公司500强企业网络视角

利用2016年中国上市公司500强企业网络数据和隶属联系方法构建城市网络,解析了中国城市的网络地位分异格局,并定量测度了城市网络地位的影响因素,在城市网络“行为-结构-绩效”分析框架下解释了地位分异的动力机制。研究发现：正则等价性模型识别的15个正则等价块分化为首位者、经纪人、接收者和孤立者4个地位类型;地位间关系呈现“核心-半边缘-边缘”结构特征,其中首位者地位的正则等价块形成凝聚子群并占据网络权力的核心,经纪人和接收者地位的块位于半边缘位置,孤立者地位的块处于网络权力的边缘;市场潜力、政治资源、知识资本、区位条件和发展基础是中国城市网络地位的关键影响因素;规模偏好、择优选择、地理临近和路径依赖构成了城市网络地位分异的动力机制。城市网络的发展倾向于扩大城市间发展差距,中国城市化政策和城市治理体系需要做出相应调整。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情公众关注度的时空差异与影响因素

公众关注作为疫情防控与舆情治理的重要环节,其时空差异与影响因素却鲜见被讨论。因此,文章将百度搜索指数作为网络公众关注度的测量指标,采用百度人口流动大数据和疫情实时监测数据,运用空间分析、时空可视化、回归分析等方法,分析2020-01-09—03-02中国公众对“新型冠状病毒”网络关注度的省域时空差异与影响因素。研究发现：1）在空间上,公众对疫情的关注度东、西部差异较大,沿海高于内陆,且与疫情高发区吻合;在时间上,武汉“封城”前后各省份的公众关注度分布格局基本趋于一致,且“封城”后均明显高于“封城”前;春节期间关注度达到最高峰,而后随疫情周期性规律（潜伏—暴发）呈波动式下降;关注主题遵循“从早期对相关病毒的搜索到后期关注临床诊断与发展状况”的疫情发展规律。2）疫情动态数据、武汉人口流动的日动态因素与固定区位特征的经济社会发展因素会不同程度地影响受众对疫情的关注度,当疫情基本得到控制,宏观区位因素对公众关注度的影响作用开始凸显,具有持续稳定的影响;3）影响因素在疫情暴发前后2个阶段对公众关注度起着不同的影响效果。在疫情暴发初期,公众更易受疫情动态信息影响引发主动搜索行为;而在疫情暴发后期阶段,公众将注意力转移到流入各省份的武汉人口上。     

Public places and empty spaces: dislocation,urban renewal and the death of a French plaza

This article examines the dislocations produced when competing understandings of public space come into contact. Focusing on Montpellier, France, where an urban renewal program has seen portions of the city-centre renovated, the article considers the breaking apart of a North African commercial cluster under the guide of French heritage protection. Arguing that such action is tiedto municipal urban politics and wider trajectories that place diverse identities in a separate category, I trace the process through which a plaza encompassed in the urban renewal program has been labelled as “empty” and “dead” space. Suggesting that the relocation of a well-used outdoor food market is an instance of public space being deliberately emptied of its social and civic function, I argue that such sites are better defined as “municipal spaces”, entities that are firmly in the realm of the state, rather than ones within the purview of diverse publics.     

Regulating public space on the beachfronts of Rio de Janeiro

Despite the fortification of buildings, streets, and public squares, Rio de Janeiro's beaches remain widely regarded as democratic spaces of social diversity and accessibility. Our study revisits the question of Rio's “democratic” beachfronts, based on local interviews, field observations, official reports, and newspaper accounts. We focus on historical and contemporary perceptions of planning, privatization, and public-order programs on the city's southern seaside. Institutional discourses have justified increasing regulation to combat threats of disorder and insecurity. While residents value the relative openness of beachfronts, they also acknowledge issues of safety, social segmentation, and subtle forms of bias. The public generally applauds recent “Shock of Order” policing and commercial revitalization, although critics lament the loss of traditional freedoms for informal beach vendors and casual sports. These paradoxes highlight enduring tensions between social order and hierarchy on one hand, and democratic rights and equality on the other.