国家公园游憩利用与社区协调的空间重构机理与联动逻辑

游憩活动带来的“人”与“地”的互动使国家公园原本的人地关系有了更复杂的内涵。国家公园的社区协调与游憩利用需要联动发展,其机理是当代社会由流空间与地方场所形成的空间重构。以流空间理论为基础,解析国家公园空间重构机理,构建游憩利用与社区协调的空间联动逻辑模型,结果发现：1）国家公园生态空间所具有的独特资源禀赋是生活空间、生产空间、游憩空间运行发展的基础,生活、生产、游憩空间三者都影响生态空间的生态承载力。2）生活空间中原住民的地方依恋和文化认同都起源于生态空间,为游憩空间提供人文资源,通过宜居程度和生活保障的提升来促进生产空间的优化。3）生产空间也为游憩空间提供具有原真性的文化资源,通过生产方式的转变和就业渠道的增加提高原住民的收入水平,带动生活空间的改善。4）游憩空间所产生的经济资本和文化资本能够助力于生态空间的维护、助力于生活空间的改善和生产空间的优化。因此在未来的国家公园建设与发展中,一是需要根据流空间结构,推进游憩利用与社区协调的科学管理;二是基于空间重构机理,促进游憩利用与社区协调的要素流动;三是需要利用空间联动逻辑,完善游憩利用与社区协调的多元发展模式。     

Residents’ Perception of the Recreational Value of Forest Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai,China

Forest parks provide important recreational and tourism bene?ts to residents, so it is essential to know what residents’ perceptions are regarding the recreational value of forest parks for participatory forest planning and management. This study investigated forest park recreational value in the physical, psychological, and social dimensions in Shanghai according to questionnaires completed by 658 respondents, and examined the relationships between recreational value and residents’ social variables by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The results show the following: 1) The recreational value of forest parks is perceived as most important in the psychological dimension, while in the social dimension it is appreciated the least. 2) In terms of the differences in forest park recreational value in suburbs and rural areas, the social value in rural areas had significantly higher scores than in the suburbs, and the psychological value in suburbs is much higher than that in the rural areas. 3) Regarding the social variables which characterize residents in suburbs and rural areas, females and younger groups tended to assign higher scores to recreational value than males and older groups. Moreover, citizens with low education or low income also assigned higher scores to recreational value compared to more educated or higher-income residents. The results of this study reveal the recreational value characteristics of Shanghai forest parks in the three dimensions, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of urban forest resources and contribute to reasonable planning and management.     

北京市郊区游憩空间分布规律

郊区是城市发展的腹地,郊区游憩空间不仅能够满足都市居民出游的需求,而且对维护城市生态安全具有重要意义。本文选取北京作为案例地,对郊区的游憩空间布局规律进行研究。在前期研究的基础上,结合网络、文献、调研收集数据,将游憩空间按照功能划分为3类：公共游憩空间、商业游憩空间与附属游憩空间;将不同功能、不同经营主体与不同土地利用的游憩空间组织起来,从而建立北京郊区游憩空间采样数据库,采用GIS空间分析的技术手段得出结论。研究发现,北京郊区各类游憩空间布局具有空间分异规律。公共游憩空间中风景名胜区分布在远郊的山区;城市公园与城市形态相关;郊野公园属于政策导向型的游憩空间,在一定程度上缓解了资源本底条件造成的游憩空间不均匀分布。商业游憩空间呈现产品的空间分异,并与交通、水系条件密切相关;乡村游憩设施依托于大型景区,并与农业传统相关。北京郊区的游憩空间已经初步具备网络结构并向纵深发展,出现了产业集中区。最后指出北京游憩空间布局中存在的不合理现象和改进的方向。该研究旨在构建都市游憩空间的有机结构,为城市规划与游憩管理提供科学依据。     

Privatised Communities: the use of owners corporations in master planned estates in Melbourne

This paper contributes to the growing body of work on master planned estates in Australia by addressing the issue of the privatisation of assets and facilities, which in more conventional residential developments are in the public realm, owned and managed by local councils or other public bodies. The paper addresses the trend to place assets presented as lifestyle features, such as community and recreational facilities, open space or landscaping features, in a form of collective private ownership, known in Victoria as owners corporations. The provision of these facilities and assets for residents, however, has a number of implications relating to exclusivity, separation from the wider community, and potential conflicts within the master planned community itself. These issues are examined with reference to data gathered through an investigation of recently established master planned communities in the growth areas of Melbourne.     

The ins and outs of skateboarding and transgression in public space in Newcastle,Australia

This study examines skateboarding as a transgressive activity in different inner Newcastle public spaces, highlighting the way certain places are constructed, and the values and meanings attached to them. Skateboarding has been sanctioned in some places, but is considered to be inappropriate in others, resulting in the implementation of skating restrictions in specific areas. Transgressive conduct is different from the norm and appears to be ‘out of place’. However, labels of ‘in’ and ‘out’ of place are too simplistic, because transgression is more nuanced and can simultaneously operate at multiple scales. Some skateboarding activities and locations are seen as more legitimate than others, and so a skater can be both ‘in place’ and ‘out of place’ at the same time. Problems and inconsistencies in the regulation of public space are revealed, because although skateboarding may be illegal in some places, the regulations are blunted by limited enforcement, justified by distinctions between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ skateboarding.     

国家公园公益化管理国外相关研究及启示

国家公园通过公益化管理体现其公益性。相关主体行为是相应管理的主要对象,以使之产生正外部性,减少或消除其负外部性。国外国家公园已有100多年的公益化管理实践,产生了大量研究。论文分析、归纳国外学者在相关方面所关注的主要内容,并系统梳理针对这些内容的研究,总结出其对国内国家公园公益化管理中应对现实问题、达成“理顺权属关系、扩大社会参与、实现公益服务、保障社区利益”等目标的启示：非国有土地管理合约化、管理权限系统化、保护责任制度化、社会募捐常态化、生态保护科学化;以及通过构建渠道、科学组织实现公众参与保护及管理;以体现公益、优化体验、环境教育为目标提供游憩服务;以正外部性最大、负外部性最小为原则对企业及访客进行管理;以激励相融、利益保障为原则实现社区共管共享等。     

Examining the economic impact of park facilities on neighboring residential property values

The economic impacts of parks on adjacent property values have been extensively studied in the literature. Studies on how individual park facilities influence property values, however, are rarely found. While park facilities are essential for providing diverse recreational opportunities, their economic impacts should also be considered when designing a park system. This study, therefore, applied hedonic regression models to examine the impacts of park facilities on neighboring residential property values within the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The park facilities examined are divided into two categories: passive (i.e. passive recreation space, water features, and gardens) and active (i.e. children's play grounds, ball fields, tennis courts, skate park, etc.). Analysis of results suggests that park facilities for passive recreation, with the exception of urban gardens, are likely to have positive impacts on property values. Active facilities, especially skate parks and children's play areas, tend to introduce negative impacts. The impacts of facilities on property values decrease over distance zones from parks, which is consistent with the findings in the literature. Moreover, the impacts of facilities on property values vary with size, as gardens and most active facilities are more likely to be beneficial in small parks, while water features in large parks tend to increase property values.     

热带湿地公园游憩者行为偏好研究:以广东九龙山红树林国家湿地公园为例

随着人们对湿地公园价值认识的提升,更多游人参与到湿地公园的游憩活动中,以游人的行为活动以及设施需求为出发点建设湿地公园显得尤为重要。以九龙山红树林国家湿地公园为例,采用行为观测法和问卷调查法对游憩者的结构特点、行为特征、游憩偏好和设施要求等多个方面进行了调查与分析。结果表明:男性学生是公园的主要游憩者,多数利用节假日与朋友结伴而来;公园的吸引半径为100 km以内,主要的交通方式是摩托车及私家车;游人最喜欢的游憩活动是欣赏自然风光以及徒步健身;期望增设垂钓、野营、空中观鸟等游憩项目。建议开发有教育价值或有经济收入的游憩项目,根据游客的需求,丰富设施以及完善现有游憩设施,加大管理、保护与宣传力度。     

城市园林游憩活动评价及 "期望差异-体验水平"管理模式 ——以无锡为例

游憩活动设计和管理对城市园林实践具有重要意义。评价是设计决策和管理实践的依据,基于"工具设计－测量评价－管理战略决策"这一评价流程,从游憩活动使用者角度出发,通过文献分析构建游憩活动评价指标体系,并以无锡园林作为研究对象,选择其中四个典型城市园林进行游客抽样调查,通过对调查所得数据的统计分析,综合评价无锡市园林游憩活动的现状,并提炼影响游客游憩体验的重要因素。还尝试性地提出了园林游憩活动的"期望差异—体验水平"管理模式,基于调查数据来计算9类游憩活动的期望差异等级表和体验水平等级表,以确定其在"期望差异—体验水平"横向评价矩阵("ED-EL"矩阵)中所处位置,在此基础上对无锡市四个园林的游憩活动发展提出建议。     

社区尺度的北京儿童服务设施可达性分析

儿童服务设施是建设儿童友好性城市的重要内容。基于北京城区社区人口数据及儿童服务设施数据,通过两步移动搜寻法,以社区为单元分析儿童服务设施可达性的空间格局及分布模式。结果显示,不同类别儿童服务设施空间可达性服务水平差异较大,在1000米阈值范围内小学的空间可达性水平优于幼儿园,3000米阈值范围内儿童诊所的空间可达性优于公园。受儿童人口和儿童服务设施分布的影响,小学、幼儿园、儿科门诊的可达性均呈现“中心高、边缘低”的分布格局,空间分布不均衡;公园分布则相对分散,其可达性呈现边缘区域优于中心区域分布特征。北京城区儿童服务设施可达性情况可分为五种类型区,类型区之间以同心圆的结构进行组合,局部体现出扇形的特征。据此提出针对不同区域儿童服务设施的改善策略。     

主题公园规划设计探讨

文章就我国目前在开发建设主题公园过程中存在的问题，认为不能就主题公园论主题公园，而应树立以大众文化为内涵，以综合效益为目标、以区位组合为关键的规划设计理念，提出了可行性分析、主题策划、产品组合、游线设计、设施布局、环艺设计、形象策划、文化展经营管理和营销策划等方面的基本思路与对策。     

The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

Job Accessibility and Male Teenage Employment, 1980–1990: The Declining Significance of Space?*

The spatial mismatch hypothesis, which argues that job decentralization has had a major impact on the economic fortunes of inner-city minorities, has been a popular argument in academic and policy circles. It is possible, however, that employment decentralization was a temporary shock to inner-city labor markets and that labor supply has successfully adjusted by residential relocation and alterations in job search patterns. This paper examines this issue with an empirical analysis of the 1980 and 1990 employment probabilities of black and white male teenagers living in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Findings indicate that the impact of job accessibility on employment probabilities declined between 1980 and 1990, especially for black male teenagers not enrolled in school. Accessibility had a declining effect for this group because of losing the advantage of accessibility rather than overcoming the disadvantage of inaccessibility. By 1990, black male teens living in job-accessible areas no longer enjoyed as much of an employment advantage relative to teens living in job-inaccessible areas as they did in 1980. We should thus be cautious about ascribing too much theoretical or policy importance to job accessibility factors.     

城市物流园区类型及运营模式——以深圳市为例

物流园区作为城市物流活动的重要空间载体,其发展对城市物流产业的发展具有重要意义。但对物流园区相关研究主要以园区未来规划为主,缺少对发展成熟物流园区的案例研究。鉴于此,文章以物流园区发展较早的深圳市9大物流园区为案例,将其划分为货运枢纽型、城市配送型和综合功能型物流园区3种类型,并总结其在选址、用地规模、业务类型方面的特征;根据政府参与管理程度,将其划分为政府主导型、企业主导型和半政府主导型3种运营模式,并认为城市物流园区运营模式与园区类型具有密切关系。文章从物流园区的依附设施、用地规模、投资规模3方面分析了其对运营模式的影响。     

Urban Open Spaces in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Typology and Analysis

Urban open space provides a unique conduit for the sociospatial study of urban history. We propose seven categories to help scholars historically situate and analyze urban open spaces: food production areas, parks and gardens, recreational space, plazas, streets, transport facilities, and incidental space. We use these categories, and the contrast between grey and green space, to compare examples from archaeological, historical, and recent times across a broad geographical range. Top-down and bottom-up actions dialectically intersect in the establishment, use, and reproduction of urban open space, and many open spaces prove to be particularly flexible in serving the general population. These findings can inform comparative urban analysis, and they help contextualize current debates concerning the socioeconomic, political, and urban ecological functions of open and public spaces.     

国外国家公园社区问题研究综述

周边社区是建设国家公园过程中一个不可回避的方面。通过系统梳理和回顾国外相关研究文献,对国外国家公园社区问题的研究内容和研究方法进行归纳总结,把握目前国外国家公园社区问题的研究现状,为中国同主题的研究提供一定的理论借鉴。国外对国家公园社区问题的研究主要集中在国家公园对社区的影响、社区对国家公园的影响与认知、社区参与、社区利益分配、土地利用等方面;研究方法多以定量分析为主,多为实证研究。研究表明,对于国家公园的研究需在社区利益分配、社区土地利用、社区可持续发展、社区需求等方面进一步细化、加深。社区参与是未来国家公园可持续发展的重要手段之一,因此对其参与方式、利益分配机制、利益保护的研究将是重点。     

Recreational use of Jotunheimen national park: some implications for management and planning

Recreational use of Jotunheimen park was surveyed during the summer of 1992 to provide data input to management planning for the park. Jotunheimen is one of the most popular and heavily utilized mountain recreation areas in Norway with a long history of recreational use. As a national park, the area is an important social institution and a socio-cultural arena for outdoor recreational experiences and benefits. Through two field surveys, socio-demographic characteristics of users, recreational use patterns and attitudes towards a set of management actions were examined. The results show that recreationists comprise an international population with diverse socio-demographic backgrounds. Approximately one-half of the users were Norwegians, while the other half came from other European countries. The majority of use takes place along a set of main corridors in the park. The users are generally satisfied with the present management of the park, but express a wide range of attitudes towards proposed management actions. Implications for management planning in the national park are discussed.     

基于结构方程模型的城市公园居民游憩满意度

城市公园是承载居民日常游憩的主要空间,度量居民在城市公园的游憩满意度对于改善公园的游憩品质具有重要意义。结合城市公园的游憩特征和影响因素,文章构建了用于测度居民游憩满意度(RRSI)的结构方程模型;并以北京城市公园为例,在量表设计和问卷调查基础上,对居民游憩满意度进行了研究。研究结果表明,在影响居民游憩满意度的三大潜变量中,可达程度对居民游憩满意度影响最大,其次分别是感知质量和感知价值。深入分析发现,可达程度中的“公共交通”、“与居住区距离”,感知质量中的“景观品质”、“休憩设施”、“公园治安”、“文娱活动”、“标识系统”,感知价值中的“门票及消费”等观测变量对潜变量的作用更明显,是影响居民游憩满意度的主要因子。在研究结果的基础上,文章提出了改善城市公园游憩品质可资借鉴的政策建议。     

Ecotourism Development Evaluation and Measures for Forest Parks in China

Forest parks are one of the important kinds of destinations for the development of ecotourism in China. Based on the principles of ecotourism, an evaluation index system of ecotourism development in forest parks was established. This paper uses data from investigations in 27 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China to evaluate and analyze the ecotourism development of China’s forest parks. In order to promote the sustainable development of ecotourism in forest parks, the paper suggests a number of measures, such as promoting the integration of the tourism industry and related industries, exploring folklore tourism products, planning an environmental interpretation system, perfecting the infrastructure and service facilities system in line with the principles of ecology, building an environmental monitoring system, setting up a reasonable mechanism for community participation, strengthening capital investment and investment management, and paying attention to the cultivation of professional talent for ecotourism. These measures can be used as references and guides to the development and construction of ecotourism in forest parks in China.     

台湾地区国家公园建设与发展

自从 １９７２ 年台湾地区实施 “国家公园法”以来, 目前已建立了六大国家公园, 对保护台湾岛的特有自然风景、野生动物和历史文化发挥了重要作用。此外, 台湾地区国家公园还为发展旅游和研究生态学、地学提供了理想的场所。台湾有丰富的资源建立国家公园, 其规划除遵循国家公园的国际标准, 还针对台湾地区地景、生物多样性的特点进行国家公园的规划与建设。台湾地区国家公园规划的主要内容包括： （１） 资源调查与分析; （２） 自然保护与发展政策制订;（３） 国家公园系统规划; （４） 国家公园经营管理规划; （５） 旅游区规划与设施建设; （６） 国家公园生态保护、解说系统。