中国南方冬季异常低温和降水事件

This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China.The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ thresholds.Twelve cold Januaries are identified where temperature anomaly below-1σ,and ten wet Januaries are identified where precipitation anomaly above +1σ.Among these events there are three patterns of cold-wet Januaries,namely 1969,1993 and 2008.The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to check the atmospheric circulation changes in association with the anomalous temperature and precipitation events.The results show that the strong Siberian High(SBH),East Asian trough(EAT) and East Asian jet stream(EAJS) are favorable conditions for low-temperature in southern China.While the anomalous southerly flow at 850 hPa,the weak EAT at 500 hPa,the strong Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and the weaker EAJS are found to accompany a wetter southern China.The cold-wet winters in southern China,such as...更多 January of 2008,are mainly related to a stronger SBH,and the circulation in the middle to upper troposphere is precipitation-favorable.In wet winters,the water vapor below 500 hPa is mainly transported by the anomalous southwesterly flow and the anomalous southern flow over the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea area.The correlation coefficients of MEJS,EAMW(East Asian meridional wind) and EU(Eurasian pattern) to southern China precipitation in January are +0.65,-0.59 and-0.48 respectively,and the correlations for high-pass filtered data are +0.63,-0.55 and-0.44 respectively,the significant level is all at 99%.MEJS,EAMW and EU together can explain 49.4% variance in January precipitation.Explained variance for January and winter temperature by SBH,EU,WP(west Pacific pattern) and AO(Arctic Oscillation) are 47.2% and 51.5%,respectively.There is more precipitation in southern China during El Nio winters,and less precipitation during La Nia winters.And there is no clear evidence that the occurrence of anomalous temperature events in winter over southern China is closely linked to ENSO events.     

我国南方冬季异常低温和异常降水事件分析

统计分析1951 年以来1 月份以及1880 年以来冬季, 我国南方的异常低温与降水事件, 结果表明1 月异常低温(温度距平< -1σ) 有12 次, 降水异常偏多(降水距平> +1") 有10 次, 冷湿组合有3 次(1969、1993、2008); 冬季异常低温有29 次, 降水异常偏多有16 次, 冷湿组合有2 次(1886/87、1904/05)。利用NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料等, 采用合成方法分析异常低温与异常降水事件时大气环流特征, 结果表明有利于南方低温的环流特征是: 西伯利亚高压、东亚大槽及东亚急流异常偏强。有利于降水偏多的环流特征是: 东亚大槽偏弱; 200 hPa 上中东急流异常偏强、东亚急流偏弱; 东亚从对流层低层到中高层都有异常南风。当发生冷湿组合时, 低温主要是受到西伯利亚冷高压异常偏强的影响, 而降水主要受对流层850 hPa 至200 hPa 环流异常的作用。南方冬季水汽主要来自南支槽的西南气流和南海上空的转向 气流, 在降水偏多时有异常西南水汽输送距平。西伯利亚高压、欧亚遥相关型、西太平洋遥相关型、北极涛动4 个环流因子能解释南方1 月和冬季气温方差的47.2%和51.5%; 而中东 急流、东亚经向风、欧亚遥相关型则能共同解释南方1 月和冬季降水方差的49.4%和48.4%。 统计降水异常与ENSO 的对应关系表明, 当发生El Niño 事件时南方冬季降水偏多的概率较 大, 当发生La Niña 事件时, 降水偏少的概率较大, 而温度与ENSO 没有明显的统计相关。     

湖北气温的3—5年周期振动及其与大气环流低频变化的联系

本文用月平均资料序列，提取湖北气温，北半球５００ｈＰａ高度和北太平洋海博温度的３－５年低频分量，分析研究了三者之间的联系，初步揭示了前期ＳＳＴ对湖北冬季气温影响的过程。     

赤道中东太平洋关键区海温对宁夏春季降水的影响

基于宁夏全区范围内24个常规气象站近53 a春季降水量资料和美国气候预测中心1961-2013年Niño1+2和Niño3.4月平均海平面温度指数资料及NCEP/NCAR北半球月平均500hPa高度距平场再分析资料,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)及滑动相关分析方法,对宁夏逐年春季降水量的空间分布进行分型,并分析了各空间分布型的时间演变特征,进一步研究了赤道中东太平洋关键区(Niño1+2、Niño3.4)海温是如何通过对西太平洋副高及500 hPa中高纬大气环流的影响来影响宁夏的春季降水。结果表明:近53 a来,宁夏春季降水全区一致偏多或偏少分布型的占比超过70%,21世纪后全区降水一致偏少型明显减少;前一年夏秋季节赤道中东太平洋关键区海温与次年宁夏春季降水存在持续5~8个月的显著高相关,其中7~9月相关最显著,且相关程度逐步提高;研究发现,前一年夏秋季节,赤道中东太平洋关键区海温异常,通过海气相互作用,对次年春季北半球500 hPa高度距平场上中高纬度大气环流的配置以及西太平洋副热带高压的位置产生明显的影响,近而影响形成次年春季宁夏降水的水汽来源以及空间分布。因此,这些前期的稳定强信号对宁夏春季降水预测具有明确的指示意义。     

SYNOPTIC CONTROL OF REGIONAL TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN THE COTERMINOUS UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1949 AND 1981

Regional patterns of January and mean annual temperature change between 1949 and 1981 are compared with regional changes in January precipitation totals and related to upper-level atmospheric circulation. During cold periods, cooling is concentrated in the eastern United States and is associated with a southward shift in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (reflecting the mean position of the polar front jet), and with a strengthening of meridional flow aloft. During this same period, enhanced meridionality yields an increase in temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, associated with amplification of the mean long wave ridge over the Rocky Mountains. Warm periods in the eastern United States, conversely, correlate with a stronger zonal flow aloft (resulting in cooler, wetter conditions in the Pacific Northwest). Accordingly, temporal variation in regional temperature trends may be more readily interpreted as responses to synoptic controls which yield departures of opposite sign in locales influenced by ridges vs. troughs, rather than as a reflection of uniform, progressive hemispheric or global temperature change.     

中国夏季高温日数时空变化及其环流背景

本研究利用1955~2005年全国193个气象站点夏季(5~9月)逐日最高气温资料,分析了我国东部地区夏季高温日数变化的空间分布特征和时间变化规律。经验正交函数分析结果显示高温日数的变化有明显的区域特征,第一模态表现为区域整体一致的异常,中心区位于长江中下游地区,第二模态表现为江淮流域与华南反向变化的特点,第三模态表现为东南部地区与西南、华北的反向变化。这些模态与高层大气环流的变化有关。分析表明ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)、赤道印度洋和西太平洋暖池海温,可以通过影响西太平洋和东亚地区大气环流而影响我国夏季高温日数频次,其中ENSO和西太平洋暖池区海温对高温日数变化第一模态的相关比较明显;而热带印度洋海温对第二模态有显著影响。与前期海温的关系分析可知,第一模态与前期夏季的西太平洋暖池和前期冬季赤道东太平洋海温相关关系最好,第二模态则受热带印度洋前期冬季海温影响最大,这对高温预测具有指示意义。     

中国东北夏季温度年代际变化特征

东北地区夏季温度变化主要有4个独立模态,其中EOF1呈全区一致型为第一模态,占总方差贡献的72%左右,其时间系数呈现多年代际尺度变化;其他3个模态仅分别占总方差贡献的10%、4%和3%,表现出受海洋、地形及纬度差异的影响,呈南北向、东西向和山脉与平原地区的反向异常分布型;突变和小波分析进一步揭示EOF1模态的多年代际尺度变化具有突变性质,2007~2010年受20 a左右周期影响,东北地区温度变化全区一致的模态时间系数处于负值为主的阶段,值得关注。东北地区夏季温度变EOF1模态与北半球500 hPa高度场和对流层中上层纬向风场(西风急流)在30oN~40oN呈环球尺度带状显著正相关分布,在东北亚地区纬度较高,可达60oN附近,而且该区500 hPa高度场与东北夏季温度EOF1模态多年代际变化近于同步。EOF1模态与靠近亚洲大陆沿岸和西太平洋暖池(包括印度洋的中部和北部)、南太平洋环澳大利亚、靠近北美大陆及北大西洋北部的漂流区和北赤道漂流区的海表温度存在显著的同步正相关,而与太平洋海表温度的年代际振荡模态亦有较显著的正相关;表明东北地区夏季温度的EOF1模态与北半球海-气系统多年代际变化联系密切,同时也受到全球变暖的影响。     

海冰和海温对西北地区中部6月降水异常的协同影响

利用1961年以来美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)月平均再分析风场、高度场、NOAA重构海表温度以及西北地区中部54个气象站6月逐日降水资料、1979年以来北极10个区域的海冰面积,通过分析2019年6月西北地区中部降水异常的成因,揭示出对该区域6月降水具有显著影响的关键海区海冰面积及时段、北大西洋三极子(NAT)关键...     

陕西盛夏多雨年与少雨年的大气环流特征分析

应用NCEP/NCAR 1979—2004年再分析资料,针对陕西盛夏（7—8月）降水的情况,分析了汛期降水异常的大气环流特征。结果表明:陕西汛期多雨年,影响降水的主要天气系统表现为“三强一弱”,即西太平洋副热带高压、西风带蒙古低槽、乌拉尔山阻塞高压强,青藏高压弱;少雨年天气系统表现为“三弱一强”,即西太平洋副热带高压、西风带蒙古低槽、乌拉尔山阻塞高压弱,青藏高压强。另外,在多雨年,500 hPa流场,在陕西中部有一条东西向的切变线或风向辐合区;850 hPa形成了孟加拉湾经四川盆地到陕西和南海经鄂西北到陕西的水汽通道;少雨年500 hPa河套中部为西北气流控制,850 hPa水汽通道不明显或水汽输送中途减弱。     

INTERANNUAL TO INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS OF THE REGIONALIZED SURFACE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND RELATIONSHIPS TO GENERALIZED FLOW PARAMETERS

This analysis attempts to discern primary causes of interannual and interdecadal climate variations for precipitation and temperature regions of the conterminous United States. Varimax rotated principal components analysis of annual climate division data is used in the derivation of nine precipitation and five temperature regions. Each region's time series is examined for underlying linear trends, representing long-term climate change, and tests for variance changes, to determine regional climate variability shifts. The first six precipitation components, representing the entire eastern half of the country and the Northwest, displayed significant temporal increases. Of these, four displayed significant increases in interannual variability through time. For temperature, only the Southwestern region showed a significant change (increase) through time. However, significant reductions in temperature variability were confirmed for three regions. To determine the causes of the derived climate shifts, correlation analysis was performed with various atmospheric teleconnection indices. Precipitation trends are most strongly associated with variations in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) at the interannual time scale while interdecadal variations are associated more with variations in the Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection. Both interannual and interdecadal variations of regional temperature are most strongly related to the PNA, except for the Southwest, which showed a significant correlation to the SOI. This suggests that El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are the source for much of the precipitation change evident in the eastern and Northwestern United States and temperature change in the Southwest. [Key words: climate change, precipitation, temperature, El Niño, Southern Oscillation, United States climate.]     

AVALANCHE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE CONTINENTAL ZONE IN THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

The avalanche hazard in the United States is most severe in the continental zone of Colorado, where property damage and deaths exceed those in any other state. The continental zone is normally characterized by a shallow snowpack, faceted crystal growth, and relatively fewer avalanches as compared to the coastal and intermountain zones farther west. This study illustrates that variations in the avalanche character in the continental zone may, at times, resemble some less continental characteristics that are found farther west as a result of anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns. Results from cluster analyses show that some sites in the southern portion of the continental zone generally represent a less continental character. Anomalies of 500-mb heights explain the variability of avalanche climates for selected sites, particularly for Berthoud Pass, within the continental zone. Negative heights over the southwestern United States during early winter correspond with less continental conditions, but the zone of negative heights tends to shift westward over the eastern Pacific Ocean during February and March. However, generalizations of how synoptic patterns govern avalanche climate variations also vary between different locations as a result of smaller-scale climatic controls that operate over the region. [Key words: avalanche climatology, continental zone, 500-mb heights, Rocky Mountains.]     

江淮下游汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的关系——以里下河腹部地区为例

应用综合Niño指数,分析了江淮下游里下河腹部地区1957-2006年间汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的关系及环流形势。结果显示:汛期降水与ENSO冷暖事件的遥相关具有较为显著的阶段性特征。El Niño、La Nina的翌年汛期降水分别以负、正距平偏多,汛期降水的正负距平转换出现在1970年代末左右。汛期降水与Niño指数具有2-7 a左右的相似周期,且二者在1980年前后出现了明显的相位转换。El Niño翌年汛期降水为正距平的环流场显示,东亚环流经向呈“+、-、+”高度距平配置,且副高范围扩大,偏西偏北,存在典型的梅雨锋面,雨带停留在江淮下游地区,利于降水形成。而La Nina翌年汛期降水为正距平的环流场表明,副高位置偏东偏北收缩,东亚经向环流呈“-、-”位势高度距平,低、中层分别为西南风、偏东南风距平,缺少梅雨锋面,汛期降水偏多的程度较小。     

REGIONAL-SCALE TROUGHING OVER THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES: TEMPORAL CLIMATOLOGY,TELECONNECTIONS, AND CLIMATIC IMPACT

Regional-scale middle- and upper-tropospheric troughing over the southwestern United States represents a departure from the modal circulation pattern for western North America. Once developed, southwestern troughs often are associated with positive vorticity advection aloft, surface cyclone formation, and moisture advection over areas of the western Great Plains and Intermountain West. These trough systems may play an important role in the precipitation climatology of the western and central United States. However, very little work has focused on the temporal climatology, developmental characteristics, or climatic impacts of southwestern troughs. This study provides a detailed climatology of southwestern troughing that focuses on: (1) the temporal frequency of these events; (2) the teleconnective circulation changes that are associated with their development; and (3) the importance of these systems in the precipitation climatology of the western and central United States.

The temporal climatology of southwestern troughs reveals that most of these systems occur during spring and autumn, with somewhat fewer events in winter and very few events in summer. An examination of 500-mb geopotential height and 24-hr height change composites during trough development shows that much of the wave-train activity that accompanies trough onset is limited to the North Pacific and North American regions. These changes are characterized by the amplification and eastward movement of a ridge/trough couplet over the eastern Pacific, which is preceded by synoptic-scale transient wave activity over the western and central Pacific. While southwestern troughs occur less than 30% of the time, southwestern trough-derived precipitation comprises over 60% of the monthly totals for some sites.     

ANOMALOUS CALIFORNIA WINTERS AND THE ENSO PHENOMENA

Climate anomalies in California associated with ENSO episodes between 1910 and 1984 are investigated using “Superposed Epoch Analysis” techniques tested against randomization for statistical significance of the identified signals. The results indicate that statistically significant temperature departures from seasonal normals are associated with ENSO events and are characterized by positive anomalies in all seasons but especially in the key season of the event year and in the winter following the key season. Temperature anomalies associated with ENSO increase inversely with latitude. The largest temperature anomalies in the station superpositions occur not in the key season but in the winter following. This two-year persistence of temperature anomalies may be important in long-range forecasting. The spring and summer of the second year of the cycle are significantly warmer than the preceding two springs and summers. From the station superpositions, significant positive precipitation anomalies accompany the key seasons of ENSO episodes and persist through the following winter while the winter preceding the key season is abnormally dry. Areally averaged superpositions depict a dry winter and spring preceding the key ENSO season, a wet winter and spring in the episode year persisting into the following winter and spring in the north. A similar pattern exists in the south except that the fall and winter following the key season are abnormally wet. A division of ENSO episodes into “wet” and “dry” events produces no significant foreshadowing characteristics but highlights the indeterminacy of weather types associated with ENSO teleconnections in California as latitude increases. [Key words: climate, climatic anomaly, El Nino/Southern Oscillation, ENSO, California.]     

大理州2005年初夏干旱成因探析

大理州2005年初夏出现了严重干旱气象事件.从500pHa高空环流特征、500pHa距平场特征、西太平洋副高特征量及北太平洋中低纬海温距平场、OLR距平场对这次干旱的成因进行了分析,分析结果表明：2005年初夏（4月1日～6月10日）降水异常偏少气温明显偏高是发生干旱的主要原因,高空大气环流异常、西太平洋副高持续偏强偏西、冷空气活动偏北是导致干旱的直接原因;孟加拉湾南部4月OLR场呈明显正距平,抑制低值系统的发展和东北移影响云南,是影响2005年大理初夏干旱重要原因;北太平洋中低纬海温特征与大理州初夏干旱有一定的遥相关性.     

Interdecadal change in Western Pacific Subtropical High and climatic effects

Western North Pacific Subtropical High is a very important atmospheric circulation system influencing the summer climate over eastern China. Its interdecadal change is analyzed in this study. There is a significant decadal shift in about 1979/1980. Since 1980, the Western North Pacific Subtropical High has enlarged, intensified, and shifted southwestward. This change gives rise to an anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the South China Sea to western Pacific and thus causes wet anomalies over the Yangtze River valley. During the summers of 1980–1999, the precipitation is 63.9 mm above normal, while during 1958–1979 it is 27.3 mm below normal. The difference is significant at the 99% confidence level as at-test shown. The southwestward expanding of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High also leads to a significant warming in southern China, during 1980–1999 the summer mean temperature is 0.37°C warmer than that of the period 1958–1979. The strong warming is primarily due to the clearer skies associated with the stronger downward air motion as the Western North Pacific Subtropical High expanding to the west and controlling southern China. It is also found that the relative percentage of tropical cyclones in the regions south of 20°N is decreasing since the 1980s, but in the regions north of 20°N that is increasing at the same time. The Western North Pacific Subtropical High responds significantly to sea surface temperature of the tropical eastern Pacific with a lag of one-two seasons and simultaneously to sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean. The changes in the sea surface temperatures are mainly responsible for the interdecadal variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High.     

Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Seasonal Precipitation Variability in China, 1951-1999

Rainfall variability in China for the period from 1951 to 1999 was investigated. Monthly rainfall data for 160 stations were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. Mean seasonal rainfall amounts were grouped into four distinct precipitation regions by cluster analysis. These regions differed in size and extent in each season and were related to the rainfall-generating mechanism operating at that time of year. The Asian monsoon played a major role in shaping the precipitation regime. Local topography also helped in casting the seasonal variability patterns within regions. To understand the impact of large scale circulation on rainfall variability, areally averaged anomaly percentages were correlated with major atmospheric teleconnection features. It was discovered that the Polar-Eurasia (POL) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) index were positively associated with winter precipitation, indicating the significance of the winter monsoon in producing the rainfall pattern. Negligible effects of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), West Pacific (WP), and North Pacific (NP) patterns on precipitation were observed.     

新疆北部夏季降水与海温异常的关系

利用1960—2004年新疆北部36个气象站月降水资料和美国国家气候数据中心重建的1960—2004年全球2°×2°月平均海洋表面温度资料,研究了新疆北部夏季降水与海温异常的关系。研究表明,新疆北部夏季降水变化与ENSO事件关系不密切,而与前期冬末—春季的5个海温敏感区密切联系,这5个海温敏感区分别为北印度洋、西太平洋暖池及黑潮区、热带中东太平洋、北大西洋和热带大西洋。前期春季海温异常与新疆北部夏季降水变化联系最显著,表现为显著正相关关系。研究为预测新疆北部夏季降水提供了有益的因子。     

淮河流域降水过程时空特征及其对ENSO影响的响应研究

基于淮河流域35个站点1961~2008年日降水资料,从成因角度研究不同厄尔尼诺-南方涛动事件（ENSO）事件对流域降水过程时空演变特征的影响。研究表明：① 流域降水过程出现沂沭泗河水系变干、淮河水系降水量缓慢增大的特征。② CPW年,年最长连续降水日数、年最长连续降水量的距平变化幅度大且为负值;EPC年,年最长连续无降水日数较常年明显增多;EPW年,连续降水日数变长、连续降水量减少。③ ENSO对流域强降水影响较大,在CPW和EPW年淮河水系暴雨、大雨日数较常年多,而沂沭泗河水系暴雨、大雨日数比常年少;EPC年与此相反。④ ENSO对连续4 d以上降水影响显著,其中EPC年影响最大。     

1971——2010年中国西北地区秋季降水变化特征

本文采用1971—2010年9—11月逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和国家气候中心全国台站资料,通过常规统计分析、趋势分析、Morlet小波变换、M-K 检验以及奇异值分解,对中国西北地区秋季降水量与降水日数两个方面进行了较为详细的分析,得到了较为全面的中国西北地区秋季降水时空分布特征,并分析了500 hPa环流异常对其可能的影响。结果表明：1971—2010年间西北地区秋季降水量与降水日数均为上升趋势,相对来说,秋季降水日数在这40年间的变化趋势更为显著;西北地区秋季降水量及降水日数整体呈现出增加的趋势,主要是受青海、甘肃两省大部分站点的降水量及降水日数明显增多引起的;西北地区秋季降水量、降水日数变化幅度较大区主要位于青海东南部与陕西南部;降水日数在未来将会有减少的变化趋势;500 hPa东高西低的异常环流形势越明显,甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西大部秋季降水量越大,北高南低的异常环流形势则在中国西北地区大部易造成秋季降水量偏多。