Geographies of Resilient Social Networks: The Role of African American Barbershops

This study examines the geographic reach of the African American barbershop, a neighborhood institution that is commonly acknowledged as important, yet whose significance is often overlooked. Data were gathered regarding the residential location of clienteles for two barbershops in the inner suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri, a city with a history of racial segregation. Plotting this information on maps of the area revealed that many customers travel to these shops from well outside the neighborhood. The significance of the spatial extent of the shops' communities is contextualized with in-depth interviews and ethnographic research on life inside the businesses. In light of urban and inner-suburban decline in metropolitan St. Louis, this research strengthens the case for the importance of such informal institutions for understanding the resilience of the African American community in the face of the reproduction of racialized social geographies.     

Contingent Urban Geographies of Violent Crime: Racial Segregation and the Impact of Public Housing in Atlanta

Neighborhood variations in crime incidence rates are most commonly interpreted through the lens of social disorganization theory, or a "communities and crime" perspective. This approach typically articulates explanation for crime by focusing on the characteristics of communities—a unitary scale most commonly equated with neighborhoods. We argue that this perspective fails to recognize the importance of broader urban geographic contexts, and offer an extension that sees geographically contingent processes functioning at multiple scales simultaneously. We develop this perspective applied to the "spread effects" of public housing on violent crime in surrounding neighborhoods: these spread effects are conditioned by the nature of the urban contexts through which they operate. Specifically, deeply divided and racialized patterns of residential segregation at least partially define the contexts that condition public housing's effect on crime. We examine our perspective using early 1990s block group data for the City of Atlanta and find substantial evidence in support of our perspective. In particular, we find that Techwood Homes, the nation's first federally constructed public housing project, exerted different geographic spread effects in predominantly White than in predominantly Black portions of the city. By failing to recognize the complexity and contingency of public housing's geographic effect on crime in surrounding neighborhoods, previous approaches substantially overestimate crime in White areas, and underestimate crime in Black areas.     

DOCTORAL THESES – DOKTORAVHANDLINGER

The article examines the role of ‘local paths’ and ‘substrates’ (networks, stakeholders, and human and economic capital) in the revitalization strategies of shrinking cities. Relationships between local stakeholders as well as their initiatives to revitalize declining cities determine not only future decision-making but also the demographic, economic, environmental, and social evolution of those cities. The article analyses two medium-sized declining cities in the old industrial region of Asturias, Spain. After a presentation of the processes that led to the studied cities' rise and decline, their revitalization strategies are analysed and interpreted on the basis of the local stakeholders' role. In these cities, the impact of local factors may largely explain the uneven evolutionary path in each city following crisis in their respective leading industries.     

WHEN THE URBAN FRINGE IS NOT SUBURBAN*

Research on the history of suburbs tends to either disregard the fringe of urban development or locate it beyond the city limits. In this article I argue that compounding fringe and suburban development misrepresents the real differences between the two. I then examine the metropolitan regions of three major U.S. cities‐Baltimore, Buffalo, and Saint Louis in 1880 for evidence of how they differed. A consistent difference emerged between the residents of the suburban districts of a city and those of the presumed location of the fringe.     

Immigration and community development in New York City

Community development corporations play a central role in the provision of affordable housing and social services in the contemporary American welfare state. This organizational form, however, emerged in the distinctive, historical political-economic context of the Black Power Movement and America's Great Society. American cities are now very different places, transformed by immigration from spaces of Black–White separation to much more heterogeneous and diverse spaces. In this article, our central question is whether, and how, these vital service organizations are incorporating immigrants into their work. We find that the answer varies, and such variations indicate differential access, or “differential citizenship”—in the urban structure of the contemporary American welfare state.     

创意城市发展模式类型的适应性评价

在创意城市发展模式类型基础上,构建综合模式创意指数,选取与各发展模式相对应的评价指标,运用变异系数权重法和TOPSIS法对江苏各城市创意指数进行适应性评价分析。实证结果表明,综合模式创意指数能够评价中国创意城市发展的状况,对中国创意城市发展模式选择具有一定的指导参考价值。     

Configuring growth coalitions among the projects of urban aggrandizement in Kunming,Southwest China

In this paper, we examine two urban projects in Kunming, Southwest China, one a massive scheme to build a new city center on rural land outside the city, and the other, an act of urban restructuring involving the rebuilding of an old Hui (Muslim) neighborhood in the old city center. We analyze the coalition of forces configured to undertake these large-scale projects; we underline the role of specially formed city-building organizations and the support provided by the state-owned institutions that dominate the city’s political economy; and we draw attention to the caution with which the city government handled resistance to urban restructuring among Hui residents. We argue that urban growth projects in inland cities like Kunming are marked by certain features that distinguish them from similar projects in Eastern Chinese cities but maintain that nonetheless the drive for profit maximization at the expense of residents is unchanged.     

高速铁路对城市网络结构的影响研究————基于铁路客运班列分析

城市网络是近年来城市与区域研究的一个新方向.基于2003-2013年间8个横截面的中国铁路客运班列数据,采用加权度中心性和社区结构模型,探讨高速铁路建设对城市等级和集聚性空间格局及演化的影响.研究表明:① 基于铁路客运组织的城市等级结构呈现出位序--规模分布的特征和集聚性,且三大地带和各社区内城市也呈现出明显的位序--规模分布,随着高速铁路网络的扩展,加权度中心性的集聚性更明显,并逐步呈现出较为明显的层级结构和社区结构.② 城市等级结构呈现出明显的东中西地带性,廊道效应和经济,人口的耦合性,即基于铁路客运班列的城市等级结构与基于属性数据(人口/GDP)的结果表现出较大的相似性,但也存在一定的差异.城市社区结构与中国高速铁路网络,城市群的空间分布格局基本一致.随着高速铁路的建设,东中西三大地带间城市等级的差异呈扩大态势,但各社区间城市等级的差异呈缩小态势,部分社区核心城市已形成.     

独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络空间结构研究

独角兽企业是新经济时代不同形式创新的集中组织和整合,其内部联系及空间组织反映了区域创新网络的格局和特征。论文基于独角兽企业内部联系,通过总部—分支机构联系模型构建中国城市创新网络,运用社会网络分析方法从网络层级、关联模式、网络节点3个层面探究新经济时代中国城市创新网络的空间结构和特征。研究表明：① 独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络呈现“1+3+N”的核心城市驱动发展格局,“北上杭深”组合领跑全局,空间极化现象明显;② 中国城市创新网络的空间结构整体呈菱形结构,且明显呈东强西弱的格局;强联系主要发生在核心节点城市之间,其他城市通过与重要节点城市连接进入网络,网络核心—边缘结构突出;③ 重要的节点城市在城市创新网络中展示出较强的权力和威望,但在网络中发挥的作用有一定差异。研究可为新时代中国城市创新网络的研究提供新的视角,文中构建的独角兽指数亦可为城市创新综合实力评估研究提供参考。     

全球创新城市优势产业耦合协调发展研究

科技发展与产业发展始终密不可分,厘清科技创新城市产业发展的一般特征和趋势,对于建设具有全球影响力的科技创新中心十分重要。为了考量全球创新城市产业之间的协同发展程度,引入耦合理论构建研究逻辑和路径,以创新优势明显的36个美国大都市区作为研究对象,选取信息业、专业与商业服务业、制造业、金融业4个优势产业。基于2007和2012年的产业截面数据,确定各产业系统的评价指标体系,采用耦合协调模型对样本城市4个产业系统的耦合发展态势进行实证分析。研究结果表明,样本城市的产业发展类型可分为单业、混业、同步三大类,其中,单业的样本数有所减少,产业协同发展趋向明显。具体到产业,制造业的主导地位十分突出,专业与商业服务业、信息业以及金融业的优势并不明显,半数以上的城市属于制造导向的单业发展类型和制造导向的混业发展类型。具体到城市,高阶同步发展类型的城市始终只有纽约1个,产业发展水平和耦合协调程度均有较好表现,绝大多数城市产业系统中既有优势也有短板,但并不影响其创新的整体实力。总体而言,创新排名靠前的城市,产业之间的耦合协调程度更高,产业发展协同性相对较好;样本城市的产业发展类型大致呈现出从单业向混业和同步演化的趋势,制造业仍然是创新城市发展的基石。因此,中国创建全球科技创新中心的实践中,要立足于城市本身的产业优势,也要重视制造业的关键作用,采取有效举措推动和促进多产业的协同发展。     

Difference of urban development in China from the perspective of passenger transport around Spring Festival

Because cities have different attractions for laborers, people migrate from city to city, which may widen the gap between cities. Analyzing the fluxes and directions of migrant flows can help us clarify the regional difference of urban development. Using migration data inferred from passenger travels during 2016 Spring Festival from Tencent Location Big Data, this paper analyzed the unbalanced migration between cities and the spatial difference of urban development. Network analysis methods are employed to evaluate interactions among cities. A community detection method identifies 19 city communities, and the directions of migrant flows in the communities are explored. The PageRank algorithm is employed to evaluate the importance of cities on the migration network and divide the cities into 5 grades, and then the hierarchical structure of the migrant network is illustrated and analyzed. Indices based on migrant populations indicate that the most attractive cities for laborers are along the east coast and that cities in the central region export a significant number of laborers. PageRank and attractiveness values are compare with socio-economic data, and the results indicate that both PageRank and attractiveness are positively correlated with the economic and development level of cities, while PageRank works better. It suggests that Spring Festival travel data in China can be used as migration data, however, it should be facilitated with network methods to disclose the relationship between Spring Festival travel and urban development.     

Why majority-minority cities form: non-White municipal incorporation in the United States, 1990–2010

Forty-four majority-minority cities formed in the United States between 1990 and 2010. Why did these cities form in Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native-American majority and other non-White communities? Do these cities form to escape annexation, improve services, and control land use, as most new cities do? Or are other factors at play, such as race and social justice? Using a detailed content analysis, we explore the genesis of newly incorporated municipalities in non-White communities. Our findings reveal that while most majority-minority cities form due to standard stimuli, some majority-minority cities form in direct response to racism (rebound incorporations, environmental racism, and under-provision of services). Moreover, when compared to all new cities, majority-minority cities form more often due to nuisances and less often due to annexation threats and growth control, thus illuminating the role institutional racism plays in municipal incorporation.     

The impact of armed conflict and forced migration on urban expansion in Goma: Introduction to a simple method of satellite-imagery analysis as a complement to field research

The effects of armed conflict on cities constitute a large field of research in both conflict studies and urban studies. The topic of urban expansion is also explored by the domain of remote sensing, a sub-branch of geoinformation science. Remote sensing researchers analyze the spatial development of cities in conflict and non-conflict environments using satellite imagery.However, a dialogue or collaboration between these disciplines is virtually non-existent in the scientific discourse, mainly due to stark differences in their methodologies – namely, intensive on-the-ground field research in the case of conflict and urban studies and highly elaborate computer-based analysis of remotely-gathered data in the case of remote sensing.We aim to demonstrate a simple and thus feasible approach for the use of satellite imagery by non-experts of remote sensing, to add a spatio-temporal dimension to the results of in-depth field studies. We apply our approach to the city of Goma, in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is located at the center of protracted armed conflict that has raged for decades. With the support of local knowledge acquired during field visits, we visually analyze a time series of Landsat data and add our own results to those of existing research. Contextualizing the mapped results of Goma's urban expansion between 1986 and 2015, we show how urban growth is linked to particular waves of forced displacement caused by different stages of armed conflict and one particular natural disaster.     

基于高速公路流的区域城市网络空间组织模式——以江苏省为例

在“流空间”理论的影响下,强调要素连接性和空间关联性的城市网络成为指示区域空间关系的核心视角,探讨城市网络空间结构将能为区域发展政策制定提供科学依据。以江苏省2014年日平均的高速公路流数据为依托,刻画城市网络的宏观格局与层级特征,利用社区发现算法对城市网络进行空间剖分并挖掘潜在的关联结构。研究发现：① 江苏城市网络宏观格局的空间构造呈现出类似围棋的“金角、银边、草肚皮”的分散性特征,可大致辨别内部发育出多个不同的子网络系统;② 城市节点和联系轴线具有明显的层级结构,城市等级的重要性与节点本身的社会经济属性、地理区位等具有一定的空间耦合性,轴线层级与地理距离具有明显的空间交互叠加作用;③ 社区发现算法对网络的空间剖分共识别出包括苏锡常社区、宁镇扬泰社区、通盐社区、连云港社区、宿淮社区和徐州社区等6个在空间上相连且边界清晰的“城市社区”,具有一体化效应、邻域效应、行政区效应、袭夺效应和置换效应等五个具有典型性的区域效应;④ 依据社区间的空间交互作用,可凝练出双核—多核交叉型、双核—单核交叉型、单核—多核交叉型、单核—单核集中型、双核—多点分岔型、单核—多点分散型和多核—多点分散型等7类空间关联结构。     

Representing “Neighborhood”: Growth Coalitions,Newspaper Reporting,and Gentrification in St. Louis

Newspaper reporters are important actors in promoting gentrification. This study of St. Louis examines their use of a prominent representation of neighborhood in this process: dying neighborhoods in need of middle‐class technical salvationists. We examine its use to help drive two processes to promoting gentrification: legitimating restructuring at actual or anticipated sites and isolating “revitalization‐contaminating” communities. We discover this neighborhood representation is applied primarily to legitimate restructuring at specific sites. Revitalization‐threatening neighborhoods, represented differently, indicates this representation is task specific in this city's “gentrification project.”     

城市收缩时代的适应战略和空间重构 ——基于日本网络型紧凑城市规划

通过对日本网络型紧凑城市规划的发展机制、发展政策和代表性案例--富山市和宇都宫市的探讨,归纳总结了日本中央和地方城市政府的收缩城市规划战略政策和空间重构规划方案,借此为陷入收缩境况的中国城市在战略取向和空间重构方面提出有益启示：1）勇于接纳和面对人口减少和城市收缩这一客观事实,积极采取激活城市收缩所带来的机遇的适应性战略,而不是采取促使人口再度增加的应对性战略;2）充分考虑人口减少和老龄化社会并存的城市收缩时代特征,通过城市功能集聚的“据点化”战略和公共交通系统主导的“网络化”战略,构建多中心连接的网络型紧凑城市空间结构;3）根据人口数量变化预测结果,动态地推动城市规模的精明收缩,开展匹配存量规划或减量规划的规模适当化规划。     

京津冀城市群发展质量评价与空间分析

基于城市经济能级模型对京津冀城市群内各城市进行等级划分,借助引力模型分析城市间经济联系的变化,并利用城市群发展质量评价指标体系和空间自相关分析,对京津冀城市群和群内城市发展质量以及京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大城市群内核心城市发展质量进行评价。结果表明:城市群内一级中心城市北京、天津的辐射影响突出,集聚效应明显,城市间联系的网络化趋势在增强;城市群内各城市发展质量分为发展良好、发展中等、发展一般3个层次,北京和天津的城市发展质量指数高于河北11个城市,北京城市发展质量指数高于三大城市群内其他中心城市;基础设施网络化的发展促使城市群内城市发展质量和城市间联系的紧密程度呈"带状"结构发展。     

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN GROCERY PRICES: FURTHER ATTEMPTS AT MODELING

Significant housing discrimination against Blacks continues to exist in Metropolitan Miami, as it does in most other large United States cities. Blacks in Miami live in neighborhoods that are not nearly as segregated by socioeconomic status as are Hispanic and non-Hispanic White neighborhoods. This study uses data derived from interviews of 432 Black heads of households living in Miami neighborhoods that are at least 50% Black. Although most of the African Americans interviewed said they think their neighborhood is desirable and said they want to live where they do, it is clear that they are not living where they most prefer. They live in predominantly Black neighborhoods because they feel unwelcome in White neighborhoods and they fear housing discrimination in the latter. Among other problems, the continued residential concentration of Blacks in predominantly Black neighborhoods of mixed socioeconomic status in Miami results in a bidding up of the price of housing that is left for the less affluent Blacks.     

中国城市房价对生育率的影响——基于长三角地区41个城市的计量分析

房价与人口的关系是人文经济地理学研究的热点领域,本文选取长江三角洲地区作为研究区域,利用区域内41个城市11年（2008—2018年）的数据,分别采用差分GMM模型及LSDVC法,从整体和分组的层面分析城市房价与生育率的关系。整体模拟结果表明,城市房价上涨的速度对于生育率有着显著的负向作用：房价上涨得越快,生育率下降得越快。同时,以房价收入比衡量的居民购房能力对生育率也有着显著的影响,居民购房能力下降得越快,生育率也下降得越快。分组研究的结果表明,不同房价水平的城市,生育率受购房能力影响程度不同,中等房价水平及较低房价水平的城市,其生育率更容易受到购房能力波动的影响。基于以上研究结果,提出严控房价涨幅速度、适当提高购房补贴、提高居民收入等政策建议,以期提高区域内居民整体生育意愿,促进人口增长。