Relative size of fluvial and glaciated valleys in central Idaho

Quantitative comparisons of the morphometry of glaciated and fluvial valleys in central Idaho were used to investigate the differences in valley relief and width in otherwise similar geologic and geomorphic settings. The local relief, width, and cross-sectional area of valleys were measured using GIS software to extract information from USGS digital elevation models. Hillslope gradients were also measured using GIS software. Power-law relationships for local valley relief, width, and cross-sectional area as a function of drainage area were developed. Local valley relief in glaciated valleys relates to drainage area with a power-law exponent similar to fluvial valleys, but glaciated valleys are deeper for a given drainage area. Local valley width in glaciated valleys is greater than in fluvial valleys, but the exponent of the power-law relationship to drainage area is similar in both valley types. Local valley cross-sectional area in glaciated valleys increases with drainage area with a power-law exponent similar to fluvial valleys, however, glacial valleys have roughly 80% greater cross-sectional area. Steep valley walls in glaciated basins increase the potential for bedrock landsliding relative to fluvial basins. Both the Olympic Mountains of Washington and valleys in central Idaho show relationships in which glaciated valleys are up to 30% deeper than fluvial valleys despite differences in lithology, tectonic setting, and climate.     

INFORMATION NOT DATA: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The Swedish Road Weather Information System is a tool for road winter maintenance giving warnings about risk of slipperiness and severe weather conditions. The system is based on climatological research at the University of Göteborg and was initiated by Professor Sven Lindqvist during the 1970s. Knowledge about micro‐and local climate variations is crucial when it comes to forecasting and giving warnings about different kinds of weather‐related traffic disturbances. The progress of climatological research has made it possible to increase the use of road weather data into different applications. Future development will be focused upon development of the road weather information system towards a user‐friendly maintenance decision support system which will enhance the benefits of the road weather information system.     

1981-2011年川南山区地温和气温的变化特征

利用气象站点1981—2011年逐日0 cm土壤温度和气温数据,运用基本统计、线性回归、累积距平和信噪比分析了川南山区6个分区地温和气温的空间分布、变化趋势以及突变特征,分析并对比了地温和气温的关系。结果表明：川南山区年均地、气温变化范围分别在15.6~20.5 ℃和12.2~17.2 ℃之间,呈现出北低南高、高山低河谷高的空间分布格局。31 a来6个分区的年均地、气温均有显著上升趋势,但季节变化差异明显,冬季地、气温的增温率高于夏季。从不同区域来看,高山地带(Ⅵ区)的年、季增温趋势最为显著,是其他区域的2~6倍,且地、气温在1990年左右发生突变;河谷地带(Ⅱ区)的年、季温度变化最小且未发生突变。各区地温和气温呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),具有较高的一致性,但也存在非对称增温现象。山地(Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区)的年均、季均地温和河谷(Ⅰ区)的春季地温增温比气温更加强烈,故地气温差出现显著上升趋势,甚至发生突变。     

基于Modis地表温度的横断山区气温估算及其时空规律分析

横断山区气象观测站稀少且多分布在河谷之中,气温资料极度匮乏,严重影响山区地理与生态研究。随着遥感技术的发展,热红外遥感数据,结合地面观测数据,可以用来推测山区气温。本文通过对横断山区2001 年-2007 年间64 个气象台站的多年月平均气温数据(Ta) 与Modis地表温度多年月平均值(Ts) 进行了时序分析和回归分析,并取得如下研究结果：(1) Ts 与Ta 具有非常好的线性相关关系,89%的台站的决定系数高于0.5;95%的台站的标准误差都低于3 oC,84.4%的台站标准误差低于2.5 oC;12 个月份的Ts 与Ta 的决定系数R²在0.63~0.90 之间,标准误差在2.22~3.05 oC之间。(2) 研究区内月均气温的变化范围在-2.25~15.64 oC之间;生长季(5-9 月份) 的月均气温变化范围为：10.44~15.64 oC。(3) 等温线的海拔高度自山体外围向内部逐渐升高,与山体效应的增温效应相吻合;0 oC等温线自10 月份从海拔4700±500 m左右逐渐降低,至1月份降至最低点,约在3500±500 m左右,此后,逐渐回升,至次年5 月份再次达到4700±500 m左右,也就是说横断山区5200 m以下的广大山区全年至少有6~12 个月的气温在0 oC以上。研究表明：可以利用Modis月均地表温度结合地面观测台站的数据较精确的估算山区月均气温。     

大型人工湖气候效应观测研究——以密云水库为例

应用近5 a自动气象站观测资料,分析了华北地区最大人工湖——密云水库的局地气候效应。结果表明：① 密云水库库区相比于附近平原地带具有气温偏低、湿度偏高、风速偏弱、降水量偏大等特点。水库对区域气候的影响范围约在10 km内,离水库越近的地方,受影响越大。② 密云水库的气候效应主要体现在夏半年,尤以气温和降水最为明显。③ 水库南、北两侧受到的局地环流的影响具有明显的差异,库区东西方向的年平均局地风速约为0.14 m/s,南北方向约为 0.10 m/s。下垫面属性的热力差异及特殊地形条件使得密云水库附近同时存在山谷风和湖陆风现象,其叠加效应是导致区域内不同位置间气象要素出现季节性及日变化差异的主要原因。     

干谷和湿谷边界层气候差异的数值模拟研究

本文建立了一个采用地形坐标的、包含大气边界层湍流参数化方案,大气辐射过程的参数化方案、陆-气-水相互作用的地面温湿度预报方案等物理过程的非静力近似中小尺度数值模式,用这个模式试验研究了在气候平均值的背景下谷底水体的有无对山地气候影响的一般情况。模拟结果表明:由于水体的存在,夜间谷底气温较干符情况有较大的升高,山谷逆温受到破坏;白天谷底气温则有降低。湿谷中的地湿一般都较干谷中大,尤其是夜间更为明显。无论白天还是夜间,由于山谷风和湖陆风共同作用的结果,湿谷中的风速都此干谷中大,湿谷中的局地环流比干谷中的更为明显。     

山区地形对暴雨的影响

本文分析了各种不同的自然条件下山区地形对暴雨的影响，指出山区复杂下垫面的热力和动力作用对暴雨有触发、加强或削弱、消亡的影响，在不同的区域地理背景下，地形的影响各不相同，在相同的地理背景下，不同的地形形态对暴雨的影响也有较大差异，地形性强迫抬升和辐合是触发暴雨和使之加强的重要机制，地形性辐射和下沉区对应暴雨的低频区，背区波暴雨过程在西北、华北的冷锋天气过程中较为多见，夏季山区局地对流性暴雨过程在凌晨     

CLOUD BAND MORPHOMETRY: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO SATELLITE IMAGE ANALYSIS

This research assesses the use of Cold Front Cloud Band (CFCB) morphometry as an indicator of the characteristics of air masses at cold fronts. Measurements of the configuration of the CFCB (i.e., length, width, length/width ratio, and radius of curvature) are made using GOES/SMS satellite imagery. CFCB height and air mass characteristics of temperature, specific humidity, 500 mb wind velocity, and 500 mb vorticity are derived from NWS surface and upper air charts. Nonparametric correlations are utilized to relate CFCB morphometric variables to the selected characteristics of maritime tropical (mT) and continental polar (cP) air masses as they meet to form cold fronts over the eastern United States.

CFCB-Air Mass relationships resulting in higher correlations are examined through two series of interpretive tests. The stronger correlations imply a direct relationship between CFCB height and 500 mb vorticity and between CFCB length and cP specific humidity; and inverse relationships between both the CFCB length/width ratio and mT specific humidity and between CFCB radius of curvature and 500 mb vorticity. Preliminary investigation suggests that the cloud band morphometric approach to weather satellite image interpretation is a viable point of departure for future research.     

我国山地气温直减率的初步研究

本文论述了山区气温直减率的若干影响因子。比较了山地气温直减率与自由大气气温直减率间的差异及联系。并计算了全国山区及自由大气中的气温直减率。文中还对山区气温直减率的年变化进行了分型和区划。最后,绘制出山区气温直减率的全国分布图,分析出气温直减率分布的定性规律。     

近70年来兰州城市气温的变化

利用兰州市70年来的气温记录,采用城郊对比的方法定量的研究了城市化对兰州气温的影响。在分析了年平均气温和各特征气温的相关性的基础上,利用主成分分析的方法提取气温变化的主控制因子——低温控制因子、高温控制因子。利用两个控制因子的城郊对比,定量的揭示了城市化对城市气温变化的影响。任何区域气候变化不仅有城市化等人为因素的影响,而且带有大范围的气候背景的影响,所以在讨论城市发展对气温的影响之前,首先通过滑动T-检验研究了兰州市气温变化的大的趋势,得出兰州城市气温的11年变化周期,对于这一现象初步认为这于太阳的黑子活动的周期性有关。     

北京山区沟域经济发展的空间组织模式

沟域经济是山区发展的新模式,基本涵盖了沟域发展的各个层面,是独具山区发展特色的经济地理形态.以沟域为载体的山区要素布局的空间耦合关系是山区发展的新命题,理论与现实意义重大.结合多年的山区发展研究,在初步探讨了沟域经济的内涵和空间组织过程的基础上,分析了北京山区沟域经济发展的现状,并对北京沟域经济发展的空间布局特征指向及其影响进行了研究,最后建立了沟域经济空间组织的合理模式框架.研究认为,沟域经济对北京山区新时期的发展转型作用重大,首先它不以行政区域界限为边界,基本串联了山区的大部分村庄,并与主要交通线走向重合,因此至少能在山区产业结构调整、城乡统筹发展等方面会对山区发展产生积极影响.其次,通过分析认为目前北京山区沟域经济发展正处于第二次集中型空间组织阶段,资源节约、环境友好、产业优化是这一阶段的特点,因此北京沟域经济的发展一定程度上有助于协调好山区生态保护与经济发展的关系,促进山区的综合开发.北京山区沟域经济发展模式的成功实践一方面支持了北京山区功能转型的战略决策,另一方面也为其他山区发展提供了借鉴和指导意义.     

Landforms and landscape evolution in the Skardu,Shigar and Braldu Valleys,Central Karakoram

The Central Karakoram, which includes K2 in Pakistan, is one of the most rapidly rising areas on Earth and exhibits complex topography and extreme relief. Impressive valley fills and glacial landforms are present throughout the valleys. The dynamics of landscape evolution of the region are currently not well understood. Consequently, the landforms were mapped and assessed in the Skardu, Shigar, and Braldu valleys, to elucidate the spatio-temporal scale dependencies of surface processes active in the region. These valleys were examined using geomorphic field methods, remote sensing, geomorphometry, and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs) surface exposure dating. The glaciers in this region have oscillated considerably throughout the Late Quaternary, and four glacial stages have been recognized including at least six glacial advances. Surface processes readjusted after glacier retreat, and ubiquitous mass movements and catastrophic landsliding transported material from steep slopes to valley bottoms, while glaciofluvial meltwater and glacier outburst floods redistributed sediment down valley. Glacier geochronology and late Holocene ages of the outburst flood deposits indicate that landscape evolution has been dominated by glaciation and paraglaciation during the late Quaternary.     

Scaling in river corridor widths depicts organization in valley morphology

Landscapes have been shown to exhibit numerous scaling laws from Horton's laws to more sophisticated scaling in topography heights, river network topology and power laws in several geomorphic attributes. In this paper, we propose a different way of examining landscape organization by introducing the “river corridor width” (lateral distance from the centerline of the river to the left and right valley walls at a fixed height above the water surface) as one moves downstream. We establish that the river corridor width series, extracted from 1 m LIDAR topography of a mountainous river, exhibit a rich multiscale statistical structure (anomalous scaling) which varies distinctly across physical boundaries, e.g., bedrock versus alluvial valleys. We postulate that such an analysis, in conjunction with field observations and physical modeling, has the potential to quantitatively relate mechanistic laws of valley formation to the statistical signature that underlying processes leave on the landscape. Such relations can be useful in guiding field work (by identifying physically distinct regimes from statistically distinct regimes) and advancing process understanding and hypothesis testing.     

北京山区沟域经济发展的空间结构

Valley economy is a new mode in mountainous area development that is defined by various characters of valley development,and is a distinguishing economical geographic pattern for mountainous area development.The special spatial coupling relations in the dis-tribution of different mountainous elements in valleys are new subjects for the mountain de-velopment studies,and such studies are meaningful both for researches and practices.Based on the long term researches on mountainous area development and following a brief exploration into the connotations and the spatial organizing process of valley economy,the authors analyzed the present situations of the development of valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,studied the characteristics and the impacts of the spatial structural changes of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,and finally proposed a rational arrangement of the spatial structure of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas.It is considered in this study that valley economy plays an important role in the development and functional transformation in Beijing’s mountainous areas in the new epoch.Firstly,valley economy is not outlined by the administrative boundaries,and it connects most of the villages in the mountainous areas roughly along the major transportation lines.Therefore,valley economy can exert positive influence on the development in the mountainous areas,at least in the aspects such as the rearrangement of industrial structure in the mountainous areas and the coordinated development of rural and urban areas.In addition,it is found that the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas is evolved in a spatial organizing stage of secondary concentration,which is characterized by resource-saving,ecological protection and industrial optimization.Therefore,the development of valley economy will be helpful to the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the mountainous areas,and will promote the integrated development of the mountainous areas.The developing mode of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of Beijing’s mountainous areas,and on the other hand,will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside of Beijing.     

策勒绿洲沙漠过渡带小气候的空间差异

对策勒2011年1—12月4个不同下垫面的风速、温度、湿度、光合有效辐射的月差异进行分析,同时选取夏季晴天天气作为背景,比较沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘、阴雨天时4个下垫面气象要素的差异。结果标明:与流沙地相比,绿洲-沙漠过渡带半固定沙地、固定沙地、绿洲内部2.0 m高处的6月平均风速依次减少了25.22%、27.93%、65.27%,12月绿洲内部0.5 m高处平均气温分别高于流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地1.39 ℃、1.21 ℃、2.70 ℃。5—10月4个下垫面之间温、湿度差异较春、冬季显著,7月流沙前沿2.0 m高处平均气温分别比半固定沙地、固定沙地、绿洲内部高0.35 ℃、1.61 ℃、3.75 ℃。沙尘暴天气下4个下垫面之间的风速差值依次小于扬沙、浮尘、阴雨、晴天天气下;在浮尘和晴天天气下,气温从流沙前沿到绿洲内部逐渐减低,相对湿度逐渐增加;沙尘暴和阴雨天气下各下垫面的气温和相对湿度无明显差异,扬沙天气下各下垫面之间温、湿度差异大于阴天天气,但小于浮尘和晴天天气;4个下垫面之间的光合有效辐射（PAR）在沙尘暴天气下差异最为明显,浮尘和阴雨天气下4个下垫面之间的PAR接近,晴天天气下各点PAR明显大于扬沙天气下,且各下垫面之间差异大于扬沙天气下的差异。     

Meteorological triggering scenarios of tree-ring-based snow avalanche occurrence on scree slopes in a maritime climate,Eastern Canada

ABSTRACT

Statistical relationships between weather conditions and the release of snow avalanches in the low-elevation coastal valleys of the northern Gaspé Peninsula are still poorly validated. As such, we explored climate–avalanche relationships through classification tree algorithms applied to tree-ring reconstructions of avalanche events. In order to assess the contribution of local factors on avalanche activity, avalanche regimes on east- and west-facing slopes were analyzed and compared. The results showed that avalanches on east-facing slopes appear to be primarily related to large cumulative snowfall in January, February, and March. On west-facing slopes, avalanches are mainly due to episodic snowfall and warming temperatures. However, both sides of the valleys showed the potential for the release of large avalanches in November and December, which is earlier than expected by the literature. Indeed, the weather variability at that time of the year (temperature oscillation around 0ºC) appears to favor the formation of an early, unstable snowpack and subsequent triggering of avalanches, such as the wet slab avalanche recorded by a time-lapse camera in November 2014. This camera provided a useful insight on the capacities of classification-tree models to link the yearly resolution of tree-ring data with weather triggers at different timescales.     

重庆市区冬季热岛和湿岛效应的研究

1989年12月15日——1990年1月15日,重庆雾害课题组在市区进行了包含地面气象、边界层气象和大气污染等多种项目的外场综合观测。本文利用此观测资料,分析了城市热岛的水平分布,热岛和湿岛的垂直结构及其成因。     

北京山区沟域经济发展的空间结构

Valley economy is a new mode in mountainous area development that is defined by various characters of valley development, and is a distinguishing economical geographic pattern for mountainous area development. The special spatial coupling relations in the distribution of different mountainous elements in valleys are new subjects for the mountain development studies, and such studies are meaningful both for researches and practices. Based on the long term researches on mountainous area development and following a brief exploration into the connotations and the spatial organizing process of valley economy, the authors analyzed the present situations of the development of valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas, studied the characteristics and the impacts of the spatial structural changes of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas, and finally proposed a rational arrangement of the spatial structure of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas. It is considered in this study that valley economy plays an important role in the development and functional transformation in Beijing’s mountainous areas in the new epoch. Firstly, valley economy is not outlined by the administrative boundaries, and it connects most of the villages in the mountainous areas roughly along the major transportation lines. Therefore, valley economy can exert positive influence on the development in the mountainous areas, at least in the aspects such as the rearrangement of industrial structure in the mountainous areas and the coordinated development of rural and urban areas. In addition, it is found that the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas is evolved in a spatial organizing stage of secondary concentration, which is characterized by resource-saving, ecological protection and industrial optimization. Therefore, the development of valley economy will be helpful to the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the mountainous areas, and will promote the integrated development of the mountainous areas. The developing mode of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of Beijing’s mountainous areas, and on the other hand, will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside of Beijing.     

中国西北干旱区地-气温差变化成因分析

利用1961—2000年中国西北干旱区49个气象台站百叶箱气温、0 cm地温、降水和近地层风速月平均资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了我国西北干旱区地-气温差变化的原因。结果表明,20世纪后40 a西北干旱区冬季地-气温差呈减小趋势,其可能原因是20世纪80年代后全球进一步变暖,西北干旱区对流层中层高度场升高、气温升高,风场易出现反气旋式环流距平,寒潮活动减少,近地层风速减弱使得气温增暖高于地温。而春初对流层中层高度场偏低时,气温偏低,降水偏多,风场易出现气旋式环流距平,近地层风速减弱使得气温增暖低于地温,所以春初地-气温差呈上升趋势。     

三江并流区干热河谷成因新探析

干热河谷是青藏高原周边及三江并流区引人注目的、较为独特的地生态现象。干热河谷是构造-地貌-古生态效应、环流-季风-“狭管”效应、地形波-局地环流-降水-焚风效应、植被-土地利用-人类活动干扰效应等综合作用而形成的原生性的地生态现象。早第三纪时,三江并流区是斜贯我国广阔干旱气候带的组成部分。随着青藏高原的隆起和西南季风的形成演化,逐渐向暖湿性的亚热带气候和植被演化,进入上新世末-更新世以后,纵向岭谷地貌形成,大江大河溯源侵蚀,河谷深切,在深切河谷下部逐步形成与其纬度位置相当的干旱半干旱生态景观,从古生态上实现了某种意义上的“返祖”现象。冬半年本区受西风南支急流控制形成干季,夏半年受西南季风控制,尽管带来大量水汽,但受特殊地貌格局影响,在本区形成金沙江河谷等四个少雨区,部分气流沿狭窄平直河谷急速北流一路无阻,水汽被输送到北部地势增高之处形成地形降雨。纵向排列的岭谷地形波,形成明显的降水波状起伏分布曲线,气流越过山岭后下沉气流带来“焚风”效应,形成干热河谷。人类活动叠加在原已生态脆弱的干热河谷生态系统之上,社会经济发展使其土地利用强度加剧、植被减少、水土流失严重等,促使生态环境进一步朝干热化方向发展。因而,干热河谷形成有着其地史、大气环流、季风、大地貌及地形波效应、植被抗逆性差等自然要素的综合作用,并叠加了人类的干扰,是局地地-气-水-生-人交互作用及耦合效应的综合产物。