A COMPARISON OF HYDROLOGY AND VEGETATION BETWEEN A CHANNELIZED STREAM AND A NONCHANNELIZED STREAM IN WESTERN TENNESSEE

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on floodplain forest structure, composition, and function that would be needed to predict and monitor the consequences of a proposed stream restoration project. This project would involve the “dechannelization” of Stokes Creek, a stream in western Tennessee that was channelized and leveed in the first half of the 1900s. To this end, we collected data on surface hydrology, soil redox potential (Eh), and the structure and composition of the floodplain vegetation of Stokes Creek. To place our findings into a regional context, we also collected comparable vegetation data from plots located along a nonchannelized stream reach of the Wolf River near Moscow, Tennessee. While hydrologic fluctuations of floodplain sites were synchronous with river dynamics for the Wolf River, the hydrology of floodplain sites at Stokes Creek was constrained by the influence of beaver dams, backflooding, and ponding of overland flow behind levees. Consequently, composition of the forest overstory, understory, and herbaceous strata was significantly different between the two sites. For example, Stokes Creek had a noticeable lack of cypress and tupelo sites, and a greater abundance of red maple. Analyses of size-class structure and woody debris quantity reinforced the existing differences between the more natural and human-impacted systems. While the current hydrology apparently has a negative affect on bottomland hardwoods, scattered regeneration stems and soil redox measurements indicate that a dechannelization effort that yielded lower water tables in the Stokes Creek floodplain potentially could increase bottomland hardwood establishment. [Key words: channelization, western Tennessee, bottomland hardwoods, hydrology.]     

台湾西南部泥岩土地利用型态与环境劣化趋势之分析

台湾泥岩恶地因其特殊之土壤理化性质及区域微气候的相互恶性循环，衍生生态环境等问题。在以往之35年，裸化面积从1967年的2532hm^2，至2001年11月已扩大为15539hm^2。其表土大量流失、崩塌、河川含砂量激增、植被退化与微气候变异等破坏，更显示泥岩之环境劣化问题。以SPOT卫星影像判识泥岩裸露面积，探讨不同时期之地景变异，并应用地景生态理论量化泥岩地表不同土地利用之空间结构变化，分析地景结构变迁之生态内涵与生态指标意义。因子分析结果其主要变异为多样性因子与形状破碎型因子所影响，而应用马可夫链模式计算出不同时期之土地利用变迁内涵，此结果搭配指标分析可解释泥岩裸露面积与竹林面积皆持续扩大，乃由人为土地利用之活动及植被变迁所引起。     

GENTRIFICATION IN KNOXVILLE,TENNESSEE: A STUDY OF THE FOURTH AND GILL NEIGHBORHOOD

The gentrification process is the movement of middle- and upper-class people into central-city working-class residential neighborhoods. Two important questions about the gentrification process are the origin of the new residents and their reasons for moving into these central-city neighborhoods. The study traces residents through two previous moves. It was found that the last move was generally intracity, but the preceding move was intercity. The cost of housing played a major role in the decision to move to the central city.     

广东人口迁移机制、特征与走向

８０年代以来广东省活跃的人口迁移，其主要动因是改革开放中广东省与国内其它地区以及省内珠江三角洲与其它地区之间经济的不平衡发展。广东省人口迁移有其显著特征，而区域经济发展水平的差异、产业结构特征及劳动力供求关系的发展等又影响着未来的人口迁移走向。     

铅在灰钙土土壤—植物系统与环境中的迁移和环境容量

本文通过作物盆栽试验、区域调查、农田径流和淋溶试验以及土壤生化活性和微生物试验,研究了铅在土壤、植物、水体中的迁移和累积,并通过迁移模式的计算得出了铅的土壤临界浓度和环境容量。     

西方女性地理学的发展与启示

西方女性地理学源自对地理学研究中忽视女性独特经验的性别主义取向以及对学科中缺少女性参与的双重不满而兴起的，大致经历了初始阶段、蓬勃发展阶段和更加多元化3个发展阶段共30余年的发展历史，并逐步走向了成熟。它着眼于女性不同于男性的独特经验及女性内部间的差异性，提供了以女性主义的视角来分析研究问题的新的发展领域。改革开放以来，由于单位制的解体，中国女性的整体地位不升反降，女性问题日益成为学者们研究的热点。女性地理学无论是对中国地理学的发展还是对女性问题的研究都有重大的启示作用，理应加以重视并作更深入的研究。     

沙地人工植物群落生物量动态及其更新途径

小叶锦鸡儿群落是科尔沁沙地固定、半固定沙丘具有代表性的人工固沙植物群落之一，其群落种类组成，群落特征均趋于不断稳定和完善。根据小叶锦鸡儿生长发育过程中的两个不同阶段，探讨了不同龄级小叶锦鸡儿人工群落生物量的季节性动态，提出了生物量动态曲线模型。确定萌芽更新是该群落的主要更新途径，采取平茬措施可促进萌蘖，提高地上部生物量。平茬更新的适宜年龄级为６～８ａ。     

SPATIAL PATTERNS AND CAUSES OF MARBLE TOMBSTONE WEATHERING IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

A 9600 km² area of southwestern Pennsylvania with widely varying amounts of historic industrial air pollution contains enough old cemeteries (135) to permit high-resolution mapping of Vermont marble tombstone weathering rates. Mean vertical-slab surface recession rates are as much as eight times greater for urban/industrial areas (maximum 3.0 mm [100 yr]^-1) than for rural areas (minimum 0.4 mm [100 yr]^-1). A damage function relates mean weathering rates to long-term numbers of employees in nearby polluting industries, and shows that even small industrial operations significantly augmented local rates of weathering within several kilometers. Marble stones near short-smokestack industries are significantly more weathered than are those near tall-smokestack, coal-fired electrical power plants. The comparatively high mean rate of marble weathering in small town cemeteries (1.1 mm [100 yr]^-1) suggests that recent acidic precipitation may be dissolving the stones throughout the study region or that pollution from home coal and oil furnaces was high. [Key words: marble tombstone, weathering, industrial air pollution, Pennsylvania.]     

西南极海沉积物碘的迁移与富集

本文研究了西南极不同地理环境沉积碘的地球化学迁移和富集机制 ,结果表明海湾和深海表层沉积物碘主要与有机质结合 ,但在陆架和半深海 ,与氧化物结合和吸附态碘可占相当大的比例。碘在表层沉积物中迁移的环境特征与铁类似 ,即在还原环境中迁移 ,在氧化环境中转入固相 ,然而碘在沉积物中主要并不是作为电子接受者 ,而是随有机质分解或氧化物还原后被释放进入液相。沉积物表层 I/Corg值高于浮游生物是由于吸附和氧化过程的参与。沉积物 I/Corg值随深度的降低代表了有机质分解 ,氧化物还原 ,粘粒物质解析及间隙水碘扩散的综合效应。沉积物碘的扩散通量与沉积通量在同一数量级水平解释了沉积岩贫碘的原因。根据计算和讨论结果重新提出了海洋沉积物碘迁移和富集的地球化学模式。     

长江口南港的水文泥沙环境及污染物输移

南港河道水域宽广,水体量大,动力条件强,悬沙含量较高且都是细颗粒物质,纳污容量大,具有较强的输运、稀释和自净能力。污水进入南港以后,污染物在河道中迁移转化,主要吸附在泥沙上。在外泄过程中污染物质在南港中往返逗留,循环输移,向底层、滩地、涨潮沟等地迁移,并在河海相接地带富集。     

西部地区的开发建设

我国西部地区计11个省区,土地面积约 700万平方公里,人口 3.4亿。区内自然资源丰富,开发潜力巨大。本区的开发建设主要是利用本地自然资源优势,发展社会主义商品经济。加强西部地区开发建设,加快脱贫致富步伐,是我国四化建设的需要,是本地区人民的迫切愿望,是项光荣而艰巨的任务。为此应采取一系列政策措施。     

近数十年来东平水道河床演变特征

东平水道受径、潮动力相互作用,水流、泥沙和河床演变具有独特的时空变化特征.20世纪80年代以前处于缓慢的自然淤浅过程,由于航道整治工程调整作用和疏浚维护等因素的影响,80年代中后期由淤积转变为冲刷状态,大规模的河床采沙是90年代以来河槽加剧加深增容的主导因素.近数十年来,虽然东平水道平滩水位下降,但是造床流量增加,潮汐动力相对增强,河床演变特征表现为宽深比下挫,滩槽高差提升,满槽容积增大,河槽向有利于水沙输送的窄深方向发展.     

冲积河流的汇合与分流

冲积河流具有一定的自动调整作用。遵循最小阻力原理，河道的汇合分流也应属于冲积河流的自动调整作用之列，事实上，在河道的汇合与分流处，支流与主流夹角的形成及其宽度比（或断面积比）的建立都不是随机的，它必须保证来自支流与主流的水和泥沙能在此通畅排泄。本文证明了水流在通过河道的汇合与分流处时所形成的夹角及其宽度比，对应于水头损失的最小值。河口段垂直于或趋向垂直于海岸线的特性，也是水流不断调整到最小阻力状态的结果。     

中国大中城市流动人口迁移规律研究

本文在对西方国家人口流动研究进行综述的基础上,通过北京,天津,南京,廓坊,唐山和昆山等大中城市流动人口问卷调查,首次对大中城市流动人口迁移和流动特征,从业结构,迁移原因与途径进行了系统的研究。中国现在正在经历大规模的农村流动人口向城市迁移的过程。     

中国热带,亚热带西部地区热量带的划分

我国热带，亚热带西部地区山多，高原广，垂直地带性的影响，给热量带的划分带来了困难，因为垂直气候都具有在该地区纬向气候带的基础上衍生而生的，因此，亚热带西部地区热量带的划分也应以纬向地带性为主，基带气候为中亚热带的云贵高原和金沙江河谷仍应归属于中亚热带，青藏高原破坏了纬向地带性规律，其东侧应有一条亚热带西界，这一界线应是北、中、南亚热带遇到青藏高原后的中断界线，而不是北、中、南亚热带与青藏高原寒气候     

REMOBILIZATION AND ACCUMULATION OF IODINE IN MARINE SEDIMENTS, WESTERN ANTARCTIC OCEAN

Remobilization and accumulation mechanisms of iodine in marine sediments, which are divided into several geochemical environment, are studied. The result shows that iodine is characteristically rich in organic fractions of the sediments on the bottom of bay and pelagic sediments. However, it may be associated with oxyhydroxide and adsorptive phase in a highter percentage at the continental shelf and hemipelagic sediments. The environmental characteristics of remobilization of iodine in surficial sediments are similar to that of iron, that is, it is remobilized on anoxic conditions and converted into solid phases when it is in oxic environments, though the iodine does not act as the electron acceptor. The processes of adsorption and oxidation are responsible for the value of I_t/C_(org) in excess of that of planktonic materials other than the organic fraction in surficial sediments. It is a comprehensive effect of organism decomposition, oxyhydroxide reduction, particulate adsorption and pore water diffu     

冰芯中MSA迁移假说的延伸和完善

MSA在冰芯深层的“迁移”现象的存在 ,关系到能否应用大气中 MSA季节特征进行极地冰芯断代 ,并以冰芯分析结果确定大气中生物硫化物含量的方法基础。本文展示各类最有代表性的冰雪 MSA剖面 ,对提出冰芯深层 MSA“迁移假说”的理论依据进行探讨 ,并根据最新资料 ,说明冰川中 MSA的“迁移”和重新分布 ,在表层粒雪和渗浸 -冻结冰层中同样可能发生。对“迁移假说”的延伸补充在于 ,粒雪中的 MSA迁移是在积雪中空气与外界贯通的“开放”条件下进行的 ,渗入雪层中的融水将 MSA溶出后 ,在晶粒间宏观向下输送 ,在阳离子集中的层位发生反应 ,生成盐类冰点的改变使之发生“冻结”,重新分布。而渗浸 -冻结冰层中的迁移机制可能和深层冰川冰中的情况接近 ,即在气体与外界隔绝条件下 ,主要在“封闭”的晶间脉状纹理中以“微观”形式进行。南极半岛 MSA迁移过程需要很长时间 ,而表层渗浸 -冻结冰层中 MSA迁移过程很快出现 ,说明冰中脉状纹理的加快形成、较高冰川温度和冰层中的较大含水量等因素会对 MSA“迁移”进程起促进作用。最后 ,对 MSA“迁移”情况下 ,如何进行有关冰芯 MSA计算进行了讨论 ,对设计实验验证并完善迁移理论提出了设想。     

北洛河下游河槽形成与输沙特性

北洛河发湖泊于黄河粗沙来源区，年均含沙量达１２８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３年均流量仅２５ｍ＾３．ｓ，是典型的多沙河流，但由于泥沙主要由高含沙洪水输送，平水流量小，含沙量低，经常保持窄深稳定河槽，使高含沙洪水挟带的泥沙能顺利输送而不淤，并形成弯曲性河流。